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Electrochemical Conditioning of Biomass-Derived Cleaned Product Gases with a Reversible Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (RMCFC)
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5754-8753
Energy Engineering, Division of Energy Science, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4532-4530
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4909-6643
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Process Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6326-4084
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2026 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Biomass gasification-derived gases require conditioning to meet the requirements of downstream energy conversion processes. Although the compatibility of reversible molten carbonate fuel cells (RMCFCs) with cleaned product gases has been previously demonstrated, their potential to condition gas compositions toward application-specific requirements remains insufficiently understood. This work studies the use of an RMCFC fed with cleaned product gas as an electrochemical gas-conditioning unit, quantifying the influence of operating conditions on outlet gas composition. A steady-state numerical model incorporating experimentally obtained polarisation curves was used to evaluate the effects of current density, inlet temperature (600–650 °C), and inlet gas humidity (20–40%) on outlet gas compositions at both electrodes and on the cell temperature. Gas-phase equilibrium reactions, namely internal steam reforming and the water–gas shift reaction, were coupled with electrochemical reactions to capture interactions between electrochemical conversion and thermochemical gas-phase equilibria. The outlet compositions were evaluated for their suitability for downstream applications, namely power generation in fuel cell mode, hydrogen-rich gas production, and syngas conditioning toward H2/CO ≈ 2 for methanol and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in electrolysis mode. The results show that current density acts as a key control parameter governing the coupled electrochemical–thermochemical behaviour. Depending on operating conditions and current density, the same gas feed can support power generation or be upgraded to hydrogen-rich gas or synthesis-relevant syngas. In particular, indirect steam gasification (ISG)-derived cleaned product gas, under specific operating conditions, supports simultaneous power generation and syngas conditioning for methanol and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2026.
Keywords [en]
Biomass gasification, Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), Reversible molten carbonate fuel cell (RMCFC), Syngas conditioning, Hydrogen production, Electrolysis
National Category
Other Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering; Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379953DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.6435889OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-379953DiVA, id: diva2:2053792
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyStandUp
Note

Submitted

QC 20260417

Available from: 2026-04-17 Created: 2026-04-17 Last updated: 2026-04-21Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Reversible Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Integrated in Biomass Gasification
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reversible Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Integrated in Biomass Gasification
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reversible molten carbonate fuel cells (RMCFCs) are promising for integration with biomass gasification systems, enabling flexible electricity generation and chemical energy storage, thereby enhancing grid stability and energy security. However, biomass-derived product gases introduce gas-phase reactions coupled with electrochemistry, and their impact on RMCFC performance remains insufficiently understood.

This thesis aims to investigate the effect of product gases on RMCFC operation through lab-scale button-cell experiments, electrode-level kinetic analysis, and numerical modelling. Stable and reversible operation is demonstrated with complex gas mixtures representing different gasification routes over operating conditions of 600–650 °C and 20–40 % inlet humidity.

Electrode-level analysis identifies exchange current densities and reaction orders, showing that apparent kinetics are governed by local gas compositions modified by steam reforming and water–gas shift reactions, rather than inlet compositions alone. The electrochemical reactions at the Ni hydrogen electrode remain reversible under these conditions.

The results show that performance is strongly condition-dependent. Increasing temperature and humidity enhance hydrogen availability through gas-phase reactions, supporting electrochemical conversion, while at lower temperatures or limited humidity insufficient reforming leads to depletion of electroactive species and increased transport limitations.

A modelling framework predicts outlet gas compositions, showing that temperature, humidity, and current density control gas-phase equilibria and enable tuning towards electricity generation, hydrogen production, and syngas conditioning. 

Overall, this thesis establishes a mechanistic understanding of RMCFC operation with complex gas mixtures and identifies the coupled electrochemical–thermochemical processes governing performance.

Abstract [sv]

Reversibla smältkarbonatbränsleceller (RMCFC) är lovande för integration med biomassaförgasningssystem, då de möjliggör flexibel elproduktion och kemisk energilagring, vilket bidrar till ökad nätstabilitet och energisäkerhet. Biomassabaserade produktgaser introducerar dock gasfasreaktioner som är kopplade till elektrokemin, och deras inverkan på RMCFC-prestanda är ännu inte tillräckligt förstådd.

I denna avhandling undersöks produktgasers inverkan på RMCFC-prestandan, genom experiment i s.k. knappcell, analys av elektrodkinetik samt numerisk modellering. Stabil och reversibel drift demonstreras med gasblandningar som representerar olika förgasningsprocesser och för driftsförhållanden på 600–650 °C och 20–40 % inloppsfuktighet.

Analys på elektrodnivå möjliggör bestämning av utbytesströmtätheter och reaktionsordningar, och visar att erhållna skenbara kinetiska parametrar styrs av lokala gassammansättningar modifierade av ångreformering och vatten-gas-skiftreaktioner, snarare än enbart av inloppsgasens sammansättning. De elektrokemiska reaktionerna vid Ni-vätgas-elektroden förblir reversibla under dessa förhållanden.

Resultaten visar att prestandan är starkt beroende av driftsförhållandena i RMCFC. Ökad temperatur och fuktighet förbättrar tillgången på vätgas genom gasfasreaktioner och bidrar därmed till den elektrokemiska omvandlingen, medan lägre temperaturer eller begränsad fuktighet leder till otillräcklig reformering, utarmning av elektrokemiskt aktiva komponenter och ökade transportbegränsningar.

Ett modelleringsramverk utvecklas för att förutsäga gassammansättning vid utloppet, och visar att temperatur, fuktighet och strömtäthet styr gasfasjämvikterna och möjliggör anpassning av drift mot elproduktion, vätgasproduktion och syntesgaskonditionering.

Sammanfattningsvis etablerar denna avhandling en mekanistisk förståelse av RMCFC-drift med komplexa gasblandningar och identifierar de kopplade elektrokemiska och termokemiska processer som styr prestandan. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 71
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:20
Keywords
molten carbonate fuel cell, reversible fuel cell, biomass gasification, electrochemistry, steam reforming, hydrogen, smältkarbonatbränslecell, reversibel bränslecell, biomassaförgasning, elektrokemi, ångreformering, vätgas
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380086 (URN)978-91-8106-582-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-22, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_i6ljr1aCQ5OR3EKVrYhR_g, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyStandUp
Note

QC 20260423

Available from: 2026-04-23 Created: 2026-04-21 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved

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Björkén, DenizEngvall, KlasLindbergh, GöranLagergren, Carina

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