The ELFLYSVE project investigated how future electric, hybrid, and hydrogen-powered aircraft can be integrated into Swedish aviation to meet climate goals. The work covered aircraft performance modelling, air traffic scenario validation, and airport energy system design. Results show that electrification is feasible but requires coordinated investment in airport infrastructure, optimized charging strategies, and adaptations in regulatory and operational frameworks.

Denna rapport gör en nulägesanalys av området V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) och är framtagen av RISE på uppdrag av Energimyndigheten. I dialog med uppdragsgivaren identifierades ett flertal intressanta frågeställningar inom området som rapporten dyker djupare i. Rapporten ska även ses som en uppdatering av den tidigare syntesrapporten från 2023 på samma ämne, som då togs fram av Power Circle på uppdrag av Energimyndigheten. En huvudsaklig avgränsning i rapporten är att endast de delar inom V2X som rör dubbelriktad laddning (utbyte av el med omgivningen) inkluderas.

We investigated which demographic groups in Sweden are lagging in battery-electric vehicle (BEV) adoption and whether the deployed public charging infrastructure has contributed to reducing these gaps. Using high-resolution national registry data, we analyzed vehicle-age-adjusted BEV and PHEV ownership patterns across income levels, housing types, and access to charging. We found that low income and living in apartments are the strongest barriers to adoption, and that public charging availability has not significantly increased BEV uptake among apartment residents. Based on these findings, we recommend policies that lower public charging costs, strengthen incentives linked to vehicle use, improve charging access quality for apartment dwellers, and support retention of used BEVs in Sweden.

Several electric road system technologies that enable in-motion charging of electric vehicles are nearing market readiness. However, substantial contribution to decarbonization requires rapid deployment on an international scale. Investment is discouraged by prior research that has identified that declining battery costs may eventually leave the infrastructure a stranded asset. We explore under what circumstances electric roads offer effective and low-risk decarbonization of European heavy-duty road freight. Transport system dynamics are explored and quantified, through pairwise comparison of scenarios with and without electric road incorporation, using a purpose-built agent-based simulation (MOSTACHI). Prior stranded asset risks are confirmed, but we show that policy that encourages high electric road utilization can correct for market failures and make the infrastructure a no-regret investment in much of Europe – never yielding worse outcomes than not investing. Electric roads are shown to be an effective risk mitigation strategy, achieving market-driven phase-out of fossil fuels before 2050, also in pessimistic scenarios where static charging alone would be insufficient. Electric roads reduce levelized system cost by 0–17%, greenhouse gas emissions by 7–63% (2030 to 2050, cumulative) and battery mineral demand by 20–40%. Benefits are maximized with early and predictable deployment.

The research project “El för ännu fler” has explored how households in multi-unit dwellings without access to private parking can be included in the electrification of Sweden’s passenger car fleet. This target group lacks the ability to arrange private charging near home and is therefore dependent on public charging on street and neighbourhood land or at fast-charging stations. The term “public home-charging” was coined already in the project application to describe charging at or near home for this group.The project has developed a decision support tool for (primarily) the public sector, based on quantitative modelling which forecasts charging demand with high geographic resolution. An interactive web map visualizes the demand for charging from passenger cars without private parking per DeSO (Demographic Statistical Areas) until year 2050, taking into account factors such as demographics, housing type, driving distances, and charging behaviour. The map shows the need for public charging near home, but the project also concludes that there is no empirical evidence that such charging directly increases EV adoption. The project has also analysed costs and barriers to establishing charging infrastructure in urban environments. Results show that groundwork and grid connection are often the most cost-driving factors, especially for installations on street land. Average investment costs vary significantly, making profitability a challenge. A calculation tool has been developed to support stakeholders in cost assessments, based on data from the Klimatklivet funding program. Through interviews and surveys, the project has identified user behaviours and preferences among EV owners without home-charging. The study shows that these users perceive public charging as less convenient and flexible, and that charging often occurs strategically at low battery levels. The results suggest that charging infrastructure must be designed around users’ daily routines to be effective. Three detailed case studies in Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Strömstad have deepened the understanding of local variations in EV adoption. The studies show that factors such as housing type, socioeconomic status, parking structure, and municipal strategy influence adoption, and that municipalities play a key role in enabling charging near home. An international analysis has compared strategies for charging infrastructure expansion in Birmingham, Copenhagen, and Oslo. The project has contributed to FFI’s goals of a fossil-free and socially sustainable transport system by highlighting an underexplored user group, developing planning tools, and providing insights into user behaviour, cost structures, and international strategies. Continued research is needed on topics such as parking data, charging behaviour, and innovative solutions to ensure that electrification reaches even more people.

