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  • 1.
    Agirre, Joseba A.
    et al.
    MGEP, Spain.
    Etxeberria, L.
    MGEP, Spain.
    Barbosa, R.
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Basagiannis, S.
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Giantamidis, G.
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Bauer, Thomas
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Ferrari, E.
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Labayen Esnaola, M.
    CAF SIGNALLING, Spain.
    Orani, V.
    CNR-IEIIT, Italy.
    Öberg, J.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Pereira, David
    CISTER/ISEP, Portugal.
    Proenca, Jose
    CISTER/ISEP, Portugal.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Smrcka, Ales
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Tiberti, W.
    University of L’Aquila, Italy.
    Tonetta, S.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Bozzano, M.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Yazici, A.
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    The VALU3S ECSEL project: Verification and validation of automated systems safety and security2021In: Microprocessors and microsystems, ISSN 0141-9331, E-ISSN 1872-9436, Vol. 87, article id 104349Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities, which led to the availability of prototypes demonstrating new capabilities as well as the introduction of such systems to the market within different domains. Manufacturers need to make sure that the systems function in the intended way and according to specifications. This is not a trivial task as system complexity rises dramatically the more integrated and interconnected these systems become with the addition of automated functionality and features to them. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it time-consuming and costly. In this paper, we present VALU3S, an ECSEL JU (joint undertaking) project that aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art V&V methods and tools, and design a multi-domain framework to create a clear structure around the components and elements needed to conduct the V&V process. The main expected benefit of the framework is to reduce time and cost needed to verify and validate automated systems with respect to safety, cyber-security, and privacy requirements. This is done through identification and classification of evaluation methods, tools, environments and concepts for V&V of automated systems with respect to the mentioned requirements. VALU3S will provide guidelines to the V&V community including engineers and researchers on how the V&V of automated systems could be improved considering the cost, time and effort of conducting V&V processes. To this end, VALU3S brings together a consortium with partners from 10 different countries, amounting to a mix of 25 industrial partners, 6 leading research institutes, and 10 universities to reach the project goal.

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  • 2.
    Agirre, Joseba A
    et al.
    Mondragon University, Spain.
    Yazici, Ahmet
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Di Blasio, Katia
    Intecs Solutions S.p.a., Italy.
    De la Vara, Jose Luis
    University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Yayan, Ugur
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd. Sti, Turkey.
    Barbosa, Raul
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Etxeberria, Leire
    Mondragon University, Spain.
    Nazaria, Massimo
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Karaca, Mustafa
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd. Sti, Turkey.
    Multidimensional Framework for Characterizing Verification and Validation of Automated Systems2022In: 18th European dependable computing conference (EDCC 2022), 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Verification and Validation (V&V) of automated systems is becoming more costly and time-consuming because of the increasing size and complexity of these systems. Moreover, V&V of these systems can be hindered if the methods and processes are not properly described, analysed, and selected. It is essential that practitioners use suitable V&V methods and enact adequate V&V processes to confirm that these systems work as intended and in a cost-effective manner. Previous works have created different taxonomies and models considering different aspects of V&V that can be used to classify V&V methods and tools. The aim of this work is to provide a broad, comprehensive and a easy to use framework that addresses characterisation needs, rather than focusing on individual aspects of V&V methods and processes.To this end, in this paper, we present a multi-domain and multi-dimensional framework to characterize and classify V&V methods and tools in a structured way. The framework considers a comprehensive characterization of different relevant aspects of V&V. A web-based repository has been implemented on the basis of the framework, as an example of use, in order to collect information about the application of V&V methods and tools. This way, practitioners and researchers can easily learn about and identify suitable V&V processes.

  • 3.
    Ajpi, C.
    et al.
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Leiva, N.
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Lindbergh, G.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Cabrera, S.
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of Fe3+-BDC metal organic framework as material for lithium ion batteries2023In: Journal of Molecular Structure, ISSN 0022-2860, E-ISSN 1872-8014, Vol. 1272, article id 134127Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work presents synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a new metal-organic framework (MOF). The compound Fe-BDC-DMF was synthetized by the solvothermal method and prepared via a reaction between FeCl3.6H2O and benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) or terephthalic acid using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The powder was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR) analysis. The electrochemical properties were investigated in a typical lithium-ion battery electrolyte by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and galvanostatic charging and discharging. The synthetized Fe-BDC-DMF metal-organic framework (MOF) contains a mixture of three phases, identified by PXRD as: MOF-235, and MIL-53(Fe) monoclinic with C2/c and P21/c space groups. The structure of the Fe-BDC is built up from Fe3+ ions, terephalates (BDC) bridges and in-situ-generated DMF ligands. The electrochemical measurements conducted in the potential range of 0.5–3.5 V vs. Li+/Li0 show the voltage profiles of Fe-BDC and a plateau capacity of around 175 mAh/g. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 4.
    Ajpi, Cesario
    et al.
    Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Leiva, Naviana
    Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Vargas, Max
    Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Cabrera, Saul
    Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Synthesis and characterization of LiFePO4-PANI hybrid material as cathode for lithium-ion batteries2020In: Materials, ISSN 1996-1944, E-ISSN 1996-1944, Vol. 13, no 12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This work focuses on the synthesis of LiFePO4-PANI hybrid materials and studies their electrochem. properties (capacity, cyclability and rate capability) for use in lithium ion batteries. PANI synthesis and optimization was carried out by chem. oxidation (self-assembly process), using ammonium persulfate (APS) and H3PO4, obtaining a material with a high degree of crystallinity. For the synthesis of the LiFePO4-PANI hybrid, a thermal treatment of LiFePO4 particles was carried out in a furnace with polyaniline (PANI) and lithium acetate (AcOLi)-coated particles, using Ar/H2 atm. The pristine and synthesized powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, IR and TGA. The electrochem. characterizations were carried out by using CV, EIS and galvanostatic methods, obtaining a capacity of 95 mAhg-1 for PANI, 120 mAhg-1 for LiFePO4 and 145 mAhg-1 for LiFePO4-PANI, at a charge/discharge rate of 0.1 C. At a charge/discharge rate of 2 C, the capacities were 70 mAhg-1 for LiFePO4 and 100 mAhg-1 for LiFePO4-PANI, showing that the PANI also had a favorable effect on the rate capability.

  • 5.
    Ajpi, Cesario
    et al.
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Leiva, Naviana
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Vargas, Max
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Cabrera, Saul
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Bolivia.
    Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of NiII coordination network: Poly-[tris(µ4-Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato)-tetrakis(µ1-dimethylformamide-κ1O)-trinickel(II)] as material for lithium ion batteries2022In: Journal of Molecular Structure, ISSN 0022-2860, E-ISSN 1872-8014, Vol. 1265, article id 133316Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The compound Ni3(C8H4O4)3(C3H7NO)3, poly-[tris(µ4-Benzene-1,4-dicarboxylato)-tetrakis(µ1-dimethylformamide-κ1O)-trinickel(II)], was synthesized by the solvothermal method prepared via reaction between NiCl2•6H2O and terephthalic acid using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent. The structure was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy analyses. The electrochemical properties as a potential active material in lithium-ion batteries were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge curves in a battery half-cell. The characterization results show that the coordination network contains one independent structure in the asymmetric unit. It is constructed from Ni2+ ions, terephthalate bridges and in-situ-generated DMF ligands, forming two similar two-dimensional (2D) layer structures. These similar 2D layers are in an alternating arrangement and are linked with each other by dense H—H interactions (45%) to generate a three-dimensional (3D) supramolecular framework with ordered and disordered DMF molecules. The electrochemical measurements, conducted in the potential range of 0.5–3.5 V vs Li/Li+, show that Ni3(C8H4O4)3(C3H7NO)4 has good electrochemical properties and can work as anode in lithium-ion batteries. The material presents an initial specific capacity of ∼420 mAh g−1, which drops during consecutive scans but stabilizes at ∼50 mAh g−1. However, due to the wide potential range there are indications of a gradual collapse of the structure. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows an increase of charge transfer resistance from 24 to 1190 Ohms after cycling likely due to this collapse.

