Rapporten behandlar klädmonterade fotgängarreflexer och utgör ett underlag för föreskriftsarbete. Reflektionsförmåga, upptäckbarhet, reflexmaterial, kvalitetskrav och provningsmetodik analyseras. Bland annat beskrivs metoder för mätning av reflektionsförmåga, nötningstest, tvättprov, köldprov, vattenresistens, smutsprovning samt krav på applicering och användning av reflexmaterial för trafiksäkerhet.

Rapporten utvärderar gällande och föreslagna provningsbestämmelser för ögonskydd. Optiska, mekaniska och miljötekniska krav analyseras med avseende på funktion, märkning, skyddszoner, refraktion, transmission, diffusion, miljöbeständighet och provningsmetodik. Rapporten innehåller förslag till kompletterade krav, förbättrade mätmetoder och förenklad hantering av provning och typgodkännande av ögonskydd.

Papper av bästa kvalitet beräknas ha en livslängd av ca 1000 år medan silverfilm av konventionellt slag anses hålla 200-300 år. Genom upprepad kopiering av filmen kan dock informationen bevaras under längre tid. Detta förutsätter att bildkvaliteten hos första generationen film är sådan att kopior med tillfredsställande läsbarhet kan framställas. Bildens kvalitet är givetvis starkt avhängig förlagans utseende. Rapporten beskriver resultat från generationskopiering av bilder framställda med en planmatad kamera. Förlagor av skiftande kvalitet samt testfigurer exponerades så att bildserier med olika bakgrundssvärtning erhölls. Bilderna kopierades så att generationskopior dels med växlande polaritet erhölls och dels så att polariteten bibehölls. Bilderna studerades med avseende på läslighet. Högre bakgrundssvärtning gav i allmänhet bilder av högre kvalitet också hos senare generationer. Undantag var bilder av en ritning av mycket dålig kvalitet. Generationskopiering där bilder med växlande polaritet framställts gav kopior med betydligt bättre kvalitet än då samtliga kopior hade samma polaritet. Förminskningarna 1:16 och 1:32 jämfördes. Med det aktuella bildmaterialet kunde ingen markant skillnad i läsbarhet hos senare generationer konstateras. Ändringen i läslighet jämfördes med nedgången i upplösning mätt med testkort. Något generellt samband fanns inte eftersom förlagans utseende och bildens bakgrundssvärtning är avgörande för ändringen i läslighet.

Work onboard ships is widely recognized as both physically and mentally challenging. With the introduction of digitalization and automated processes, work roles are expected to face changes. Crew sizes are expected to decrease, raising work demands upon the remaining crew members. Under such daily conditions, opportunities for rest, recreation, and recovery during off-duty periods become all the more critical.

Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is a general indicator of the quality of conditions within a space (e.g., air quality, noise, lighting) as well as functional aspects (layout, access to equipment, and adequacy of space for intended activities), aiming to enhance occupants’ well-being.

This pre-study investigated, from the crew’s perspective, which components constitute well-designed accommodation with high IEQ, with the intention of producing practical design suggestions and supporting crews in identifying the features necessary to foster well-being, targeting improved social sustainability, recruitment and retention, and providing inputs for future ship newbuilds and retrofits.

Key findings from semi-structured interviews (N=8) were organized into six overarching themes: Privacy (e.g. access to a private cabin and locker-room privacy); Personal Space (e.g. possibility to personalize one’s cabin); Comfort and Homeliness (e.g. noise and vibration reduction, comfortable furniture, good sleep hygene); Social and Recreational Opportunities (e.g. hobby rooms, flexible social areas); Health and Wellness Facilities (e.g. functional gym and sauna facilities); Functional and Technological Aspects (e.g. reliable WiFi, function-based design of common areas).

These themes and user-defined requirements were translated into conceptual design implications for cabins, dayrooms, wellness areas, service areas and technical infrastructure, and subsequently transferred to professional interior designers. Spatial concepts were then generated, including 2D layouts and 3D visual interpretations for three selected domains: cabins, social/dayroom and hobby spaces, and wellness and fitness facilities. These conceptual outputs demonstrate how crew‑defined requirements can be operationalized into concrete accommodation design proposals, supporting both future ship newbuilds and retrofits.