Projektet ”El för ännu fler” har undersökt hur hushåll i flerbostadshus utan tillgång till privat parkering kan inkluderas i elektrifieringen av Sveriges personbilsflotta. Denna målgrupp saknar rådighet att ordna egen laddning nära hemmet och är därför beroende av publik laddning på gatu- och kvartersmark eller vid snabbladdningsstationer. Begreppet ’publik hemmaladdning’ myntades redan vid projektansökan för att beskriva laddning vid eller nära hemmet för denna målgrupp.Projektet har utvecklat ett beslutsstöd för (primärt) offentlig sektor, baserat på kvantitativ modellering som prognostiserar laddbehov med hög geografisk upplösning. En interaktiv webbkarta visualiserar efterfrågan på laddning för personbilar utan privat parkering per DeSO (Demografiska statistikområden) fram till 2050, med hänsyn tillfaktorer som demografi, boendetyp, körsträckor och laddbeteende. Kartan visar behov av publik laddning i närheten av hemmet, men projektet konstaterar samtidigt att det saknas empiriskt stöd för att sådan laddning direkt ökar elbilsadoptionen.Projektet har också analyserat kostnader och hinder för etablering av laddinfrastruktur i stadsmiljö. Resultaten visar att markberedning och nätanslutning oftast är de mest kostnadsdrivande faktorerna, särskilt vid installation på gatumark. Genomsnittliga investeringskostnader varierar kraftigt, vilket gör lönsamhet till en utmaning. Ett kalkylverktyg har tagits fram för att stödja aktörer i kostnadsbedömningar, baserat på data från Klimatklivet.Genom intervjuer och enkäter har projektet identifierat användarbeteenden och preferenser hos elbilsägare utan hemmaladdning. Studien visar att dessa användare upplever publik laddning som mindre bekväm och flexibel, och att laddning ofta sker strategiskt vid låg batterinivå. Resultaten tyder på att laddinfrastruktur måste utformas utifrån användarnas vardagsrutiner för att vara effektiv.Tre detaljstudier i Stockholm, Göteborg och Strömstad har fördjupat förståelsen för lokala variationer i elbilsadoption. Studien visar att faktorer som boendeform, socioekonomi, parkeringsstruktur och kommunal strategi påverkar adoptionen, och att kommuner har en nyckelroll i att möjliggöra laddning nära hemmet.En internationell omvärldsanalys har jämfört strategier för utbyggnation av laddinfrastruktur i Birmingham, Köpenhamn och Oslo.Projektet har bidragit till FFI:s mål om ett fossilfritt och socialt hållbart transportsystem genom att belysa en underutforskad målgrupp, utveckla verktyg för planering och ge insikter om användarbeteenden, kostnadsstrukturer och internationella strategier. Fortsatt forskning behövs kring exempelvis parkeringsdata, laddbeteenden och innovativa lösningar för att säkerställa att elektrifieringen når ännu fler

Rapporten syftar till att ge ett kunskapsunderlag för utvecklingen av en ändamålsenlig laddinfrastruktur i Sverige med fokus på vägtransporter. Den innehåller en kartläggning av nationella stödprogram, internationella exempel, forskningsläget och dialoger med aktörer. Rapporten behandlar tekniska, ekonomiska, sociala och systemiska aspekter av laddinfrastruktur och belyser behovet av tillgänglighet, driftsäkerhet, användarvänlighet och samhällsekonomisk effektivitet. Vidare diskuteras hur laddinfrastrukturen kan anpassas till elnätets kapacitet och framtida behov, samt hur olika aktörer kan samverka för att skapa en hållbar och kostnadseffektiv lösning.

