The sustainable development goals demand a material transition from fossil-based materials to their counterparts from renewable resources. Novel biobased materials derived from forests and agricultural plants serve this purpose and have demonstrated the potential in many applications, including packaging, textiles, energy storage, electronics, etc. Despite the bright future, some fundamental challenges of developing biobased materials remain in manipulating the heterogeneity of their components and the hierarchy of their structure, as well as handling the inherent complex interaction between biobased macromols. and water. To address these challenges, advanced X-ray scattering techniques, especially at synchrotron radiation facilities, provide many possibilities to investigate the structure variation of the material in real time and with high spatial information. In this presentation, we summarize some of our recent works to investigate the water-lignocellulose interaction by coupling X-ray scattering with different testing environments and decipher the distribution of different biocomponents by using micro-focused scanning X-ray scattering imaging techniques. Furthermore, we will discuss the development of the hierarchical structure of carbonaceous materials derived from biobased materials from the perspective of X-ray scattering characterization. In the end, we will land on the data anal. of a large volume of scattering data via new tentative approaches by using machine learning methods.