For a number of papers and fibre building boards values are given for a pore anisotropy, defined as the ratio of three effective pore radii, one perpendicular to the plane of the sheet and the other two in the plane of the sheet, across and in the machine direction. The effective pore radius is the one defined by the Lucas-Washburn equation for one directional liquid penetration into the porous material due to capillary forces. Comparative measurements were carried out with distilled water, an aqueous surfactant solution, mineral oil and xylene. The contact angle at the liquid-air-solid interface was assumed as a rule to be the same in all three directions of the sheet solid. An exception from this rule is the penetration of sized papers by aqueous solutions. For liquid penetration within the plane of the sheet the ratio of the effective pore radii across to within the machine direction varies from 0.6 to 0.98. The ratio of the effective pore radii for penetration perpendicular to the plane divided by the one for penetration within the plane and in the machine direction of the sheet varies from 0.01 to 0.05 for papers and hardboard, up to 0.3 for an insulating board.

A set of products has been tested in the Swedish box test, SIS 02 48 23 (NT FIRE 004). The equipment was supplemented with a fine thermocouple, an oxygen analyzer and a new smoke intensity gauge. Thirteen different products were tested including wood based materials, gypsum plaster board, wall-papers and plastics. The results are shown as exhaust gas temperature, RHR and light transmission as a function of time. This study is a part of a larger project "Fire Hazard - Fire Growth in Compartments in the Early Stage of Development (Pre-Flashover)", where the same 13 products were tested in full scale as well as according to several bench scale methods.

The EMC laboratory at SP is intended to be a national test center for testing of large test objects. The test objects will mainly be cars, buses and trucks but also military equipment, communication systems and the like. The laboratory will be fully available in january 1992. The main facility will be a large semianechoic chamber with 48" absorbers. Available space is 20.6 m x 10.6 m x 7.8 m. The chamber has a false floor designed for heavy loads. Maximum vehicle load is 14 tonnes but with special arrangements loads up to 60 tonnes are allowed. Access to the chamber is via a 4 m wide and 4.5 m high double door. Fields for immunity testing are generated with a series of RF-amplifiers with output power ratings from 2 kW at low frequencies to 200 W at 2 GHz. A long wire antenna can be used at very low frequencies. In the range 25 MHz - 2 GHz standard antennas are used i e logperiodic, horn parabolic reflectors. During the testing vehicles can be run on a 4-wheel chassis dynamometer mounted in a 9 m turntable.

Optomechanical properties determined by this method are of value for the checking of the quality and the heat seal-ability of the transparent and translucent polymeric coating in heat sealable laminate container applications. The measurement of optomechanical index in the specimens are used in experimental stress analysis. The internal stress is exhibiting a great influence upon important service ability characteristics. The measurement of optomechanical index may be utilized to provide data for development as well as quality control and specification.

Väderbeständigheten för 8 st olika färger baserade på akryllatex och linolja har studerats dels genom naturlig exponering på provhus i Borås och dels genom accelererad åldring i Atlas weather-ometer® och Atlas UV-CON®. Avsikten har varit att studera korrelationen mellan utomhusåldring med åldring i väderleksprovare på laboratorium. Kulörförändring och kritning har studerats som funktion av åldringstid. På grund av stark nedsmutsning på utomhusexponerade paneler blev resultaten från kulörmätningarna missvisande. Någon nedsmutsning förekom inte vid laboratorieprovningen. Kritning som utvärderingsmetod visade god korrelation mellan laboratoriemetoder och naturlig exponering. 1000 timmar vid laboratorieprovning motsvarar minst två års exponering på ett provhus i Borås.

Risken för skador på silverfilm på grund av inverkan av vatten eller värme bör förebyggas genom lämplig utformning och placering av arkivet. Helt säker förvaring kan dock aldrig garanteras. Rapporten beskriver undersökningar av art och omfattning av skador som uppstår på silverfilm vid kontakt med vatten och olika typer av material som kan finnas i ett arkiv. Ett antal byggnadsmaterial konstaterades ge upphov till skador på silverbilder. Genom rengöring av filmerna kunde dock tillväxt av bildskadorna förhindras. Rullfilm skadades i betydligt mindre omfattning än bladfilm. Även rent vatten orsakar allvarliga bildskador om filmen inte tas om hand på lämpligt sätt. Vattenskador på film behöver inte överdramatiseras. Genom snabb och korrekt insats kan alltför omfattande skador förhindras. En metod för omhändertagande av skadat material beskrivs. Värme kan medföra betydligt allvarligare skador, speciellt i samband med brand då värmen kombineras med hög luftfuktighet vid vattenbegjutning. Informationen kan vara tydbar efter inverkan av värme. Filmen kan dock vara så kraftigt deformerad att dess kopierbarhet är kraftigt nedsatt. Mögelskador berörs kortfattat.