What was studied? This report studies the possibilities and challenges of establishing a high-power charging system for battery-electric aircraft (EA) within an operational airport environment, with a particular focus on enabling short turnaround times (TAT). The study integrates perspectives from a diverse group of stakeholders, including an airport owner, a charging equipment solution provider, an aircraft developer, a research institute, an innovation arena, and a testbed operator. The aim is to significantly enhance the common understanding and identify viable pathways for the efficient and safe implementation of EA charging systems. The report addresses the three key subsystems (airport, charging equipment, and aircraft) detailing their specific requirements, including e.g. technical, operational, regulatory, and safety considerations, followed by identification and evaluation of possible power system topologies and conceptual charging solutions. Smart control of EA charging systems is explored and modeled to support adequate system design and optimal utilization of available power capacity. Additionally, the report presents measurement results from an operational airport to better understand the current electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) environment. It also includes a review of aviation cybersecurity and offers initial recommendations for future risk assessments to ensure an efficient and safe deployment of EA charging systems. 

The adoption of electric aircraft (EA) offers notable environmental advantages by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing regional accessibility through reduced operational costs. Despite these benefits, EA faces significant challenges, partly in achieving practical operational ranges and developing robust airport charging infrastructures. The infrastructure challenge is compounded by the need for rapid turnaround times (TAT) in regional aviation, requiring high-power charging solutions above 1 MW. This paper explores various topologies for EA power supply systems and discusses pros and cons with those. Furthermore, an optimization model is developed using quadratic programming (QP) to allocate charging power among multiple aircraft, ensuring efficient and reliable operations under different system configurations. Simulations evaluate the performance of these configurations, highlighting the impact of grid power capacity, dimensioning of battery energy storage systems (BESS), and number of charging stands on system feasibility. The findings in this paper provide a foundational framework for designing airport infrastructures capable of supporting a growing demand for electric aviation, ensuring efficient power management and minimal operational disruptions. 

The adoption of electric aircraft (EA) offers notable environmental advantages by mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing regional accessibility through reduced operational costs. Despite these benefits, EA faces significant challenges, partly in achieving practical operational ranges and developing robust airport charging infrastructures. The infrastructure challenge is compounded by the need for rapid turnaround times (TAT) in regional aviation, requiring high-power charging solutions above 1 MW. This paper explores various topologies for EA power supply systems and discusses pros and cons with those. Furthermore, an optimization model is developed using quadratic programming (QP) to allocate charging power among multiple aircraft, ensuring efficient and reliable operations under different system configurations. Simulations evaluate the performance of these configurations, highlighting the impact of grid power capacity, dimensioning of battery energy storage systems (BESS), and number of charging stands on system feasibility. The findings in this paper provide a foundational framework for designing airport infrastructures capable of supporting a growing demand for electric aviation, ensuring efficient power management and minimal operational disruptions. 

Following the societal electrification trend, airports face an inevitable transition of increased electric demand, driven by electric vehicles (EVs) and the potential rise of electric aviation (EA). For aviation, short-haul flights are first in line for fuel exchange to electrified transportation. This work studies the airport of Visby, Sweden and the effect on the electrical power system from EA and EV charging. It uses the measured airport load demand from one year’s operation and simulated EA and EV charging profiles. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and electrical battery energy storage systems (BESS) are modelled to analyse the potential techno-economical gains. The BESS charge and discharge control are modelled in four ways, including a novel multi-objective (MO) dispatch to combine self-consumption (SC) enhancement and peak power shaving. Each model scenario is compared for peak power shaving ability, SC rate and pay-back-period (PBP). The BESS controls are also evaluated for annual degradation and associated cost. The results show that the novel MO dispatch performs well for peak shaving and SC, effectively reducing the BESS’s idle periods. The MO dispatch also results in the battery controls’ lowest PBP (6.9 years) using the nominal economic parameters. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis for the PBP shows that the peak power tariff significantly influences the PBP for BESS investment.