  • 6.
    Bach, Andreas
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Forsström, Ellinor
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Haraldson, Sandra
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Holmgren, Kristina
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    Lind, Kenneth
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    Lind, Mikael
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Piehl, Hampus
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Raza, Zeeshan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Rydbergh, Torbjörn
    Marine Benchmark, Sweden.
    HAMNEN SOM ENERGINOD : Ett koncept för hamnens roll i omställningen mot ett hållbart transportsystem2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Transportsystemet står inför en enorm utmaning då trycket på genomförandet av hållbara operationer aldrig varit större. Enligt IEA står transportsektorn för 16% av det totala koldioxidutsläppet i världen som med nödvändighet måste minska för att vi ska kunna lämna efter oss en planet med resurser för framtida generationer. Utmaningen kräver att alla delar av transportsystemet gör sitt bidrag, oavsett om det handlar om transportoperatörer, transportnoder, myndigheter på såväl lokal, regional som global nivå och tvärs samtliga transportslag. Det slutar dock inte där, det är lika viktigt att de som konstruerar olika typer av lastbärare och fordon för både gods- och persontransporter också beaktar den energi som förväntas vara tillgänglig i rätt kvantitet och till rätt pris. Energiproducenter behöver också tillgodose att efterfrågade energibärare produceras och finns att tillgå vid rätt plats och i tillräcklig kvantitet då den behövs. Detta är i linje med de behov av insatser som Sveriges regering lyfter inom transporteffektivitet, hållbara förnybara drivmedel samt energieffektiva fordon och fartyg, för att reducera Sveriges territoriella CO2 utsläpp i linje med de globala målen. En viktig del av transportsystemet är hamnar som har fönster mot flera olika transportslag och utgör multimodala noder som förväntas ombesörja en så sömlös övergång mellan olika transportslag som möjligt, såsom till/från sjö, järnväg och väg. Svenska hamnar är inget undantag, utan i Sverige med sin längsta europeiska kustremsa behöver Sveriges hamnar också etablera tillräcklig kapabilitet för att hantera såväl inhemska transportbehov som förväntade transporter för import och export på ett hållbart sätt. Hamnar står inför utmaningen att både bedriva sina operationer på ett så hållbart sätt som möjligt genom nyttjande av fossilfri energi, att förse besökare med fossilfria energibärare, och att balansera sitt nyttjande och distribution av hållbar energi med de behov som omgivningen har. Organisationer med lastbilar, tåg, och fartyg som besöker en transportnod, däribland hamnar, förväntar sig att de kan försörjas med viss energi. Transportnoder kan således inte bara betraktas utifrån att vara en effektiv omlastningspunkt, utan behöver också betraktas utifrån den roll som transportnoden har och kan komma att ta i den del av energisystemet som relaterar till transportsystemet. Hamnar som transportnoder behöver således etablera en förmåga som energinod. I föreliggande projekt har trender beaktats för utvecklingen inom olika transportslag, intervjuer genomförts med svenska hamnar samt en enkätundersökning genomförts riktad till en majoritet av Sveriges hamnar. I projektet identifieras att de viktigaste drivkrafterna för hamnarnas hållbarhets- och omställningsarbete är kundkrav, kostnadsbesparingar, hamnens interna målsättning (ofta baserad på ägarnas krav och vision) samt regelverk. Slutsatsen är att Sveriges hamnar har en stark ambition att utveckla sin förmåga som energinod för olika roller. Samtidigt råder en villrådighet om vilka satsningar som skulle ge störst effekter för hamnens verksamhet. Viktigt att notera är också att olika hamnar har olika förutsättningar och roller i transportsystemet, beroende på dess geografiska placering, storlek och typ av gods / passagerare som hanteras. Samtidigt görs stora investeringar i Sveriges hamnsystem, för att proaktivt utveckla en kapabilitet att möta dagens och morgondagens transportbehov, särskilt i ljuset av den omflyttning som sker från vägbundna transporter till järnväg och sjö. Det är vanligt att hamnar etablerar inlandsterminalskapabilitet, d v s skapar förmåga för omlastning mellan tåg och väg där inte någon sjötransport behöver vara inblandad. Många av Sveriges järnvägsoperatörer ser hamnar som strategiska noder i järnvägssystemet. Dessutom det är tydligt från intervjuerna, vilket även styrks av enkätsvar, att respondenterna anser att otillräckliga finansiella medel, höga kostnader och skatt, omogen teknik, infrastruktur, effekt, standardisering, kompetens, och politisk otydlighet är de största utmaningar som påverkar svenska hamnars roll i hållbarhets- och omställningsarbete. Baserat på genomförd trend- och nulägesanalys föreslås en mognadsmodell som rådgivande för hamnens proaktiva utveckling av sin energinodskapacitet. Denna modell tar utgångspunkt i att hamnen etablerar en energistrategi som tar höjd för nödvändiga samarbeten och investeringar som de både blir tvingade till genom regelverk, påverkade av genom beslut och själva har rådighet över. Hamnarna är tydliga med att huvudverksamheten är att utgöra en transportnod, men att de, för att möjliggöra en omställning mot ett hållbart transportsystem, också behöver ge utrymme för andra aktörer, såsom energiproducenter och energidistributörer att bedriva sin verksamhet relaterat till hamnens geografiska område. Således behöver det kluster av aktörer som ingår i hamnen som nod expanderas till att också innefatta producenter och distributörer av energi. Hamnens energistrategi är rådgivande för att hamnen skall kunna etablera en förmåga som säkerställer att de krav som hamnens operationer, hamnens besökare och hamnens roll med sin geografiska placering, möts. Föreslagen mognadsmodell riktar uppmärksamhet just till dessa nivåer av förmåga och skapar grunder för formuleringen av en proaktiv strategi för den enskilda hamnens roll i transportsystemets energiomställning. En viktig grund blir då att simulera framtida energibehov, såsom inom elförsörjnings- och eldistributionsområdet, men även för andra energibärare, varför detta projekt föreslår ett fortsättningsprojekt där förväntade energibehov kan simuleras och bli rådgivande för strategi, samverkan och investering för Sveriges hamnar. En sådan simuleringsmodell bygger på hamnens digitala förmåga att fånga och använda data från operationer för att säkerställa att hamnen bidrar till transporteffektivitet, användning av hållbara förnybara drivmedel samt energieffektiva fordon och fartyg. Samspelet mellan hamnen som energinod och transportbärares kapabilitet att drivas på hållbar energi samt energiproducenters/energidistributörers förmåga att tillhandahålla fossilfri energi, utgör grunden till fossilfria transporter. Fossilfria väg-, järnvägs- och sjötransporter kan således inte etableras utan att ta hänsyn till alla ingående komponenter. I denna nödvändiga transformation har hamnar och andra transportnoder en nyckelroll.

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  • 7.
    Ban, Branko
    et al.
    Torquery Consulting, Sweden.
    Illinois, Ian Brown
    Institute of Technology, USA.
    Kersten, Anton
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sjöberg, Lars
    Alvier Mechatronics, Sweden.
    Batra, Tushar
    Alvier Mechatronics, Sweden.
    Torque Ripple Reduction Utilizing Pole-Shoe Extensions for a Traction Wound Field Synchronous Machine2023In: 2023 International Conference on Electrical Drives and Power Electronics, EDPE 2023 - Proceedings, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a comprehensive study on optimizing a water-cooled automotive traction Wound Field Synchronous Machine using an inverse-cosine pole-shaping variant with pole-shoe extensions. The objective was to maximize torque and minimize total loss at base speed, considering constraints like torque ripple, thermal loading, and mechanical stress yield factor. The optimization of the baseline design was conducted via a differential evolution algorithm. The design effectively fulfills all design requirements, maintaining the active volume constraints. Through iterative post-optimization adjustments of the pole shape, the effects on machine performance were analyzed. The inverse-cosine pole-shaping with novel pole-shoe extensions proves to be a superior approach. Compared to a design without pole-shoe extensions (6.49% torque ripple), the baseline design enables a ripple reduction of 2.45 %. The conclusion is that the pole-shoe extensions have considerable influence on torque-ripple. 

  • 8.
    Barbosa, Raul
    et al.
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Basagiannis, Stelios
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Giantamidis, Georgios
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Becker, Hauke
    NXP Semiconductor, Germany.
    Ferrari, Enrico
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Jahic, Jasmin
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Kanak, Alper
    ERARGE, Turkey.
    Labayen Esnaola, Mikel
    CAF SIGNALLING, Spain.
    Orani, Vanessa
    CNR-IEIIT, Italy.
    Pereira, David
    CISTER/ISEP Polytechnic Institute of Porto; Portugal.
    Pomante, Luigi
    University of L’Aquila, Italy.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology; Austria.
    Smrcka, Ales
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Yazici, Ahmet
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    The VALU3S ECSEL Project: Verification and Validation of Automated Systems Safety and Security2020In: 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it timeconsuming and costly. In this paper, we present an ECSEL JU project (VALU3S) that aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art V&V methods and tools, and design a multi-domain framework to create a clear structure around the components and elements needed to conduct the V&V process. The main expected benefit of the framework is to reduce time and cost needed to verify and validate automated systems with respect to safety, cyber-security, and privacy requirements. This is done through identification and classification of evaluation methods, tools, environments and concepts for V&V of automated systems with respect to the mentioned requirements. To this end, VALU3S brings together a consortium with partners from 10 different countries, amounting to a mix of 25 industrial partners, 6 leading research institutes, and 10 universities to reach the project goal.

  • 9.
    Benavente-Araoz, Fabian
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Bolivia.
    Varini, Maria
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Cabrera, Saul
    UMSA Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Bolivia.
    Lindbergh, Göran
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Effect of Partial Cycling of NCA/Graphite Cylindrical Cells in Different SOC Intervals2020In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 167, no 4, article id 040529Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A quasi-realistic aging test of NCA/graphite lithium-ion 18650 cylindrical cells is performed during a long-term low c-rate cycling and using a new protocol for testing and studying the aging. This to emulate a characteristic charge/discharge profile of off-grid PV-battery systems. The cells were partially cycled at four different cut-off voltages and two state of charge ranges (ΔSOC) for 1000 and 700 cycles over 24 months. Differential voltage analysis shows that a combination of loss of active material (LAM) and loss of lithium inventory (LLI) are the causes of capacity loss. Cells cycled with high cut-off voltages and wide ΔSOC (20% to 95%) were severely affected by material degradation and electrode shift. High cut-off voltage and narrow ΔSOC (65% to 95%) caused greater electrode degradation but negligible cell unbalance. Cell impedance is observed to increase in both cells. Cells cycled with middle to low cut-off voltages and narrow ΔSOC (35%-65% and 20% to 50%) had comparable degradation rates to calendar-aged cells. Cycling NCA/graphite cells with low c-rate and high cut-off voltages will degrade the electrode in the same way high c-rate would do. However, low c-rate at low and middle cut-off voltages greatly decrease cell degradation compared to similar conditions at middle to high c-rate, therefore increasing battery lifetime. © 2020 The Author(s).