A Nordic work in order to draw up a mutual Nordic standard for portable fire extinguishers is under way. A serie of reference tests has therefore been carried out, for the purpose of stipulating the consequences for the producers in connection with taking the new standard in use. The consequences for the producers, and any changes of the extinguishers that may occur, can be summarized as follows. Most powder extinguishers need to be modified in order to get a somewhat longer discharge time. The opposite conditions apply for water extinguishers, where the discharge time must be reduced, among other things in order to get approval without fire test. Greater requirements on extinguishing capacity, which will lead to use of powder of higher quality. In certain cases the protection against corrosion need to be improved. A more simple construction of the bracket is possible. The quality of the pressure gauge need to be improved.

Rapporten behandlar transienta vibrationer, deras skadeverkningar, karakterisering och simulering. Bland annat diskuteras responsspektra, utmattning, strukturdynamik, vibrationsprovning och metoder för syntes av provsignaler för miljö- och hållfasthetsprovning.

This report is number two in a serie of two reports dealing with unaccuracy and errors in optical radiation measurements. The first report was about laser radiation measurements. In this second report ultraviolet spectral and spectrally integrated measurements of irradiance is analyzed. Measurements on solar lamps are especially considered. For this the spectral region of 200-400 nm is of most interest. The biologically weighted irradiance in the UVB and UVC-regions is examined according to the rules in the Swedish SSI FS 1982:1. Here is given a short summary of the most important sources of errors and the estimated size of those errors in both the measured spectral irradiance values and integrated UVA-, UVB- and UVC-irradiances. Practical examples of measurements on solar lamps are included in the report. Both reports are sponsored by the Swedish National Institute of Radiation Protection in the aim of better understanding the measurements problems at the testing centre for laser and at the testing center for solar lamps.

Tre olika metoder för bestämning av betongs saltfrostbeständighet har jämförts. Enligt resultaten påverkar provningsmetoden i hög grad den uppmätta avskalningen. Den svenska metoden med frysytan nedåt gav högst avskalning medan den österrikiska metoden gav lägst. Rapporten visar att avdunstningsskydd och saltlösningens koncentration har stor betydelse för resultaten och att en tillräckligt stor provyta krävs för att uppnå god noggrannhet.

Three different methods of testing the salt-frost resistance of concrete are compared; one according to the Swedish standard with the test surface facing downwards (SSN), another according to the Swedish standard with the test surface facing upwards (SSU) and an Austrian method. Five concrete qualities with different air contents and water-cement ratios were tested. The test results were highly dependent on the test method used. The SSN method gave the highest scaling values and the Austrian method the lowest. The report concludes that evaporation protection and salt concentration have a major influence on measured scaling and that a total test area of at least 60 000-70 000 mm² is needed for reasonably accurate test results.

Rapporten redovisar mätningar av fukttillståndet i EW-element som källarytterväggar och ytterväggar. Studien omfattar fuktmätningar, datorberäkningar och uppföljning av byggnader i Helsingborg, Borås, Svenljunga och Steninge. Resultaten visar bland annat att invändiga ångspärrar kan försvåra uttorkning av fuktiga källarväggar, att god ventilation är viktig samt att en del av värmeisoleringen med fördel kan placeras på väggens utsida för att minska risken för höga fuktnivåer.

