This literature review covers open publications and reports on the subject of nanocellulose and its possible toxicological effects. There is currently a rather low number of peer reviewed articles on the subject. However, from the articles reviewed, caution of inhalation of nanocellulose would be recommended since in vivo tests have shown immunotoxicity effect on lungs even though residues of other production chemicals, biocides and endotoxins from bacterial contamination might affect the results.