  • 10.
    Björnsson, Lars-Henrik
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, Energy and Resources.
    Edvall, Maria
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.
    Persson, Mattias
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.
    Strandberg, Ted
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Emmanouilidis, Dimitris
    Axess Logistics, Sweden.
    Envik, Christel
    Axess Logistics, Sweden.
    Löfqvist, Jonas
    Axess Logistics, Sweden.
    Örn, Mattias
    Axess Logistics, Sweden.
    Renström, Håkan
    CTEK, Sweden.
    Svedlund, Jerry
    CTEK, Sweden.
    Laddinfrastruktur och frekvensreglering: en fallstudie2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    För att elnätet ska fungera måste frekvensen hållas inom snäva gränser och därför handlar Svenska Kraftnät upp olika typer av stödtjänster för frekvensreglering. De senaste åren har kostnaderna för dessa tjänster ökat kraftigt, bland annat till följd av en allt högre andel intermittent elproduktion. Behoven är prognostiserade att öka ytterligare under de kommande åren. Detta har skapat ett ökat intresse för batterier och deras möjligheter att stödja elnätet. Men batterier och tillhörande kraftelektronik är kostsamt. Samtidigt finns en stor och alltjämt växande batterikapacitet i landets elbilar och med hjälp av dubbelriktad laddning, så kallad vehicle-to-grid öppnas nya möjligheter att komma åt denna potential för att på ett mer resurseffektivt sätt balansera elnätet. Projektets övergripande mål har varit att utreda hur standardisering kan användas för att påskynda och öka användandet av elbilar som resurs för flexibilitetstjänster till elnätet. Bland annat har en fallstudie genomförts av Axess Logistics anläggning i Malmö hamn och möjligheterna för att deras långtidsparkerade elbilar ska kunna leverera frekvensreglering till elnätet har studerats. Resultaten visar på att studerade standarder i stort inte utgör ett direkt hinder för användandet av elbilar för frekvensreglering men att förändringar av exempelvis ISO15118 skulle kunna öka möjligheterna att använda elbilar för att leverera frekvensreglering. Till exempel genom införande av krav på mätnoggrannhet på aktiv effekt, förkortning av tillåtna svarstider, krav på lokal frekvensmätning med god noggrannhet. För långtidsparkerade bilar vore det framförallt värdefullt att arbeta fram, och i standard beskriva, en funktion där elbilens BMS kan uppmanas av EVSE att hålla batteriet i ett tillstånd där det kan användas för att snabbt svara på en begäran om i-/urladdning. Detta så att elbilen kan vara förberedd för frekvensreglering även om den för stunden inte aktivt laddar eller matar effekt till elnätet. Detta en åtgärd som skulle kunna ha stor positiv påverkan på möjligheterna för långtidsparkerade elbilar att leverera frekvensreglering. Exemplifierande användarcykler för långtidsparkerade bilar har studerats för FCR-N och FCR-D. Resultaten visar att den förväntade cyklingen skiljer stort mellan dessa olika frekvensregleringstjänster och antyder att valet av frekvensregleringstjänst behöver studeras utifrån både förväntad ekonomi och eventuellt batterislitage. Överslagsräkningar på eventuella intäkter från deltagande i frekvensreglering har genomförts och de preliminära resultaten visar att investering av dyrare laddinfrastruktur som klarar Vehicle-to-Grid skulle kunna återbetalas inom ett år med 2022 års nivåer av ersättning för frekvensreglering. I en framtid där nya elbilar antas ha stöd för Vehicle-to-Grid har potentialen för att använda långtidsparkerade elbilar på logistikanläggningar till frekvensreglering preliminärt bedömts ligga mellan 110 och 165 MW för svenska förhållanden. Detta motsvarar ca 5-8% av den nordiska FCR-marknaden. På sikt kan också långtidsparkerade bilar hos återförsäljare, flygplatser med mera att utgöra en betydande potential.

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  • 11.
    Burden, Håkan
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    Sobiech, Cilli
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    Andersson, Kristina
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    Skoglund, Martin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Stenberg, Susanne
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digital Systems, Mobility and Systems.
    The role of policy labs for introducing autonomous vehicles2021Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper explains the methodological approach of policy labs as used in applied research projects on autonomous vehicles in Sweden. While introducing new technologies we need to ensure that regulations and policies keep up with the fast-paced technological development.  Policy labs is one way of managing the perceived conflict between technological innovation and existing regulations. Within a policy lab, a wide range of stakeholders gather to solve the bottlenecks for innovations together. We show through three different R&D projects how the policy lab approach can be applied and which results, improvements and challenges it revealed for introducing autonomous vehicles.  

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  • 12.
    Carlsson, Annika
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Fast, Lars
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nordin Fürdös, Axel
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Adams, Paul
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Forsström, Ellinor
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Haberl, Felix
    Volvo, Sweden.
    Johansson, Monica
    Volvo, Sweden.
    Parthav, Desai
    Volvo, Sweden.
    Flytande väte som ett logistiskt bränsle – En förstudie2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Large investments are being made by energy companies to provide hydrogen production, distribution, and refuelling infrastructure. It is hence critical to find hydrogen pathways that are efficient and feasible. This means deciding between the usage of liquid hydrogen (LH2) or compressed hydrogen (CGH2) value-chains from production to storage onboard vehicles in some transport segments such as heavy-duty trucks. During the project the as yet unestablished concept of cryo-compressed hydrogen (CcH2) was also considered. The project aimed at identifying the critical challenges and current limitations that impact the widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel for transport applications. It has focused on increasing the knowledge about technologies that can make LH2 or CGH2 infrastructure and vehicle usage more efficient and safer, by assessing the current state of technology as well as maturity and potential of new technologies. Included in this was also a segment focused on the safety of the different alternatives along the later parts of the value-chain. The project as a whole was conducted as a literature study. For the technology maturity in different parts of the value-chain the project has summarized the results in a very high-level categorisation system, see table below The definitions are mainly qualitatively and show where the technologies are in these categories: • Established (Used on a larger scale, ~TRL 9-10) • Proven concept (Demonstrators or soon reaching this stage, ~TRL 7-8) • Initial design (No public demonstrators available, ~TRL 3-6) • Uncertain applicability (Applicability was not established in this work) • Not applicable (Cannot be used for this state of hydrogen) Technological maturity in the hydrogen value-chain The table above also gives an overview of the segments included in the report. In combination with the technological evaluation a qualitative cost analysis of the different hydrogen storage states was also done. Here it is indicated that though LH2 has a higher cost in the initial part of the value-chain, it has lower costs in the end segments. Therefore, it is possible that the end-price for the user will be similar for both LH2 and CGH2. The full cost can be compared first when LH2 refuelling stations and vehicles are publicly built, and cost information is available. The same is true for CcH2. During the safety, regulations and standards pre-study the following was concluded. From a safety perspective, there are no insurmountable barriers with respect to the use of LH2 on-board heavy-duty road vehicles in the medium term, however, there are several challenges to overcome, not least in the short term. Within the EU there are regulations which allow the type-approval of heavy-duty road vehicles with LH2 storage systems. However, these are based on work undertaken 15 - 20 years ago and are widely acknowledged as in need of being updated and validated in the same way that CGH2 road vehicle regulations have been. Similarly, there is a lack of up-to-date industry standards for road vehicle LH2 storage systems. A particular gap is the absence of an up-to-date standard that can be referenced in regulations for the refuelling receptacle geometry. Additionally, for LH2 refilling stations as a whole there are no suitable, up to date international standards, so there is a risk that individual countries set their own requirements. Overall, the project concluded that there are no show-stoppers for the implementation of LH2. It is a feasible value-chain from both the technology, cost and safety perspective. It could also in the future become comparable with the more proven CGH2 value-chain, but some initial hurdles and investments need to be overcome.

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  • 13.
    Cassel, Anders
    et al.
    Qamcom Research and Technology Ab, Sweden.
    Bergenhem, Carl
    Qamcom Research and Technology Ab, Sweden.
    Christensen, Ole Martin
    Qamcom Research and Technology Ab, Sweden.
    Heyn, Hans-Martin
    Volvo Technology Ab, Sweden.
    Leadersson-Olsson, Susanna
    Veoneer Sweden Ab, Sweden.
    Majdandzic, Mario
    Semcon Sweden Ab, Sweden.
    Sun, Peng
    Veoneer Sweden Ab, Sweden.
    Thorsen, Anders
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Trygvesson, Jörgen
    Comentor Ab, Sweden.
    On Perception Safety Requirements and Multi Sensor Systems for Automated Driving Systems2020In: SAE technical paper series, ISSN 0148-7191, Vol. 2020-April, no AprilArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One major challenge in designing SAE level 3-5 Automated Driving Systems (ADS) is to define requirements for the perception system that would enable argumentation for safe operation. The safety requirements on the perception system can only be fulfilled through redundancy in the sensor hardware. It is, however, a challenge to specify the redundancy that is required in the sensor system. Safe operation for an ADS is significantly more difficult compared to advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). The safety argumentation for ADAS typically argues that in case of a failure in the sensor array a fail-silent behavior is acceptable because the human driver can take control of the vehicle back. This argumentation however is not possible when developing level 4 or higher automation. This paper investigates prerequisites for applying a systematic methodology for analyzing redundancy in a multi-sensor system and the relation to a conceptual ADS functional architecture. This analysis must address the complexity that comes with partially overlapping sensor data from different sensors and considers variations in performance and characteristics due to changes in the environmental conditions. The paper introduces the term incomplete redundancy and presents a systematic methodology for analyzing redundancy. The aim is to provide arguments for how several sensors in a system, when appropriately combined, meet an assigned safety requirement on a higher level. Each sensor will then be assigned a certain responsibility and contributes with a sub-set of information. A set of questions of importance to address as a foundation for such a methodology are defined and discussed. The definitions of redundancy and independence between sensors are discussed as well as contract-based functional safety to adapt to different environmental and operating conditions.

  • 14.
    Edvall, Maria
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.
    Eriksson, Lina
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, System Transition and Service Innovation.
    Skärhem, Sara
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    HANDLINGSPLAN - Regional samverkan kring vätgas2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna handlingsplan är framtagen inom projektet Regional samverkan kring vätgas som finansieras av Klimatledande Processindustri där Västsvenska Kemi- och Materialklustret ingår. Handlingsplanen utgår från det geografiska område i och i närheten av Göteborg, Stenungsund och Lysekil, det område där kemi- och raffinaderiindustrierna på västkusten är verksamma. Handlingsplanen innehåller prioriterade frågeställningar och aktiviteter att utföra i närtid och är framtagen av RISE i samarbete med Borealis, Chalmers, Göteborg Energi, Göteborgs Hamn, Inovyn, Linde Gas, Liquid Wind, Nordion Energi, Perstorp, Preem, St1, Uniper samt Vattenfall. Syftet med projektet är att skapa samverkan kring vätgasrelaterade frågor baserat på identifierade behov hos nyckelaktörer i regionen. Projektet ska även identifiera vilka former för samverkan som på bästa sätt kan underlätta och påskynda omställningen till ett klimatneutralt samhälle, givet regionens specifika utmaningar och möjligheter kopplat till vätgas.