In this report a proposed test method for all types of foam concentrates is presented. In order to get experience of the test method a serie of extinguishing tests has been performed both on petroleum products and polar solvents. Also various national test methods for foams have been studied. The object has been to get a test method that - is applicable to all types of foams, - has a high repeatability and reproducability, - evaluates the efficiency and economy of the foam concentrates, - gives the option of getting a "finger print" of the tested concentrate allowing for subsequent controls. The test method applies to both low-, medium- and high expansion foams. It comprises extinguishing tests on petroleum products and polar solvents. For these tests heptane, acetone and isopropylalcohol, respectively, are used. Three different application methods can be used: - Type I gentle application (gooseneck) - Type II semi-direct application - Type III direct application Application rates used for the extinguishing tests can be varied depending on the recommendations from the manufacturer. Radiometers are used to estimate burning rates and objective ways of determining extinguishing efficiency and resistance to burn back are proposed.

The activity index (k) is defined as the amount of cement that can be replaced by 1 part of fly ash (or a similar material), without decreasing the strength of the mortar (or concrete). When determining k for fly ash, when used in mortar, it is necessary to know the relation between the water-cement ratio and the compressive strength. Such relations has been determined for mortar at 3, 28 and 91 days and for three different Swedish cements (ordinary Portland). In order to vary the water-cement ratio without affecting the consistency of the mortar, different amounts of the cement were replaced by corresponding amounts of inert powder of quarts. The relation between the water-cement ratio and the compressive strength seems to be well described by the relation according to Bolomey, f = A (C/W-B), where W/C is the water-cement ratio and A and B are constants. B seems to decrease from about 0,53 to about 0,47 when the age of the mortar increases from 3 to 91 days and A seem to be, for the cements used in the investigation, in the intervals 20-25 MPa at 3 days, 30-35 at 28 days and 35-40 at 91 days. Corresponding relations between the water-cement ratio and the flexural tensile strength have also been determined. The standard deviations when testing the compressive strength of mortars with varying contents of fly ash have been determined. By use of these standard deviations and the relations between the water-cement ratio and the compressive strength, the accuracy of the determination of k has been analysed. The accuracy seems to increase with increasing content of fly ash and in order to obtain accurate values of k, about 30-40 percent by volume of the cement ought to be replaced by fly ash. The activity index has been determined for a number of fly ashes which have been tested at three different laboratories. The value of k for most of the fly ashes was found to be higher than -0,05, 0,15 and 0,5 respectively at 3, 28 and 91 days respectively. These values may be used as limits between acceptable and not acceptable fly ashes. In principle k never should be negative but due to the uncertainty of the testing method it seems to be motivated to chose a value slightly below zero at 3 days.

A comparison between 4 laserinterferometers for length measurements has been accomplished at the Swedish National Primary Calibration Centre. The work was made in cooperation with Swedish authorized measurement centres and universities of technology. The event took place 6-7 September 1983. The comparisons included both length measurements and frequency comparisons. The results proved good agreement between the lasers. The most important sources of error are the variations of the refractive index of the air, depending on variations in the temperature, pressure and humidity of the laboratory air. Very accurate instruments are needed to measure these parameters. The refractive index was determined during the investigations by the formula developed by Edlén. The conclusions of the investigation were that for laser-interferometric measurements a stable environment, good instrumentation and trained personnel are necessary. Under these conditions the laser is reliable and no stability problems according to the laser frequency were observed.

Under 1983 cirkulerades ett mätsystem för kalibrering av accelerometrar till sju industriella kalibreringslaboratorier. Systemet bestod av en normalaccelerometer Endevco typ 2270 och en referensförstärkare Brüel & Kjaer typ 2650. Riksmätplatsen för ljudtryck utgjorde referenslaboratorium. Utvärderingen av kalibreringslaboratoriernas resultat visar att de flesta överensstämmer väl med PTB. Vissa mindre avvikelser förekommer dock och ett laboratorium har redovisat helt felaktiga resultat.

Förslaget till långsiktig behovsanalys för provningsmetoder inom teknikområdet brandbekämpning har på uppdrag av Nordtest utarbetats av Anders Ryderman vid laboratoriet för brandteknik vid Statens provningsanstalt. Arbetet omfattar en utredning kring de olika områden där brandskyddsmateriel används som en del för att säkerställa skydd av människor och egendom. Dessa områden är framför allt den allmänna räddningstjänsten, industrins anläggningar och produktionsprocesser, transportmedel och offshore-anläggningar.

