Cold temperature negatively impacts the performance of liquid crystal displays (LCDs). In cars, this leads to slow response times and reduced image quality. We investigated how the perception of video distortions on LCD screens was affected by cold temperatures down to −43°C. The stimuli were generated using digital filters simulating how different time constants of the LCD crystals would affect the video distortions. Seven levels of time constants were applied to four variations of video content. Simulated videos were shown in a psychophysical experiment involving 20 test persons. Judgements of video clarity and acceptance were conducted by magnitude estimation and category scales. The two different judgements based on magnitude estimations and psychophysical scales gave similar results. Clarity and acceptance correlated. A modified Arrhenius function was employed to model time constants based on temperature, showing unacceptable quality of the LCD-display below –20°C. The traffic scenes were perceived as clear and acceptable with time constants ranging from 0 and 50 ms. The critical range between 50 to 100 ms corresponded to a temperature range between –20°C to –30°C, beyond which clarity and acceptance decreased. Perception of an unacceptable video quality was found for distortions at time constants between 100 to 500 ms

Digital camera-based rear‑view systems are increasingly introduced as alternatives to traditional mirrors, offering potential benefits such as improved aerodynamics, reduced blind spots, and enhanced visibility. However, these systems alter the visual cues available to drivers by presenting a fixed monocular image, which might affect how distance and approach speed are judged. This study examines how driver-age influences distance estimation and decisions related to overtaking, while also assessing the impact of camera field of view and camera height. Fifty‑eight licensed car drivers viewed thirty‑six high‑resolution driving clips showing forward‑road scenes and digital rear‑view perspectives with systematically varied camera settings. They completed two tasks: judging the distance of an approaching vehicle and indicating the last moment at which a lane change would be considered safe. Age influenced both perceptual judgements and lane‑change decisions, though not always in the expected direction. Older drivers showed smaller overall errors, yet at wider fields of view they often shifted into overestimation, while younger drivers maintained conservative underestimation. Older drivers nevertheless selected more cautious lane‑change timings in certain conditions. Apparent accuracy advantages may reflect reduced bias rather than consistently safer perception; The results highlight the importance of accounting for user diversity when evaluating camera-based rear‑view systems and developing age‑inclusive design strategies.

The International Telecommunication Union has a project for developing objective quality models called Parametric Bitstream-Based Quality Assessment of Cloud Gaming services. The model will be divided into an interaction quality module and a video coding impairment module. To evaluate these two modules an experimental campaign was conducted where labs from different parts of the world performed user studies to collect data for the evaluation. This paper describes an experiment for collecting data to evaluate the video coding impairment module. The analysis is based on a bootstrapping approach.

This study investigates how different camera perspectives presented in digital rear-view mirrors in vehicles, also known as Camera Monitor Systems, impact drivers’ distance judgment and decision-making in dynamic driving scenarios. The study examines (1) the effects of field of view and (2) camera height on drivers' ability to judge distances to rearward vehicles and to select safe gaps in potentially hazardous situations. A controlled lab-based video experiment was conducted, involving 27 participants who performed distance estimations and last safe gap selections using a simulated side-view mirror display. Participants viewed prerecorded driving scenarios with varying combinations of field of view (40°, 76°, 112°) and camera heights (1 meter, 2.3 meter). No significant effects were found for camera height, but wider field of views led to more accurate distance estimations. However, the use of a wider field of view also increased the risk of potentially dangerous overestimations of distance, as evidenced by the last safe gap results. This suggests that a wider field of view leads to the selection of smaller and potentially risky gaps. Conversely, narrow field of views resulted in underestimations of distance, potentially leading to overly cautious and less efficient driving decisions. These findings inform Camera Monitor Systems design guidelines on how to improve driver perception and road safety, to reduce accidents from vehicle distance misjudgments.

This study aimed to design visual information for a navigation feature in an Augmented Reality (AR) Head-Up Display (HUD) and integrate the graphics into a Volvo XC60 concept car. The implemented graphics were then tested with users driving the vehicle on public roads. The results were analyzed to determine whether AR-HUD could enhance perception, attention, and safety. User evaluations revealed that AR-HUD helped drivers keep their eyes on the road more frequently when using AR guidance compared to a conventional HUD. Both qualitative and quantitative data indicated that presenting clear and well-timed information for an optimal duration was the key factor in designing human-machine interfaces that support effective user interactions.

