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Test automation with grad-CAM Heatmaps - A future pipe segment in MLOps for Vision AI?
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems. Lund University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7879-4371
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
Lund University, Sweden.
Lund University, Sweden.
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2021 (English)In: Proceedings - 2021 IEEE 14th International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops, ICSTW 2021, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2021, p. 175-181Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Machine Learning (ML) is a fundamental part of modern perception systems. In the last decade, the performance of computer vision using trained deep neural networks has outperformed previous approaches based on careful feature engineering. However, the opaqueness of large ML models is a substantial impediment for critical applications such as in the automotive context. As a remedy, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) has been proposed to provide visual explanations of model internals. In this paper, we demonstrate how Grad-CAM heatmaps can be used to increase the explainability of an image recognition model trained for a pedestrian underpass. We argue how the heatmaps support compliance to the EU's seven key requirements for Trustworthy AI. Finally, we propose adding automated heatmap analysis as a pipe segment in an MLOps pipeline. We believe that such a building block can be used to automatically detect if a trained ML-model is activated based on invalid pixels in test images, suggesting biased models.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2021. p. 175-181
Keywords [en]
Grad-CAM, Image recognition, Machine learning testing, Neural networks, Test automation, Deep neural networks, Verification, Activation mapping, Building blockes, Critical applications, Feature engineerings, Image-recognition model, Perception systems, Pipe segments, Software testing
National Category
Computer graphics and computer vision
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-54701DOI: 10.1109/ICSTW52544.2021.00039Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85108025865ISBN: 9781665444569 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-54701DiVA, id: diva2:1575911
Conference
14th IEEE International Conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation Workshops, ICSTW 2021, 12 April 2021 through 16 April 2021
Note

Funding details: 2019-05871, 876852; Funding details: Fellowships Fund Incorporated, FFI; Funding details: VINNOVA; Funding details: Lunds Universitet; Funding text 1: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by Kompetensfonden at Campus Helsingborg, Lund University, Sweden. Furthermore, the project received financial support from the SMILE III project financed by Vinnova, FFI, Fordonsstrategisk forskning och innovation under the grant number: 2019-05871 and the EC-SEL Joint Undertaking (JU) under grant agreement No 876852 (VALU3S).

Available from: 2021-06-30 Created: 2021-06-30 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved

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