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GIIDS-AR: End-to-end generalized intelligent intrusion detection system with adversarial robustness for heterogeneous UAVs in UAM
Division of Artificial Intelligence and Software, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Industrial Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3687-6755
Josef Ressel Centre for Intelligent and Secure Industrial Automation, Fachhochschule Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Department of Cyber Security, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Seoul, South Korea.
2026 (English)In: Computer Networks, ISSN 1389-1286, E-ISSN 1872-7069, Vol. 274Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study presents GIIDS-AR, an enhanced version of the Generalized Intelligent Intrusion Detection System (GIIDS), developed to enhance robustness and secure diverse Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in Urban Air Mobility (UAM) while preserving generalization. As UAVs grow vital in logistics, emergency response, and disaster relief, their reliance on wireless communication increases exposure to cyber threats. GIIDS leverages machine learning for cross-platform detection but remains vulnerable to adversarial machine learning (AML) attacks. To assess this, GIIDS was tested under black-box, white-box, and transfer attacks. Accuracy dropped to 72 % under black-box and recall to 49.9 % under white-box settings. Adversarial training restored original performance improving accuracy to 99.0 % and F1 to 99.8 %, with AUC reaching 1.00. These evaluations were conducted using cross-dataset splits of live and simulated UAV telemetry, ensuring resilience on previously unseen data. GIIDS-AR retains layered modeling, time-aware feature encoding, and ensemble learning, while incorporating adversarial examples to improve resilience. It demonstrates strong detection performance under diverse attacks and generalizes effectively across heterogeneous UAV platforms. Our findings reveal that generalization techniques inherently contribute to adversarial robustness, positioning GIIDS-AR as one of the first unified UAV IDS frameworks capable of securing UAV networks against evolving cyber threats

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026. Vol. 274
Keywords [en]
Adversarial robustness, AI/ML, Generalizability, IDS, Security, UAM
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-79950DOI: 10.1016/j.comnet.2025.111821Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105022447004OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-79950DiVA, id: diva2:2020850
Note

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government, Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT) ( RS-2023-NR076673 ). Inshil Doh is the corresponding author.

Available from: 2025-12-11 Created: 2025-12-11 Last updated: 2025-12-11Bibliographically approved

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