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  • 15.
    Eiler, Konrad
    et al.
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
    Mölmen, Live
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Fast, Lars
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Leisner, Peter
    Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Sort, Jordi
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Spain.
    Pellicer, Eva
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
    Oxygen reduction reaction and proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance of pulse electrodeposited Pt–Ni and Pt–Ni–Mo(O) nanoparticles2022In: Materials Today Energy, ISSN 2468-6069, Vol. 27, article id 101023Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are an important alternative to fossil fuels and a complement to batteries for the electrification of vehicles. However, their high cost obstructs commercialization, and the catalyst material, including its synthesis, constitutes one of the major cost components. In this work, Pt–Ni and Pt–Ni–Mo(O) nanoparticles (NPs) of varying composition have been synthesized in a single step by pulse electrodeposition onto a PEMFC's gas diffusion layer. The proposed synthesis route combines NP synthesis and their fixation onto the microporous carbon layer in a single step. Both Pt–Ni and Pt–Ni–Mo(O) catalysts exhibit extremely high mass activities at oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with very low Pt loadings of around 4 μg/cm2 due to the favorable distribution of NPs in contact with the proton exchange membrane. Particle sizes of 40–50 nm and 40–80 nm were obtained for Pt–Ni and Pt–Ni–Mo(O) systems, respectively. The highest ORR mass activities were found for Pt67Ni33 and Pt66Ni32–MoOx NPs. The feasibility of a single-step electrodeposition of Pt–Ni–Mo(O) NPs was successfully demonstrated; however, the ternary NPs are of more amorphous nature in contrast to the crystalline, binary Pt–Ni particles, due to the oxidized state of Mo. Nevertheless, despite their heterogeneous nature, the ternary NPs show homogeneous behavior even on a microscopic scale. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 16.
    Eskilsson, Claes
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. Aalborg University, Denmark.
    Palm, Johannes
    Sigma Energy & Marine AB, Sweden.
    High-fidelity modelling of moored marine structures: multi-component simulations and fluid-mooring coupling2022In: Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, ISSN 2198-6444, E-ISSN 2198-6452, Vol. 8, no 4, p. 513-526Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    High-fidelity viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models coupled to dynamic mooring models is becoming an established tool for marine wave-body-mooring (WBM) interaction problems. The CFD and the mooring solvers most often communicate by exchanging positions and mooring forces at the mooring fairleads. Mooring components such as submerged buoys and clump weights are usually not resolved in the CFD model, but are treated as Morison-type bodies. This paper presents two recent developments in high-fidelity WBM modelling: (i) a one-way fluid-mooring coupling that samples the CFD fluid kinematics to approximate drag and inertia forces in the mooring model; and (ii) support for inter-moored multibody simulations that can resolve fluid dynamics on a mooring component level. The developments are made in the high-order discontinuous Galerkin mooring solver MoodyCore, and in the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes finite volume solver OpenFOAM. The fluid-mooring coupling is verified with experimental tests of a mooring cable in steady current. It is also used to model the response of the slack-moored DeepCwind FOWT exposed to regular waves. Minor effects of fluid-mooring coupling were noted, as expected since this a mild wave case. The inter-mooring development is demonstrated on a point-absorbing WEC moored with a hybrid mooring system, fully resolved in CFD-MoodyCore. The WEC (including a quasi-linear PTO) and the submerged buoys are resolved in CFD, while the mooring dynamics include inter-mooring effects and the one-way sampling of the flow. The combined wave-body-mooring model is judged to be very complete and to cover most of the relevant effects for marine WBM problems. © 2022, The Author(s).

  • 17.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Claase, Tijsse
    Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands.
    Fabian, Martin
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    On Active Learning for Supervisor Synthesis2022In: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, ISSN 1545-5955, E-ISSN 1558-3783Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Supervisory control theory provides an approach to synthesize supervisors for cyber-physical systems using a model of the uncontrolled plant and its specifications. These supervisors can help guarantee the correctness of the closed-loop controlled system. However, access to plant models is a bottleneck for many industries, as manually developing these models is an error-prone and time-consuming process. An approach to obtaining a supervisor in the absence of plant models would help industrial adoption of supervisory control techniques. This paper presents, an algorithm to learn a controllable supervisor in the absence of plant models. It does so by actively interacting with a simulation of the plant by means of queries. If the obtained supervisor is blocking, existing synthesis techniques are employed to prune the blocking supervisor and obtain the controllable and non-blocking supervisor. Additionally, this paper presents an approach to interface the with a PLC to learn supervisors in a virtual commissioning setting. This approach is demonstrated by learning a supervisor of the well-known example simulated in Xcelgo Experior and controlled using a PLC. interacts with the PLC and learns a controllable supervisor for the simulated system. Note to Practitioners—Ensuring the correctness of automated systems is crucial. Supervisory control theory proposes techniques to help build control solutions that have certain correctness guarantees. These techniques rely on a model of the system. However, such models are typically unavailable and hard to create. Active learning is a promising technique to learn models by interacting with the system to be learned. This paper aims to integrate active learning and supervisory control such that the manual step of creating models is no longer needed, thus, allowing the use of supervisory control techniques in the absence of models. The proposed approach is implemented in a tool and demonstrated using a case study. 

  • 18.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Towards Formal Fault Injection for Safety Assessment of Automated Systems2023In: Fifth International Workshop on Formal Methods for Autonomous Systems, 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Reasoning about safety, security, and other dependability attributes of autonomous systems is a challenge that needs to be addressed before the adoption of such systems in day-to-day life. Formal methods is a class of methods that mathematically reason about a system’s behavior. Thus, a correctness proof is sufficient to conclude the system’s dependability. However, these methods are usually applied to abstract models of the system, which might not fully represent the actual system. Fault injection, on the other hand, is a testing method to evaluate the dependability of systems. However, the amount of testing required to evaluate the system is rather large and often a problem. This vision paper introduces formal fault injection, a fusion of these two techniques throughout the development lifecycle to enhance the dependability of autonomous systems. We advocate for a more cohesive approach by identifying five areas of mutual support between formal methods and fault injection. By forging stronger ties between the two fields, we pave the way for developing safe and dependable autonomous systems. This paper delves into the integration’s potential and outlines future research avenues, addressing open challenges along the way.

  • 19.
    Ferrari, Enrico
    et al.
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    De la Vara, Jose Luis
    University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Criteria for the Analysis of Gaps and Limitations of V&V Methods for Safety- and Security-Critical Systems2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As society increasingly relies on safety- and security- critical systems, the need for confirming their dependability becomes essential. Adequate V&V (verification and validation) methods must be employed, e.g., for system testing. When selecting and using the methods, it is important to analyze their possible gaps and limitations, such as scalability issues. However, and as we have experienced, common, explicitly defined criteria are seldom used for such analyses. This results in analyses that consider different aspects and to a different extent, hindering their comparison and thus the comparison of the V&V methods. As a solution, we present a set of criteria for the analysis of gaps and limitations of V&V methods for safety- and security-critical systems. The criteria have been identified in the scope of the VALU3S project. Sixty-two people from 33 organizations agreed upon the use of nine criteria: functionality, accuracy, scalability, deployment, learning curve, automation, reference environment, cost, and standards. Their use led to more homogeneous and more detailed analyses when compared to similar previous efforts. We argue that the proposed criteria can be helpful to others when having to deal with similar activities.

  • 20.
    Flink, Kristian
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Söderberg, Andreas
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Hedberg, Johan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Guide gällande dokumentationskrav för EN ISO 138492020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The European Machinery directive gives the requirements for safe machinery, and safe machine control, within the European Union. The European standard EN ISO 13849-1 describes safety-related machine control. This report explains some of the documentation requirements, especially for safety-related machine control systems.

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  • 21.
    Folkesson, Peter
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nowdehi, Nasser
    Volvo AB, Sweden.
    On the Evaluation of Three Pre-Injection Analysis Techniques for Model-Implemented Fault- and Attack Injection2022In: IEEE 27th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC 2022), 2022, p. 130-140Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fault- and attack injection are techniques used to measure dependability attributes of computer systems. An important property of such injectors is their efficiency that deals with the time and effort needed to explore the target system’s fault- or attack space. As this space is generally very large, techniques such as pre-injection analyses are used to effectively explore the space. In this paper, we study two such techniques that have been proposed in the past, namely inject-on-read and inject-on-write. Moreover, we propose a new technique called error space pruning of signals and evaluate its efficiency in reducing the space needed to be explored by fault and attack injection experiments. We implemented and integrated these techniques into MODIFI, a model-implemented fault and attack injector, which has been effectively used in the past to evaluate Simulink models in the presence of faults and attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to integrate these pre-injection analysis techniques into an injector that injects faults and attacks into Simulink models.The results of our evaluation on 11 vehicular Simulink models show that the error space pruning of signals reduce the attack space by about 30–43%, hence allowing the attack space to be exploited by fewer number of attack injection experiments. Using MODIFI, we then performed attack injection experiments on two of these vehicular Simulink models, a comfort control model and a brake-by-wire model, while elaborating on the results obtained

  • 22.
    Gjerløw, Jan Carsten
    et al.
    Akershus County Council, Norway.
    Cornander, Anna
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Assessment of Clean Fuel Deployment and Market Access of Clean Fuels in the Northern Scandria®Corridor2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of the status of Clean Fuel deployment in the Northern Scandria®Corridor and to describe experiences of market access of Clean Fuels. The report benchmarks Clean Fuel performance in the Northern Scandria®Corridor in the European context, provides results related to obstacles and success factors, exemplifies relevant best practice in the Corridor regions and provides relevant contacts. It will enable the partners to identify crucial barriers and best practice examples. The geographic scope comprises the regions located along the Baltic Sea Region stretch of the Scandinavian-Mediterranean Core Network Corridor (in this report referred to as the “Northern Scandria®Corridor”), including regions in Eastern Germany, the German states of Schleswig-Holstein and Hamburg, Denmark, South Sweden, Southeast Norway and Southwest Finland. See Figure 3 and detailed description of included regions in Chapter 2. In some sections of this report, statistics from The European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) are used. Numbers from EAFO are provided at national level only. However, in many cases, development at national level can also provide a picture on development in the Northern Scandria®Corridor. The major objective of the Scandria®2Act project is to foster clean, multimodal transport throughout the Corridor regions, and to increase connectivity and competitiveness of the Corridor regions while at the same time minimising negative environmental impact created by transport activities. The joint approach addresses the deployment of Clean Fuels and multimodal transport services and the establishment of a multilevel governance mechanism. This report is an output of the work package of Clean Fuel Deployment, which aims to enable the deployment of Clean Fuels with regard to freight and passenger transport along the Northern Scandria®Corridor. In preparing this report, an assessment of Clean Fuel market access experiences has been carried out in parallel with an assessment of Clean Fuel deployment in the Northern Scandria®Corridor. Information was collected through a questionnaire answered by partners and national experts and through telephone interviews with national experts from each region. Information and statistics have also been gathered from reports, literature, EAFO and national reports from the partner countries regarding the EU Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive (DAFI). The assessment has followed the Scandria®2Act multi-fuel approach, including electricity, hydrogen, biomethane and natural gas.

