1112131415161714 of 22
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Propylamine solvent co-intercalation in graphite electrodes for low temperature sodium-ion batteries
Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0842-3692
Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8606-781X
Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9522-4861
Institut für Chemie, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-2126-3981
Show others and affiliations
2026 (English)In: Solid State Ionics, ISSN 0167-2738, E-ISSN 1872-7689, Vol. 441, article id 117178Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The combined intercalation of ions and solvents in layered structures—known as solvent co-intercalation—opens new pathways for designing advanced electrode materials. Here, we demonstrate electrochemically driven solvent co-intercalation in graphite electrodes using propylamine (PN) as the solvent and NaPF₆ as the conductive salt, yielding an interlayer spacing of 7.09 Å. Due to its low melting point and low viscosity, PN enables excellent low-temperature performance, with effective operation down to −30 °C. The poor cycle life is shown to be significantly improved by adding diglyme (2G) as second solvent, which is well-known to also undergo co-intercalation with Na+. The combined intercalation of PN and 2G results in the formation of quaternary graphite intercalation compounds (q-GICs). The properties of the electrolytes and electrodes are studied by galvanostatic cycling, X-ray diffraction, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), operando microscopy, operando dilatometry, mass measurements, and theoretical modeling. Our results show that, in PN-based electrolytes, the number of co-intercalating solvent molecules varies strongly with the state of charge. At the beginning of the sodiation, more than 90 PN solvent molecules intercalate per Na+. This number decreases significantly as sodiation progresses, reaching an average of 3.6 PN molecules per Na+ in the fully sodiated state, corresponding to a stoichiometry of [Na:(PN)3.6]C28 (80 mA h g−1). Using PN also reduces the extent of electrode expansion and shrinkage during cycling, and it offers lower resistance and faster ion diffusion compared to pure 2G electrolytes. Overall, the combination of amines and ethers proves to be a promising strategy for tuning sodium storage properties in graphite electrodes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 441, article id 117178
Keywords [en]
Graphite, Co-intercalation, Sodium-ion batteries, Amine, Low-temperature
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-81475DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2026.117178Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105035250097OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-81475DiVA, id: diva2:2055952
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020EU, European Research Council, 864698
Note

QC 20260428

Available from: 2026-04-27 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-04-28Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(8034 kB)12 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 8034 kBChecksum SHA-512
8cc3ecf8ebf62cc9fa5a3a90b8403ddd0e698c3b7f6f86851df24579fbe85c65d8167ffc8229c2f68613f6705fdf749bdc519f69a94a7fd8a69042c7de86f6a7
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textScopushttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167273826000548

Authority records

Åvall, Gustav

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Son, YouhyunFerrero, Guillermo A.Janßen, Knut ArneSchwedland, WinniÅvall, GustavSun, YananAdelhelm, Philipp
By organisation
SEEL Swedish Electric Transport Laboratory ABVehicles and Automation
In the same journal
Solid State Ionics
Physical Chemistry

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 96 hits
1112131415161714 of 22
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf