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Formulation and Process for Air Stable Zn-Based Printed Flexible Electronics
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Smart Hardware. Digital Cellulose Center (digitalcellulosecenter.se), Norrköping, 60233, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2652-3454
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Smart Hardware. Digital Cellulose Center (digitalcellulosecenter.se), Norrköping, 60233, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6889-0351
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Smart Hardware. Digital Cellulose Center (digitalcellulosecenter.se), Norrköping, 60233, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2904-7238
2025 (English)In: Advanced Sustainable Systems, ISSN 2366-7486, Vol. 9, no 9, article id e00323Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article presents a novel, high-performance, screen-printable zinc (Zn)-based ink and a chemical sintering process that significantly improves long-term air stability. The ink formulation combines micro- and nanoparticles, enhancing electrical conductivity—up to 10 times compared to microparticle-only inks. Micro-fibrillated cellulose (Exilva) is used as a sustainable binder, aligning with eco-friendly electronics initiatives. Besides the formulation, the benefit of a multistep chemical sintering approach, based on the sequential immersion of the printed structures in acetic acid solution, is demonstrated. If with a more conventional one-step acetic acid sintering treatment a conductivity of ≈3.18 × 10⁵ S m−¹ can be achieved, the use of the multi-step process further enhances both conductivity, increasing conductivity ≈2.6 times to ≈8.37 × 10⁵ S m−¹ (sheet resistance 0.06 Ω □−¹), it is the highest reported value achieved through chemical sintering—just 20 times lower than bulk Zn (≈16.6 × 10⁶ S m−¹). Importantly, the ink, following the proposed chemical sintering and without encapsulation also exhibits outstanding air stability, maintaining functionality with only an ≈11% increase in resistance after 6 months in ambient conditions (40–60% RH). By offering superior durability, flexibility, and, most notably, unprecedented air stability, this Zn-based ink presents a significant advancement for sustainable and flexible electronics.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley and Sons Inc , 2025. Vol. 9, no 9, article id e00323
Keywords [en]
air-stability, cellulose fibers, chemical sintering, screen-printing, zinc particles ink, Acetic acid, Cellulose, Chemical stability, Ink, Screen printing, Sintering, Zinc compounds, Air stability, Air stable, Cellulose fiber, Ink formulation, Micro- and nano-particles, Multisteps, Performance, Sintering process, Zinc particle ink, Flexible electronics, Silk Screen Printing
National Category
Materials Chemistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-79398DOI: 10.1002/adsu.202500323Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105008751703OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-79398DiVA, id: diva2:2017889
Note

Article; Granskad

Available from: 2025-12-01 Created: 2025-12-01 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved

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Ul Hassan Alvi, NaveedBeni, ValerioEdberg, Jesper

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