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  • 1.
    Culleton, Lucy
    et al.
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Di Meane, Elena
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Ward, Michael
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Ferracci, Valerio
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Persijn, Stefan
    VSL, Netherlands.
    Holmqvist, Albin
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Control and Calibration.
    Arrhenius, Karine
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Materials and Production, Applied Mechanics.
    Murugan, Arul
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Brewer, Paul
    NPL National Physical Laboratory, UK.
    Characterization of Fourier Transform Infrared, Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, and Optical Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Instruments for the Analysis of Ammonia in Biogas and Biomethane2022In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 94, no 44, p. 15207-15214Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Novel traceable analytical methods and reference gas standards were developed for the detection of trace-level ammonia in biogas and biomethane. This work focused on an ammonia amount fraction at an upper limit level of 10 mg m-3(corresponding to approximately 14 μmol mol-1) specified in EN 16723-1:2016. The application of spectroscopic analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, was investigated. These techniques all exhibited the necessary ammonia sensitivity at the required 14 μmol mol-1amount fraction. A 29-month stability study of reference gas mixtures of 10 μmol mol-1ammonia in methane and synthetic biogas is also reported. 

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