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  • 23.
    Green, Gustav
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Hilmersson Haag, Alvin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Piehl, Hampus
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Havsbaserad vindkrafts påverkan på övrigt näringsliv – en intervju och litteraturstudie inom REKA-projektet2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Offshore wind energy’s impact on other industries – an interview and literature study withing the REKA project

    This study investigates the impact of establishing offshore wind farms on various industries, particularly fisheries and tourism. It also provides an overview of other affected sectors. The research explores the development of offshore wind power in terms of technology, costs, and the establishment process. Interviews with stakeholders in Scotland, Denmark, and Belgium, where offshore wind farms are already operational, supplemented by a literature review, form the basis of the study. The findings indicate that offshore wind installations can have short-term negative effects on the marine environment, specifically fish stocks, despite protective measures. However, in the long run, positive effects may arise through the creation of artificial reefs. The long term this has on the fishing industry is unclear. The study's main observation is that wind power installations occupy areas previously utilized by the fishing industry, necessitating coordinated planning to minimize impacts. Early involvement of all relevant stakeholders and the formulation of clear, long-term plans for marine area utilization are essential for facilitating the fishing industry's adaptation to changing conditions. Conversely, offshore wind power establishment can generate positive outcomes for other industries, offering employment opportunities and fostering economic development. Realizing these benefits requires infrastructure investments and skill development to support the construction, operation, and maintenance of wind farms. The study's authors emphasize the importance of adopting a comprehensive approach and promoting dialogue among stakeholders to ensure a holistic understanding of the maritime environment. By coordinating different sectors, conflicts and dissatisfaction can be minimized while opportunities are maximized. Additionally, the study reveals the decreasing costs of offshore wind power relative to electricity generation and the ongoing advancements in floating wind power technology, enabling installations in deeper waters.

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  • 24.
    Gyllenhammar, Magnus
    et al.
    Zenseact, Sweden; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Bergenhem, Carl
    Qamcom Research and Technology AB, Sweden.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    ADS Safety Assurance – Future Directions2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    More effective, efficient and flexible ways to manage safety assurance are needed for the successful development and release of Automated Driving Systems (ADSs). In this paper we propose a set of desired assurance method criteria and present an initial overview of available safety assurance methods and how they contribute to the proposed criteria. We observe that there is a significant gap between the state-of-the-art research and the state-of-practise for safety assurance of ADSs and propose to investigate reasons for this as future work. A next step will be to investigate how to merge the elements from the different assurance methods to achieve a method addressing all criteria. 

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  • 25.
    Gyllenhammar, Magnus
    et al.
    Zenseact, Sweden; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Brännström, Mattias
    Zenseact, Sweden.
    Johansson, Rolf
    Astus AB, Sweden.
    Sandblom, Fredrik
    Volvo Autonomous Solutions, Sweden.
    Ursing, Stig
    Semcon Sweden AB, Sweden.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Minimal Risk Condition for Safety Assurance of Automated Driving Systems2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have yet to see wide deployment of automated driving systems (ADSs) on public roads. One of the reasons is the challenge of ensuring the systems’ safety. The operational design domain (ODD) can be used to confine the scope of the ADS and subsequently also its safety case. For this to be valid the ADS needs to have strategies to remain in the ODD throughout its operations. In this paper we discuss the role of the minimal risk condition (MRC) as a means to ensure this. Further, we elaborate on the need for hierarchies of MRCs to cope with diverse system degradations during operations.

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  • 26.
    Gyllenhammar, Magnus
    et al.
    Zenuity AB, Sweden.
    Johansson, Rolf
    Autonomous Intelligent Driving, Sweden.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Chen, DeJiu
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Heyn, Hans-Martin
    Volvo Technology AB, Sweden.
    Sanfridson, Martin
    Volvo Technology AB, Sweden.
    Söderberg, Jan
    Systemite AB, Sweden.
    Thorsen, Anders
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Ursing, Stig
    Semcon Sweden AB, Sweden.
    Towards an Operational Design Domain That Supports the Safety Argumentation of an Automated Driving System2020In: 10th European Congress on Embedded Real Time Systems (ERTS 2020), Toulouse, France, 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the biggest challenges for self-driving road vehicles is how to argue that their safety cases are complete.The operational design domain (ODD) of the automated driving system (ADS) can be used to restrict where the ADS is valid and thus confine the scope of the safety case as well as the verification. To complete the safety case there is a need to ensure that the ADS will not exit its ODD. We present four generic strategies to ensure this. Use cases (UCs) provide a convenient way providing such a strategy for a collection of operating conditions (OCs) and furth erensures that the ODD allows for operation within the real world. A framework to categorise the OCs of a UC is presented and it is suggested that the ODD is written with this structure in mind to facilitate mapping towards potential UCs. The ODD defines the functional boundary of the system and modelling it with this structure makes it modular and generalisable across different potential UCs. Further, using the ODD to connect the ADS to the UC enables the continuous delivery of the ADS feature. Two examples of dimensions of the ODD are given and a strategy to avoid an ODD exit is proposed in the respective case.

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  • 27.
    Hagebring, Fredrik
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Fabian, Martin
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Lennartson, Bengt
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    On Optimization of Automation Systems: Integrating Modular Learning and Optimization2022In: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering, ISSN 1545-5955, E-ISSN 1558-3783, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 1662-1674Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Compositional Optimization (CompOpt) was recently proposed for optimization of discrete-event systems of systems. A modular optimization model allows CompOpt to divide the optimization into separate sub-problems, mitigating the state space explosion problem. This paper presents the Modular Optimization Learner (MOL), a method that interacts with a simulation of a system to automatically learn these modular optimization models. MOL uses a modular learning that takes as input a hypothesis structure of the system and uses the provided structural information to split the acquired learning into a set of modules, and to prune parts of the search space. Experiments show that modular learning reduces the state space by many orders of magnitude compared to a monolithic learning, which enables learning of much larger systems. Furthermore, an integrated greedy search heuristic allows MOL to remove many sub-optimal paths in the individual modules, speeding up the subsequent optimization.

  • 28.
    Henriksson, Jens
    et al.
    Semcon, Sweden.
    Ursing, Stig
    Semcon, Sweden.
    Erdogan, Murat
    Veoneer, Sweden.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Thorsen, Anders
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Jaxing, Johan
    Agreat, Sweden.
    Örsmark, Ola
    Comentor, Sweden.
    Örtenberg Toftås, Mathias
    Semcon, Sweden.
    Out-of-Distribution Detection as Support for Autonomous Driving Safety Lifecycle2023In: Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatic. )Volume 13975 LNCS, Pages 233 - 242, Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH , 2023, p. 233-242Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The automotive industry is moving towards increased automation, where features such as automated driving systems typically include machine learning (ML), e.g. in the perception system. [Question/Problem] Ensuring safety for systems partly relying on ML is challenging. Different approaches and frameworks have been proposed, typically where the developer must define quantitative and/or qualitative acceptance criteria, and ensure the criteria are fulfilled using different methods to improve e.g., design, robustness and error detection. However, there is still a knowledge gap between quality methods and metrics employed in the ML domain and how such methods can contribute to satisfying the vehicle level safety requirements. In this paper, we argue the need for connecting available ML quality methods and metrics to the safety lifecycle and explicitly show their contribution to safety. In particular, we analyse Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection, e.g., the frequency of novelty detection, and show its potential for multiple safety-related purposes. I.e., as (a) an acceptance criterion contributing to the decision if the software fulfills the safety requirements and hence is ready-for-release, (b) in operational design domain selection and expansion by including novelty samples into the training/development loop, and (c) as a run-time measure, e.g., if there is a sequence of novel samples, the vehicle should consider reaching a minimal risk condition. [Contribution] This paper describes the possibility to use OoD detection as a safety measure, and the potential contributions in different stages of the safety lifecycle. © 2023, The Author(s)

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  • 29.
    Jolak, Rodi
    et al.
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Rosenstatter, Thomas
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Mohamad, Mazen
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Strandberg, Kim
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nowdehi, Nasser
    Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Scandariato, Ricardo
    Hamburg University of Technology, Germany.
    CONSERVE: A framework for the selection of techniques for monitoring containers security2022In: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 186, article id 111158Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Container-based virtualization is gaining popularity in different domains, as it supports continuous development and improves the efficiency and reliability of run-time environments. Problem: Different techniques are proposed for monitoring the security of containers. However, there are no guidelines supporting the selection of suitable techniques for the tasks at hand. Objective: We aim to support the selection and design of techniques for monitoring container-based virtualization environments. Approach:: First, we review the literature and identify techniques for monitoring containerized environments. Second, we classify these techniques according to a set of categories, such as technical characteristic, applicability, effectiveness, and evaluation. We further detail the pros and cons that are associated with each of the identified techniques. Result: As a result, we present CONSERVE, a multi-dimensional decision support framework for an informed and optimal selection of a suitable set of container monitoring techniques to be implemented in different application domains. Evaluation: A mix of eighteen researchers and practitioners evaluated the ease of use, understandability, usefulness, efficiency, applicability, and completeness of the framework. The evaluation shows a high level of interest, and points out to potential benefits. © 2021 The Authors