Projektet har syftat till att ta fram regler för fasta släcksystem i fritidsbåtar och små yrkesfartyg. Rapporten redovisar i sin huvuddel förslag till krav och bakgrund till provningsmetoder för fasta släcksystem för små fartyg och fritidsbåtar. De egenskaper som vi föreslår bör prövas är: tömningskarakteristik, korrosionsegenskaper, vibrationsegenskaper, utlösningskrafter och åldringsbeständighet. Vidare ingår förslag till krav för larm och detektionssystem. I rapportens Annex A framgår ett detaljerat förslag till provningsprogram.

Föreliggande sammanställning utgör en delrapport i ett slutprojekt (miljöprovningsunderlag för civil materiel), som på uppdrag av SP handlagts av Kjell Spång, IFM Akustikbyrån. Det presenterade underlaget redogör för vibrationsnivåer som används av provningsanstalten vid provning av vibrations- och stöttålighet hos glödlampor som kan monteras i lastfordon.

This document comprises a partial report of an investigation that was initiated and financed by the Fire Engineering Laboratory at the National Swedish Institute for Materials Testing. The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the repeatability of the newly erected furnaces intended for fire testing of combustible and noncombustible structural elements. The report covers combustible prefabricated wall components tested according to ISO 834 and NT FIRE 005 and evaluates furnace repeatability, temperature distribution, radiation levels and fire endurance.

The present report gives a summary of the work in building thermography in the Scandinavian countries, especially Sweden. The report deals with the principles of thermography, how to detect thermal resistance deficiencies and air leakage. Application in building and the influencing factors are especially discussed. Test requirements in Scandinavia and the experience with the test technique is discussed.

This report summarizes the Swedish contribution to a round robin test concerning the measurement of thermal efficiency and thermal losses of solar collectors. The test is part of the International Energy Agency (IEA) Solar Collector Testing Programme and concerns the outdoor testing of solar collectors. At the IEA 2nd Expert Meeting at Wiehl/Germany October 21-22, 1976 it was agreed that two collectors would be used in the IEA round robin test programme. The collectors would primarily be used for thermal performance tests outdoors. Countries having a solar simulator would also make indoor/outdoor comparisons on the collectors.

In contrast to most other systematic errors, the cosine error in laser interferometric measurements can easily be reduced, or even eliminated, by relatively simple means. A study of operators handbooks for laser interferometers has revealed discrepancies between the basic definitions of the cosine error. The cosine error is a complex concept. In order to systematize the cosine error problem, a general formalism of the concept is presented. From this formalism we have derived a number of conclusions that are applicable to some actual laser interferometric measurement problems.

Föreliggande rapport utgör slutrapportering av projektet "Utredning beträffande användning av polymera material i applikationer där lång livslängd är samhällsekonomiskt motiverad". Den genomförda utredningen har koncentrerats till småhusproduktionen och redovisar användningen av plast- och gummimaterial i byggsektorn samt behovet av metoder för att förutsäga materialens långtidsstabilitet och funktion under byggnaders livslängd.

Ever since the industrial revolution during the 19th century fatigue is the most important single cause of failure of mechanical equipment. In spite of considerable efforts having been made, a consistent and comprehensive description of the phenomenon is still missing. This may be due to the fact that fatigue is a very complex phenomenon, depending on a large variety of factors which calls for the unified knowledge of experts in several fields, as metallurgy, solid mechanics, statistics, chemistry etc. The existing rules for construction and testing of structures with respect to safety against fatigue are empirical and valid only for materials, environments and loadings for which extensive tests have been performed. When generalizations are made, in order to cover new areas, mistakes may be made resulting in serious accidents.

Statens provningsanstalt anknyter resistansmätningarna inom landet till den internationellt antagna enheten ohm. Elektriska laboratoriet förfogar över 10 motstånd av Thomas typ. Två av dessa normaler transporterades till NPL för kalibrering september-oktober 1977. Mätningar före och efter transporten samt jämförelse med tidigare kalibreringar visar att gruppens medelvärde har minskat med 0,03 µΩ mellan 1976 och 1977. Slutsatsen är att statens provningsanstalt upprätthåller enheten ohm med en onoggrannhet av ± 0,2 µΩ i förhållande till Ω69-BI. Onoggrannheten bestäms av de systematiska felen.