Teleoperation systems are increasingly used in remote inspection and maintenance, especially in safety-critical settings. This paper presents findings from a lab study examining user interaction with a teleoperation for airport safety inspection. The study investigates five visual interface configurations: First Person View (FPV), Third Person View (TPV), Augmented FPV, FPV+TPV, and Augmented FPV+TPV. Eighteen participants completed inspection tasks under each condition and rated interface helpfulness, workload (NASA-TLX), and simulator sickness. The result was confirmed by bootstrapping with 1000 iterations. Results showed that all view configurations were rated more helpful than TPV alone, with FPV-based combinations improving depth perception and spatial understanding. NASA-TLX revealed cognitive effort, while SSQ scores decreased post-task, particularly in oculomotor symptoms, suggesting adaptation. These findings support continued research into optimising visual interfaces for teleoperation in safety-critical settings

Recently, the traditional rear and side view mirrors have been started to be exchanged with a digital version. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference in driving performance between traditional rear-view mirrors and digital rear view mirrors which is called Camera Monitor System (CMS) in the vehicle industry. Here, two different types were investigated: CMS without or with Augmented Reality (AR) Information. The user test was conducted in a virtual environment, with four driving scenarios defined for testing. The user test results revealed that the participants’ driving performance using CMS (only cameras and 2D displays without augmented information) did not improve over traditional mirrors. 

Remote control technology for machines and robots has experienced significant advancement in many domains where visual information delivery is essential. Safety management at airports is one field that benefits from remote control systems, enabling operators to scan the airstrip for obstacles and debris. Depth perception and proper view position are critical in remote control systems, where operators need to accurately perceive 3D coordinates and maintain an appropriate perspective for performing tasks from a distance. This Demo paper presents a laboratory platform for an experimental study on human interaction with remote control systems using visual interfaces for inspection tasks to enhance airport safety management. The platform can evaluate the user experience of interfaces provided by First Person View, Third Person View, and Augmentation technologies. This platform enables exploration through controlled experiments and by user tests. These provide an avenue for assessing how these interfaces may affect human performance, depth perception, and user experience when conducting inspection tasks remotely. The findings will shed light on the strengths and limitations of each interface type, offering insights into their potential applications in various domains such as industrial inspection, surveillance, and remote exploration. 

In this study, we designed an experiment using remote-controlled lab based moving platform to evaluate the impact of resolution, latency, and field of view on the Quality of Experience, performance, user experience and depth perception. The experiment involves two tasks: driving the platform to a stop point and parking it between two boxes. Participants provided feedback through questionnaires, and their experiences were analyzed. Seven participants between 30 and 57 (average of 37) years old participated. We used Google Forms for data collection, including pre-experiment and recurring questionnaires as well as a simulator sickness questionnaire. Despite the low number of test participants leading to uncertainty in quantitative analysis, significant effects were observed, albeit with contradictory statistical outcomes. The data suggests that lower latency corresponds to better performance, with participants not always perceiving higher latency accurately. Video quality notably impacts user experience, with higher resolution being preferred. 

The International Football Association Board decided to introduce Video Assistant Referee (VAR) in 2018. This led to the need to develop methods for quality control of the VAR-systems. This article focuses on the important aspect to evaluate the video quality. Video Quality assessment has matured in the sense that there are standardized, commercial products and established open-source solutions to measure it with objective methods. Previous research has primarily focused on the end-user quality assessment. How to assess the video in the contribution phase of the chain is less studied. The novelties of this study are two-fold: 1) The user study is specifically targeting video experts i.e., to assess the perceived quality of video professionals working with video production. 2) Six video quality models have been independently benchmarked against the user data and evaluated to show which of the models could provide the best predictions of perceived quality. The independent evaluation is important to get unbiased results as shown by the Video Quality Experts Group. An experiment was performed involving 25 video experts in which they rated the perceived quality. The video formats tested were High-Definition TV both progressive and interlaced as well as a quarters size format that was scaled down half the size in both width and height. The videos were encoded with both H.264 and Motion JPEG for the full size but only H.264 for the quarter size. Bitrates ranged from 80 Mbit/s down to 10 Mbit/s. We could see that for H.264 that the quality was overall very good but dropped somewhat for 10 Mbit/s. For Motion JPEG the quality dropped over the whole range. For the interlaced format the degradation that was based on a simple deinterlacing method did receive overall low ratings. For the quarter size three different scaling algorithms were evaluated. Lanczos performed the best and Bilinear the worst. The performance of six different video quality models were evaluated for 1080p and 1080i. The Video Quality Metric for Variable Frame Delay had the best performance for both formats, followed by Video Multimethod Assessment Fusion method and the Video Quality Metric General model.