  • 30.
    Katsidoniotaki, Eirini
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden; Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science, Sweden.
    Shahroozi, Zahra
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Eskilsson, Claes
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. Aalborg University, Denmark.
    Palm, Johannes
    Sigma Energy & Marine AB, Sweden.
    Engström, Jens
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Göteman, Malin
    Uppsala University, Sweden; Centre of Natural Hazards and Disaster Science, Sweden.
    Validation of a CFD model for wave energy system dynamics in extreme waves2023In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 268, article id 113320Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The design of wave energy converters should rely on numerical models that are able to estimate accurately the dynamics and loads in extreme wave conditions. A high-fidelity CFD model of a 1:30 scale point-absorber is developed and validated on experimental data. This work constitutes beyond the state-of-the-art validation study as the system is subjected to 50-year return period waves. Additionally, a new methodology that addresses the well-known challenge in CFD codes of mesh deformation is successfully applied and validated. The CFD model is evaluated in different conditions: wave-only, free decay, and wave–structure interaction. The results show that the extreme waves and the experimental setup of the wave energy converter are simulated within an accuracy of 2%. The developed high-fidelity model is able to capture the motion of the system and the force in the mooring line under extreme waves with satisfactory accuracy. The deviation between the numerical and corresponding experimental RAOs is lower than 7% for waves with smaller steepness. In higher waves, the deviation increases up to 10% due to the inevitable wave reflections and complex dynamics. The pitch motion presents a larger deviation, however, the pitch is of secondary importance for a point-absorber wave energy converter. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 31.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    An Integrated Safety and Cybersecurity Resilience Framework for the Automotive Domain2022Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    As vehicles become more and more connected with their surroundings and utilize an increasing number of services, they also become more exposed to threats as the attack surface increases. With increasing attack surfaces and continuing challenges of eliminating vulnerabilities, vehicles need to be designed to work even under malicious activities, i.e., under attacks. In this paper, we present a resilience framework that integrates analysis of safety and cybersecurity mechanisms. We also integrate resilience for safety and cybersecurity into the fault – error – failure chain. The framework is useful for analyzing the propagation of faults and attacks between different system layers. This facilitates identification of adequate resilience mechanisms at different system layers as well as deriving suitable test cases for verification and validation of system resilience using fault and attack injection.

  • 32.
    Lindahl, Niklas
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Johansson, Patrik
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; ALISTORE-European Research Institute, France.
    Early stage techno-economic and environmental analysis of aluminium batteries2023In: Energy Advances, ISSN 2753-1457, Vol. 2, no 3, p. 420-429Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    For any proper evaluation of next generation energy storage systems technological, economic, and environmental performance metrics should be considered. Here conceptual cells and systems are designed for different aluminium battery (AlB) concepts, including both active and passive materials. Despite the fact that all AlBs use high-capacity metal anodes and materials with low cost and environmental impact, their energy densities differ vastly and only a few concepts become competitive taking all aspects into account. Notably, AlBs with high-performance inorganic cathodes have the potential to exhibit superior technological and environmental performance, should they be more reversible and energy efficient, while at the system level costs become comparable or slightly higher than for both AlBs with organic cathodes and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Overall, with continued development, AlBs should be able to complement LIBs, especially in light of their significantly lower demand for scarce materials. 

  • 33.
    Lindborg, Jenny
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Forsström, Ellinor
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Maritime department.
    Ivarsson, Stefan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Hamon, Camille
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.
    Falkendal, Theresa
    Nilsson Energy, Sweden.
    Nilsson, Hans-Olof
    Nilsson Energy, Sweden.
    Större tankar - Det samhällsekonomiskt lönsamma i att subventionera vätgastankstationers infrastruktur2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det svenska elsystemet står inför en rad utmaningar. En ökande andel intermittent energi ställer ökade krav på balansering i våra nät, dessutom pågår en samhällsomfattande elektrifiering samtidigt som nyetablerade industrier ställer höga krav på tillgängligheten av effekt. Parallellt pågår ett omfattande arbete att minska Sveriges utsläpp av växthusgaser. Vätgas väntas anta en nyckelroll; främst inom industrin men även inom transportsektorn. Etableringen av en storskalig användning av vätgas öppnar samtidigt upp för att skapa energinyttor i andra delar av samhället, inte minst vad det gäller att stötta upp elnäten genom att erbjuda energilagringskapacitet och flexibilitet. I denna studie har ett framtidsscenario (år 2045) utretts. Det bygger på data från Svenska kraftnät samt på två hypotetiska utvecklingstrender; 1. Vätgas har antagit en dominerade roll inom elektrifieringen av transportsektorn. Vätgastankstationer är lika vanligt förekommande som dagens bränslestationer för vägbundna fordon. 2. Nämnda vätgastankstationer skalar upp vätgaslagringskapaciteten för att parallellt med att tillgodose transportbehovet även skapa nätnytta på transmissionsnätsnivå och därigenom minska behovet av investeringar i nätförstärkningar. Studiens syfte har varit att utreda den tekniska potentialen för ovanstående framtidsscenario, samt att undersöka hur en sådan utveckling av tankstationernas verksamhet skulle kunna komma att påverka priset på vätgas som bränsle. Dessutom har det i studien utretts om den ekonomiska besparing som de uteblivna nätförstärkningarna medför hade varit tillräckliga för att skapa politiska styrmedel i form av ett investeringsstöd riktat till ägare av tankstationerna för att täcka installationskostnaden för de utökade lagren. De nättekniska analyserna har i studien begränsats till att utreda vätgasens potentiella nätnytta vid handelsgränser på stamnätsnivå mellan elområden i Sverige samt vid förbindelser till våra grannländer. Studien har också begränsats till att enbart undersöka nätnyttan vid de handelsgränser som har ett förväntat behov av nätförstärkningar i framtiden. Resultat av studien visar: • Utökade lager vid vätgastankstationer kan skapa ett visst stöd till transmissionsnätet där handelsflödet når gränsen för den maximala handelskapaciteten. Förutsättningen är att det enbart inträffar stundtals och vid tidpunkter utspridda över året. Den totala nätnyttan är således väldigt begränsad. Ett fåtal undantag för detta har noterats där nätnyttan blir mer betydande. I dessa fall krävs dock en betydligt större bränslecellskapacitet vid de tänkta tankstationerna än vad som kan tänks vara standard för en vätgastankstation för att kunna tillhandhålla tillräcklig effekt i nätet. • Den utökade lagringskapaciteten vid tankstationerna har stor påverkan på vätgaspriset. Två parametrar som är av stor betydelse för detta är elpris och 6 (72) CAPEX (investeringskostnad). Ett investeringsstöd på minst 50% behövs för att priset på vätgas ska bli lägre för en tankstation med ett lager på 4 000 kg (utökat lager, även inkluderande en bränslecell på 300 kW), jämfört med ett lager på 100 kg (standard-lager). • Det råder begränsade förutsättningarna för ett betydande investeringsstöd för vätgastankstationer enbart baserat på den nätnytta som vätgastankstationer kan generera på transmissionsnätnivå. Två faktorer som visats ha stor betydelse för resultatet är valet av styrstrategi för hur lagerkapaciteten ska kunna nyttjas av näten samt tillgänglig bränslecellskapacitet vid tankstationerna. • Mer omfattade stödsystem blir möjliga först när fler ”vätgas-nyttor” vägs in. Det sakas dock idag kunskap om hur ett sådant stöd skulle utformas. Utöver ovanstående resultat genomförs en inventering av andra ”nyttor” som tankstationerna skulle kunna bidra med, både mot nätet men andra energimarknader. Sammanfattningsvis kan det konstateras att decentraliserade vätgastankstationer utgör ett intressant inslag i den framtida energimarknaden med flera potentiella användningsområden. Det råder också goda möjligheter för att bygga mer komplexa affärsmodeller/ekonomiska styrmedel då fler nyttor tas i beaktande. Av studien framgår det tydligt att även om nyttan av tankstationernas lager är begränsad på stamnätsnivå är möjligheterna betydligt större på lägre nätnivåer. I dessa sammanhang är det mer troligt att vätgasen kan komma att ta en mer betydande roll.

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  • 34.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nordin Fürdös, Axel
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nilsson, Karin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Pettersson, Karin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, System Transition and Service Innovation.
    Axelsson, Lovisa
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, System Transition and Service Innovation.
    Ahlström, Johan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Biorefinery and Energy.
    Vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter– en jämförande studie (H2Timmer)2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Detta förstudieprojekt har visat att vätgasdrift för timmerlastbilar ger något högre men ändå liknande kilometerkostnad som ren batteridrift, men snabbare tankning och längre körsträcka, vilket ger större flexibilitet för åkaren. Även biodrivmedel kan vara ett konkurrenskraftigt alternativ. Skogsindustrin är en av Sveriges största transportanvändare. För timmertransporter är lastbil det klart viktigaste transportslaget och skogsindustrins transporter motsvarar ca 17 % av Sveriges transporterade gods på väg. Ett alternativ för omställning av skogsindustrins transporter till fossilfrihet är förnybar vätgas, som kan produceras genom elektrolys med förnybar el. Precis som el ger vätgas inte upphov till några lokala emissioner vid användningen. Produktion av vätgas kan potentiellt ha synergier för skogsindustrins massabruk, som behov av syrgas och tillgång till överskottsel. Projektet har undersökt vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter. Hela värdekedjan, inklusive produktion, komprimering, lagring, och användning inkluderas i analysen som beaktar kostnader, energieffektivitet och växthusgasutsläpp ur ett ”well-to wheel”-perspektiv. Studien inkluderar jämförelser med andra möjliga alternativ för att ställa om transporterna till fossilfrihet så som elektrifiering och biodrivmedel. Projektet har gett resultat som kommer att ligga till grund för en mer detaljerad projekteringsstudie inför ett framtida demonstrations- och pilotprojekt. Studien som finansierats av Trafikverket genom TripleF har genomförts av RISE tillsammans med 6 skogsindustribolag, tre företag från fordonsbranschen och två systemintegratörer med fokus på vätgas. Medverkande företag och organisationer: Sveaskog, SmurfitKappa, Metsä Group, Holmen, StoraEnso, BillerudKorsnäs, AB Volvo, Volvo Penta, Volvo CE, Nilsson Energy, Euromekanik, Energiforsk, Skogsindustrierna.

