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Evaluation of Graphene-Enhanced Thermal Interface Material in Air and Immersion Cooling Systems
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Data Science.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5614-0246
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Data Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9759-5594
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Data Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6507-704X
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2025 (English)In: Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2025, p. 106-112Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study presents a detailed performance evaluation of a graphene-enhanced thermal interface material (TIM) conducted at RISE ICE Data Center. Tests were performed on Open Compute Project (OCP) Leopard servers using three different TIMs: conventional thermal paste, graphene-enhanced thermal pad GT90 from SHT Smart High Tech AB (SHT), and indium foil. Three sets of experiments were conducted: (1) air cooling with default chassis fan control in a bespoke server wind tunnel, (2) air cooling with controlled, fixed fan speeds and different heatsink mounting pressures operating in the wind tunnel and (3) immersion cooling tests with two coolant flow rates at fixed inlet temperatures. Results indicate that graphene-enhanced TIM and thermal paste exhibit similar performance in experiment (1), whereas indium foil TIM tests showed the undesired effect of increased CPU temperatures. In experiment (2), servers equipped with graphene-enhanced TIM showed lower CPU temperatures in comparison to the servers equipped with Indium foil TIM. In experiment (3), immersion cooling resulted in lower CPU temperatures overall, with the graphene-enhanced TIM again providing lower temperatures than indium foil at a similar mounting pressure. The findings suggest that the interfacial thermal conductivity and material compatibility of the GT90 TIM contribute to an improved performance in the tested immersion cooling system as well as the importance of mounting pressure. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2025. p. 106-112
Keywords [en]
Air conditioning; Chilling; Cooling systems; Air cooling; Data center thermal management; Datacenter; Graphenes; High tech; Immersion cooling; Indium foils; Thermal; Thermal interface materials; Thermal paste; Thermal insulating materials
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-78547Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105005025799ISBN: 9781735532554 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-78547DiVA, id: diva2:1998417
Conference
41st Annual Semiconductor Thermal Measurement, Modeling and Management Symposium, SEMI-THERM 2025.10 March 2025 - 13 March 2025
Available from: 2025-09-16 Created: 2025-09-16 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved

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Barestrand, HenrikGustafsson, JonasStark, TinaSummers, Jon

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