The International Telecommunication Union has a project for developing objective quality models called Parametric Bitstream-Based Quality Assessment of Cloud Gaming services. The model will be divided into an interaction quality module and a video coding impairment module. To evaluate these two modules an experimental campaign was conducted where labs from different parts of the world performed user studies to collect data for the evaluation. This paper describes an experiment for collecting data to evaluate the video coding impairment module. The analysis is based on a bootstrapping approach.

This study investigates how different camera perspectives presented in digital rear-view mirrors in vehicles, also known as Camera Monitor Systems, impact drivers’ distance judgment and decision-making in dynamic driving scenarios. The study examines (1) the effects of field of view and (2) camera height on drivers' ability to judge distances to rearward vehicles and to select safe gaps in potentially hazardous situations. A controlled lab-based video experiment was conducted, involving 27 participants who performed distance estimations and last safe gap selections using a simulated side-view mirror display. Participants viewed prerecorded driving scenarios with varying combinations of field of view (40°, 76°, 112°) and camera heights (1 meter, 2.3 meter). No significant effects were found for camera height, but wider field of views led to more accurate distance estimations. However, the use of a wider field of view also increased the risk of potentially dangerous overestimations of distance, as evidenced by the last safe gap results. This suggests that a wider field of view leads to the selection of smaller and potentially risky gaps. Conversely, narrow field of views resulted in underestimations of distance, potentially leading to overly cautious and less efficient driving decisions. These findings inform Camera Monitor Systems design guidelines on how to improve driver perception and road safety, to reduce accidents from vehicle distance misjudgments.

Teleoperation systems are increasingly used in remote inspection and maintenance, especially in safety-critical settings. This paper presents findings from a lab study examining user interaction with a teleoperation for airport safety inspection. The study investigates five visual interface configurations: First Person View (FPV), Third Person View (TPV), Augmented FPV, FPV+TPV, and Augmented FPV+TPV. Eighteen participants completed inspection tasks under each condition and rated interface helpfulness, workload (NASA-TLX), and simulator sickness. The result was confirmed by bootstrapping with 1000 iterations. Results showed that all view configurations were rated more helpful than TPV alone, with FPV-based combinations improving depth perception and spatial understanding. NASA-TLX revealed cognitive effort, while SSQ scores decreased post-task, particularly in oculomotor symptoms, suggesting adaptation. These findings support continued research into optimising visual interfaces for teleoperation in safety-critical settings

Remote control technology for machines and robots has experienced significant advancement in many domains where visual information delivery is essential. Safety management at airports is one field that benefits from remote control systems, enabling operators to scan the airstrip for obstacles and debris. Depth perception and proper view position are critical in remote control systems, where operators need to accurately perceive 3D coordinates and maintain an appropriate perspective for performing tasks from a distance. This Demo paper presents a laboratory platform for an experimental study on human interaction with remote control systems using visual interfaces for inspection tasks to enhance airport safety management. The platform can evaluate the user experience of interfaces provided by First Person View, Third Person View, and Augmentation technologies. This platform enables exploration through controlled experiments and by user tests. These provide an avenue for assessing how these interfaces may affect human performance, depth perception, and user experience when conducting inspection tasks remotely. The findings will shed light on the strengths and limitations of each interface type, offering insights into their potential applications in various domains such as industrial inspection, surveillance, and remote exploration. 

In this study, we designed an experiment using remote-controlled lab based moving platform to evaluate the impact of resolution, latency, and field of view on the Quality of Experience, performance, user experience and depth perception. The experiment involves two tasks: driving the platform to a stop point and parking it between two boxes. Participants provided feedback through questionnaires, and their experiences were analyzed. Seven participants between 30 and 57 (average of 37) years old participated. We used Google Forms for data collection, including pre-experiment and recurring questionnaires as well as a simulator sickness questionnaire. Despite the low number of test participants leading to uncertainty in quantitative analysis, significant effects were observed, albeit with contradictory statistical outcomes. The data suggests that lower latency corresponds to better performance, with participants not always perceiving higher latency accurately. Video quality notably impacts user experience, with higher resolution being preferred. 

Tele-operated driving enables industrial operators to control heavy machinery remotely. By doing so, they could work in improved and safe workplaces. However, some challenges need to be investigated while presenting visual information from on-site scenes for operators sitting at a distance in a remote site. This paper discusses the impact of video quality (spatial resolution), field of view, and latency on users’ depth perception, experience, and performance in a lab-based tele-operated application. We performed user experience evaluation experiments to study these impacts. Overall, the user experience and comfort decrease while the users’ performance error increases with an increase in the glass-to-glass latency. The user comfort reduces, and the user performance error increases with reduced video quality (spatial resolution).

Recent advancement in multimedia and communication network technology have made interactive multimedia and tele-operation applications possible. Teledriving, teleoperation, and video-based remote-controlling require real-time live-video streaming and are delay critical in principle. Supporting such applications over wireless networks for mobile users can pose fundamental challenges in maintaining video quality and service latency requirements. This paper investigates the factors affecting the end-to-end delay in a video-based, remotely controlled moving platform application. It involves the real-time acquisition of environmental information (visually) and the delay-sensitive video streaming to remote operators over wireless networks. This paper presents an innovative experimental testbed developed using a remote-controlled toy truck, off-the-shelf cameras, and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) network. It achieves ultra-low end-to-end latency and helped us in performing the delay, network, and video quality evaluations. Extending the experimental study, we also propose a real-time live-media streaming control (RTSC) algorithm that maximizes the video quality by selecting the best streaming (network, video, and camera) configuration while meeting the delay and network availability constraints. RTSC improves the live-streaming video quality by about 33% while meeting the ultra-low latency (< 200 milliseconds) requirement under constrained network availability conditions.

Remote operation and Augmented Telepresence are fields of interest for novel industrial applications in e.g., construction and mining. In this study, we report on an ongoing investigation of the Quality of Experience aspects of an Augmented Telepresencesystem for remote operation. The system can achieve view augmentation with selective content removal and Novel Perspective view generation. Two formal subjective studies have been performed with test participants scoring their experience while using the system with different levels of view augmentation. The participants also gave free-form feedback on the system and their experiences. The first experiment focused on the effects of in-view augmentations and interface distributions on wall patterns perception. The second one focused on the effects of augmentations on depth and 3D environment understanding. The participants’ feedback from experiment 1 showed that the majority of participants preferred to use the original cam-era views and the Disocclusion Augmentation view instead of the novel Perspective views. Moreover, the Disocclusion Augmentation, which was shown in combination with other views seemed beneficial. When the views were isolated in experiment 2, the impact of the Disocclusion Augmentation view was found to be lower than the Novel Perspective views.