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  • 35.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Nordin Fürdös, Axel
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Persson, Karin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Pettersson, Karin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, System Transition and Service Innovation.
    Axelsson, Lovisa
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, System Transition and Service Innovation.
    Ahlström, Johan
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Biorefinery and Energy.
    Vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter– en jämförande studie (H2Timmer): Exekutiv sammanfattning2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Detta förstudieprojekt har undersökt vätgas som alternativ för skogsindustrins transporter. Hela värdekedjan, inklusive produktion, komprimering, lagring, och användning inkluderas i analysen som beaktar kostnader, energieffektivitet och växthusgasutsläpp ur ett ”well-to wheel”-perspektiv. Projektet har genomförts av RISE tillsammans med följande företag och organisationer: Sveaskog, SmurfitKappa, Metsä Group, Holmen, StoraEnso, BillerudKorsnäs, AB Volvo, Volvo Penta, Volvo CE, Nilsson Energy, Euromekanik, Energiforsk, Skogsindustrierna.

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  • 36.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    CarFASE: A Carla-based Tool for Evaluating the Effects of Faults and Attacks on Autonomous Driving Stacks2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents CarFASE, an open-source Carla-based fault and attack simulation engine that is used to test and evaluate the behavior of autonomous driving stacks in the presence of faults and attacks. Carla is a highly customizable and adaptable simulator for autonomous driving research. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of CarFASE by running fault injection experiments on OpenPilot, an open-source advanced driver assistance system designed to provide a suite of features such as lane keeping, adaptive cruise control, and forward collision warning to enhance the driving experience. A braking scenario is used to study the behavior of OpenPilot in the presence of brightness and salt&pepper faults. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the tool in evaluating the safety attributes of autonomous driving systems in a safe and controlled environment.

  • 37.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    CarFASE: A Carla-based Tool for Evaluating the Effects of Faults and Attacks on Autonomous Driving Stacks2023In: 2023 53rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, p. 92-99Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents CarFASE, an open-source carla-based fault and attack simulation engine that is used to test and evaluate the behavior of autonomous driving stacks in the presence of faults and attacks. Carla is a highly customizable and adaptable simulator for autonomous driving research. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of CarFASE by running fault injection experiments on OpenPilot, an open-source advanced driver assistance system designed to provide a suite of features such as lane keeping, adaptive cruise control, and forward collision warning to enhance the driving experience. A braking scenario is used to study the behavior of OpenPilot in the presence of brightness and salt&pepper faults. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the tool in evaluating the safety attributes of autonomous driving systems in a safe and controlled environment.

  • 38.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Malik, Mateen
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Modeling and Evaluating the Effects of Jamming Attacks on Connected Automated Road Vehicles2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we evaluate the safety of a platoon offour vehicles under jamming attacks. The platooning applicationis provided by Plexe-veins, which is a cooperative drivingframework, and the vehicles in the platoon are equipped withcooperative adaptive cruise control controllers to represent thevehicles’ behavior. The jamming attacks investigated are modeledby extending ComFASE (a Communication Fault and AttackSimulation Engine) and represent three real-world attacks,namely, destructive interference, barrage jamming, and deceptivejamming. The attacks are injected in the physical layer of theIEEE 802.11p communication protocol simulated in Veins (avehicular network simulator). To evaluate the safety implicationsof the injected attacks, the experimental results are classifiedby using the deceleration profiles and collision incidents of thevehicles. The results of our experiments show that jammingattacks on the communication can jeopardize vehicle safety,causing emergency braking and collision incidents. Moreover,we describe the impact of different attack injection parameters(such as, attack start time, attack duration and attack value) onthe behavior of the vehicles subjected to the attacks.

  • 39.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Simulation-based Fault Injection in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Modelled in SUMO2021In: 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks(DSN) - Best of SELSE, IEEE conference proceedings, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility). Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.

  • 40.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    SUFI: A Simulation-based Fault Injection Tool for Safety Evaluation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Modelled in SUMO2021In: 17th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC 2021), IEEE conference proceedings, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) and analyse the impact of the injected faults on the entire traffic. Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.

  • 41.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Aramrattana, Maytheewat
    VTI, Sweden.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Simulation-based Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Road Vehicle under Transmission Delays and Denial-of-Service Attacks2023In: 28th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC 2023), IEEE conference proceedings, 2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A remotely operated road vehicle (RORV) refers to a vehicle operated wirelessly from a remote location. In this paper, we report results from an evaluation of two safety mechanisms: safe braking and disconnection. These safety mechanisms are included in the control software for RORV developed by Roboauto, an intelligent mobility solutions provider. The safety mechanisms monitor the communication system to detect packet transmission delays, lost messages, and outages caused by naturally occurring interference as well as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When the delay in the communication channel exceeds certain threshold values, the safety mechanisms are to initiate control actions to reduce the vehicle speed or stop the affected vehicle safely as soon as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety mechanisms, we exposed the vehicle control software to various communication failures using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing environment developed specifically for this study. Our results show that the safety mechanisms behaved correctly for a vast majority of the simulated communication failures. However, in a few cases, we noted that the safety mechanisms were triggered incorrectly, either too early or too late, according to the system specification.

  • 42.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    ComFASE: A Tool for Evaluating the Effects of V2V Communication Faults and Attacks on Automated Vehicles2022In: 52nd annual IEEE/IFIP international conference on dependable systems and networks (DSN2022), 2022Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents ComFASE, a communication fault and attack simulation engine. ComFASE is used to identify and evaluate potentially dangerous behaviours of interconnected automated vehicles in the presence of faults and attacks in wireless vehicular networks. ComFASE is built on top of OMNET++ (a network simulator) and integrates SUMO (a traffic simulator) and Veins (a vehicular network simulator). The tool is flexible in modelling different types of faults and attacks and can be effectively used to study the interplay between safety and cybersecurity attributes by injecting cybersecurity attacks and evaluating their safety implications. To demonstrate the tool, we present results from a series of simulation experiments, where we injected delay and denial-of-service attacks on wireless messages exchanged between vehicles in a platooning application. The results show how different variants of attacks influence the platooning system in terms of collision incidents.

  • 43.
    Mirzai, Aria
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Coban, Ali Zülfükar
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Almgren, Magnus
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Aoudi, Wissam
    Clavister, Sweden.
    Bertilsson, Tobias
    Clavister, Sweden.
    Scheduling to the Rescue; Improving ML-Based Intrusion Detection for IoT2023In: EUROSEC '23: Proceedings of the 16th European Workshop on System Security. May, 2023., Association for Computing Machinery , 2023, p. 44-50Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With their inherent convenience factor, Internet of Things (IoT) devices have exploded in numbers during the last decade, but at the cost of security. Machine learning (ML) based intrusion detection systems (IDS) are increasingly proving necessary tools for attack detection, but requirements such as extensive data collection and model training make these systems computationally heavy for resource-limited IoT hardware. This paper’s main contribution to the cyber security research field is a demonstration of how a dynamic user-level scheduler can improve the performance of IDS suited for lightweight and data-driven ML algorithms towards IoT. The dynamic user-level scheduler allows for more advanced computations, not intended to be executed on resource-limited IoT units, by enabling parallel model retraining locally on the IoT device without halting the IDS. It eliminates the need for any cloud resources as computations are kept locally at the edge. The experiments showed that the dynamic user-level scheduler provides several advantages compared to a previously developed baseline system. Mainly by substantially increasing the system’s throughput, which reduces the time until attacks are detected, as well as dynamically allocating resources based on attack suspicion.

  • 44.
    Mölmen, Live
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Fast, Lars
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Lundblad, Anders Olof
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Eriksson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Materials and Production, Corrosion.
    Leisner, Peter
    Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Contact resistance measurement methods for PEM fuel cell bipolar plates and power terminals2023In: Journal of Power Sources, ISSN 0378-7753, E-ISSN 1873-2755, Vol. 555, article id 232341Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The electrical contact resistance is a key parameter for optimising both the bipolar plate of the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) and the electrical contact of the power terminal of the stack. The contact resistance is affected by the conductivity, roughness, and hardness of the two contacting surfaces. Here, new, application-specific contact resistance measurement methods are proposed for both the stack power terminal, and the bipolar plate. The proposed methods are compared to methods from references as well as standards, and it is concluded that the uncertainty of the measurements can be reduced by changing the measurement setup, and that the influence of probe resistance on measurement results can be eliminated. Furthermore, the effect of different accelerated durability tests on the contact resistance of the power terminal is examined both on test coupons and on a prototype screw connection with an electroless NiP and an electroplated NiSn coatings. As expected, the NiSn coupons gives lower contact resistance after ageing as compared to the NiP. However, the increase in contact resistance seen on coupons after ageing is not observed on the prototype screw connection. © 2022 The Author(s)

  • 45.
    Mølmen, Live
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability. Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Eiler, K.
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
    Fast, Lars
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Leisner, Peter
    Jönköping University, Sweden.
    Pellicer, Eva
    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
    Recent advances in catalyst materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells2021In: APL Materials, E-ISSN 2166-532X, Vol. 9, no 4, article id 040702Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Research on fuel cell technology is constantly gaining importance, while global emission requirements are becoming more and more restrictive. For environmentally neutral proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) to become a competitive technology, sustainable infrastructures need to be established. One of the main showstoppers is the utilization of the rare and therefore costly precious metal Pt as the key element in the electrocatalysis of hydrogen and oxygen. A huge amount of research is done on immensely reducing or even replacing Pt for future PEMFC technology. In this research update, the progress on oxygen reduction reaction catalysts in acidic media over the past two years is reviewed, with special attention to their durability. © 2021 Author(s).

  • 46.
    Norbäck, Viktor
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, Building and Real Estate.
    Landel, Pierre
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Built Environment, Building and Real Estate.
    Dölerud, Erik
    Modvion AB, Sweden.
    Wickström, Anders
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    ON-SITE GLUING AND WEATHER EFFECTS ON TALL WOODEN WINDTURBINE TOWERS2023Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Modvion develops modular wind turbine towers made of wood. The application requires strong and stiff connections and to achieve the desired performance, a hybrid connection with perforated steel plates slotted into LVL modules is used. The parts will be glued together on site, using a polyurethane adhesive (PUR), providing high strength and stiffness to the connection. This paper presents a preliminary screening on how temperature and relative humidity of the surrounding air during assembly and curing will influence the strength of the bond glued on-site. Static tests were performed on the hybrid connections which were glued and cured in different climates. Tests were also performed at different hardening times to evaluate strength growth in the studied climates. The test results show that at cold temperatures of 9 °C to 12 °C there is a breakpoint where the rate of strength growth starts to decline. The experiments show also that the relative humidity may influence the final strength of the bond. However, the low number of tested specimens brings uncertainties to this observation. High temperatures up to 27 ºC and dry climates down to 20% RH did not impact the strength of the tested hybrid connections.

