In this paper we describe the results of a study on the design of open and co-opetitive systems of systems for mobility. A system of systems (SoS) is a set of independent systems (CS – Constituent Systems) that interact to create capabilities that none of the constituent systems can accomplish on their own. A CS can be simultaneously part of several SoS. The independence of the constituent systems is an important and central ingredient in an SoS, and is often divided into managerial and operational independence. We argue that the mobility SoS of the future can benefit from being open and co-opetitive (i.e., simultaneously collaborating and competing) to enable combined mobility (MaaS) for real. If competition between CS is not allowed, new entrants will choose to compete with the SoS instead of becoming part of it. If a new entrant develops much better vehicles or better ways to find transport solutions for users, that entrant must be able to become part of the SoS and take market share from other actors