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  • 47.
    Nordin Fürdös, Axel
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Lindborg, Jenny
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Tibbelin, Anna
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Soler, Ola
    Region Skåne, Sweden.
    Andersson, Henrik D
    Region Skåne, Sweden.
    Värdekedjor för vätgas i Skåne2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Värdekedjor för vätgas i Skåne var ett samverkansprojekt mellan RISE Research Institutes of Sweden och Region Skåne, mellan november 2021-april 2022. Syftet var att undersöka potentialen för vätgas inom Skåne, samt avgränsat för nordvästra Skåne där Höganäs AB och Kemira Kemi AB finns. Projektets målsättningar var bland annat att besvara frågor om vem som inom de närmaste 10 åren kan tänkas använda vätgas, vem som kan producera vätgasen och hur aktörer kan samarbeta. Fler än 30 olika aktörer har intervjuatsinom studien. Aktörer både inom industri och transport har visat intresse för att använda vätgas framöver. Inom industrin är det idag endast två industrier inom Skåne som använder vätgas storskaligt men möjligheten finns att fler ansluter sig i framtiden. Detta är dock ingen självklarhet då de industrier som idag inte använder vätgas även har andra alternativ till förfogande. Användning av vätgas inom transportsektorn är tänkbart i framtiden då Skåne är en viktig region för tunga transporter men det är ändå osannolikt att detta resulterar i ett mycket större vätgasbehov, även om tillväxten av vätgastrafik är kraftig. På längre sikt finns möjligheten till så kallad ”Carbon Capture and Utilization” (CCU) vilket har potential att mångdubbla användningen av vätgas. Detta är dock inte att betrakta som en garanti då det inom denna studie inte har utretts genomförbarhet och rimlighet för CCU. För produktion av vätgas finns flera möjligheter. Elektrolys som oftast associeras med miljövänlig vätgasproduktion om det tillverkas från fossilfri el, har viss problematik på kort sikt på grund av höga elpriser och vid tillfällen bristande tillgång till effekt. Detta är något som på sikt kan lösas, bland annat med hjälp av utbyggnad av ny förnybar kraftproduktion som exempelvis havsbaserad vindkraft inom närområdet eller distribution av vätgas som producerats i områden med god tillgång på el. Det finns även flera andra möjligheter att framställa vätgas med lågt CO2-avtryck i Skåne, bland annat från andra kolvätebränslen eller restströmmar. Samarbetsmöjligheterna inom näringslivet är färre i Skåne än för andra ”vätgaskluster” (Hydrogen Valley) inom Sverige, men existerar. Ett exempel är hur vätgasproduktion från industri skulle kunna hjälpa tidiga etableringar av vätgastankstationer att få tag i billigare vätgas, något som bedöms som essentiellt för att få igång vätgastrafik för tunga transporter inom Skåne. Bedömningen överlag från denna studie är att Skåne inte har lika stor potential för vätgas så som det finns i de andra vätgasregionerna i Sverige. Författarna bedömer dock att ett nordvästskånskt vätgaskluster på kort sikt (fram till ca 2025) hade först och främst bestått av Höganäs AB och Kemira Kemi AB samt en eller flera vätgastankstationer, då andra industriella användare inte är redo att ställa om till vätgas än. På längre sikt (2030 och framåt) hade klustret möjligtvis kunnat utökats med ett par industriella användare, och andra aktörer i värdekedjan. Men det är inte heller helt självklart att dessa industrier skulle ställa om till vätgas då det också finns andra alternativ för dem att tillgå. Den stora vågmästaren är dock CCU. Det är tänkbart att koldioxidutsläpp från industrier runt om i Skåne skulle kunna transporteras till nordvästra Skåne där vätgasen finns för att framställa e-bränslen så som metanol och metan. Detta skulle som tidigare diskuterat dramatiskt öka användningen av vätgas i Skåne. Även med CCU förväntas vätgasbehovet i Skåne vara betydligt lägre än för västkusten eller Norrbotten. Detta behöver dock inte nödvändigtvis innebära att en klusterbildning i Skåne inte är värd att genomföra, och det är intressant att undersöka saken vidare genom ett eller ett par dialogmöten.

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  • 48.
    Palm, Johannes
    et al.
    Sigma Energy and Marine, Sweden.
    Eskilsson, Claes
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Facilitating Large-Amplitude Motions of Wave Energy Converters in OpenFOAM by a modified Mesh Morphing Approach2022In: International Marine Energy Journal, Vol. 5, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    <p>High-fidelity simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for wave-body interaction are becoming increasingly common and important for wave energy converter (WEC) design. The open source finite volume toolbox OpenFOAM is one of the most frequently used platforms for wave energy. There are currently two ways to account for moving bodies in OpenFOAM: (i) mesh morphing, where the mesh deforms around the body; and (ii) an overset mesh method where a separate body mesh moves on top of a background mesh. Mesh morphing is computationally efficient but may introduce highly deformed cells for combinations of large translational and rotational motions. The overset method allows for arbitrarily large body motions and retains the quality of the mesh. However, it comes with a substantial increase in computational cost and possible loss of energy conservation due to the interpolation. In this paper we present a straightforward extension of the spherical linear interpolation (SLERP) based mesh morphing algorithm that increase the stability range of the method. The mesh deformation is allowed to be interpolated independently for different modes of motion, which facilitates tailored mesh motion simulations. The paper details the implementation of the method and evaluates its performance with computational examples of a cylinder with a moonpool. The examples show that the modified mesh morphing approach handles large motions well and provides a cost effective alternative to overset mesh for survival conditions.

  • 49.
    Piehl, Hampus
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Green, Gustav
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Gerdin, Lisa
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Förstudie fossilfria transporter i Värmland2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Transportsektorn står för omfattande utmaningar i att ställa om till fossilfritt för att minska klimatpåverkan. I Sverige finns mål om att klimatpåverkan från transportsektorn ska minska med 70 procent år 2030 jämfört med 2010 och vara klimatneutral 2045. För att nå dessa mål krävs att de aktuella fossilfria driftsmöjligheterna– biodrivmedel, batterielektrifiering, vätgaselektrifiering – slår igenom och ersätter de fossila drivmedlen. Detta är viktigt på global såväl som regional skala, varpå RISE har genomfört en förstudie om fossilfria transporter i Värmland, finansierat av Region Värmland och Tillväxtverket.Förstudien bygger på perspektiv dels utifrån forskning samt omvärldens utveckling rörande drivmedel, fordonsutveckling mer mera, dels utifrån förutsättningarna kring energiproduktion och transportföretagen i Värmland.Förstudien konstaterar att, ur ett nationellt perspektiv, kommer biodrivmedel somexempelvis biodiesel och biogas vara viktiga i den tidiga omställningen men inte utgöra en stor andel av den tunga fordonsflottan på lång sikt på grund av konkurrens av biobaserade råvaror och att utvecklingen går alltmer från förbränningsmotorer. Elektrifiering är märkbart den riktning som den svenska och internationella fordonsmarknaden går mot med batterielektrifierade fordon som förväntas utgöra majoriteten av de tunga transporterna och finns att tillgå redan idag. En annan typ av elektrifiering, vätgaselektrifierade fordon (bränslecellselektriska fordon), förväntas komma längre fram i tiden och då komplettera transporter som är svåra att batterielektrifiera. Denna elektrifiering av den tunga fordonsflottan i Värmland kommer ställa krav på att el finns att tillgå, något som har undersökts särskilt i förstudien.Genom arbetet i förstudien har en regional strategi för fossilfri framdrift av tunga transporter i Värmland tagits fram i form av en färdplan. Strategin bygger på en mognadsmodell med flera mognadssteg för Värmland. I modellen presenterats konkreta åtgärder för att klättra uppåt på mognadsstegen för att slutligen nå målet om en 100 procent fossilfri fordonsflotta i länet. Initialt behövs satsningar på att ställa om lokala tunga transporter till fossilfri drift genom exempelvis satsningar på depåladdning. Det behöver också omgående börja arbetas med långsiktiga projekt, exempelvis elektrifiering av rundvirkestransporter, för att uppnå de senare stegen i mognadsmodellen. Elektrifiering av rundvirkestransporter har haft ett särskilt fokus i arbetet och ett underlag för en potentiell elektrifieringspilot har tagits fram.Region Värmland har en viktig roll att fylla i genomförandet av den regionala strategin för tunga transporter. Det behövs en processledare som kan agera föregångare i upphandling, facilitera omställningen, agera som projektägare och ha ett strategiskt perspektiv. Det finns ingen organisation i Värmland som har ett särskilt processledaransvar för utveckling av tunga transporter. Därför föreslås att Region Värmland arbetar med dessa processer parallellt genom hela omställningen.

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  • 50.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Vinter, Jonny
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Electrification and Reliability.
    Analysis of Cybersecurity Mechanisms with respectto Dependability and Security Attributes2020In: 2020 50th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), 2020Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems need to be equipped with different types of security mechanisms to protect themselves and to mitigate the effects of cybersecurity attacks. These mechanisms should be evaluated with respect to their impacts on dependability and security attributes such as availability, reliability, safety, etc. The evaluation is of great importance as, e.g., a security mechanism should never violate the system safety. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate a comprehensive set of security mechanisms consisting of 17 different types of mechanisms with respect to their impact on dependability and security attributes. The results show that, in general, the use of these mechanisms have positive effect on system dependability and security. However, there are at least three mechanisms that could have negative impacts on system dependability by violating safety and availability requirements. The results support our claim that the analyses such as the ones conducted in this paper are necessary when selecting and implementing an optimal set of safety and security mechanisms.

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