Enkätundersökning bland äldre

Livsmedelsbutiker har generellt sett en hög energianvändning. Studien visar att energianvändningen kan vara upp till 5 gångar högre än i en villa. Systemen för butikskyla som används för att exponera och lagra kylda och frysta matvaror svarar för i storleksordningen halva elanvändningen. Tidigare studier har visat att förvaring av kylda och frysta matvaror i butiker är en svag länk i kylkedjan samt att det kan vara problem med för låga temperaturer i de zoner av butiken där kyl- och frysdiskar är placerade. Det är viktigt att energieffektiviserande åtgärder inte sker på bekostnad av systemens prestanda. För livsmedelsbutikernas system för butikskyla innebär begreppet prestanda att det termiska klimatet för varor, personal och kunder skall bibehållas eller förbättras. Syftet med projektet har varit att studera energianvändningen, temperaturkvalitén i kylda och frysta matvaror samt den termiska komforten för personal och kunder i livsmedelsbutiker. Målsättningen är att resultaten från studien skall användas för att bedöma vilka åtgärder som kan genomföras i livsmedelsbutiker för att minska energianvändningen. Denna studie redovisar resultat från fältmätningar i tre livsmedelsbutiker. Mätningar har genomförts för tre olika tidsperioder för att studera hur livsmedelsbutikernas system för butikskyla påverkas av variationer i utomhusklimat, kundgenomströmning, skillnader i inlastad mängd med matvaror samt variationer orsakade av att butiken är öppen eller stängd. Den höga energianvändningen tillsammans med de stora skillnaderna i energianvändning mellan olika butiker visar att det finns en stor potential att förbättra systemen för butikskyla ute i butikerna. Ungefär 2/3 av den installerade kyleffekten utnyttjas för att förvara kylda matvaror. Studien visar att det är för dessa system som skillnaden mellan de olika butikerna så stor som en faktor 5. En förklaring till detta är att merparten av de kylda matvarorna förvaras i vertikala kyldiskar. Dessa kyldiskar är populära eftersom det går att exponera mycket matvaror på en liten yta i butiken. I den stora öppna vertikala fronten avskiljs den varma luften i butiken från den kalla luften inne i kyldisken med en luftridå. Tidigare studier visar att vertikala luftridåer är speciellt känsliga för infiltration av varm omgivningsluft och att effektiviteten kan skilja mycket mellan olika typer av kyldiskar. Nya nyckeltal har definierats för att jämföra energieffektiviteten hos systemen för att lagra och exponera kylda och frysta matvaror i olika butiker. Fördelen med dessa nya nyckeltal är att de är enkla verktyg som kan användas av butiksägarna för att jämföra sin egen anläggning med andra butiker. De är dessutom oberoende av såväl butikens storlek som andra energikrävande system inne i butiken. Nyckeltalen baseras på att den tillförda elenergin relateras till kylda luftvolymen (den nyttiga volymen) för att lagra och exponera matvaror i butiken. Resultaten visar att utomhusklimatet påverkar inomhusklimatet i butiken, vilket resulterar i att elanvändningen kan variera med upp till 100 % mellan sommar och vinter för att förvara kylda livsmedel. Systemen för de kylda livsmedlen är därmed speciellt känsliga för variationer i inomhusklimatet. Studien visar att det är energieffektivt att täcka kyldiskarna med en nattgardin när butiken är stängd. Detta leder till en minskad elanvändning, en minskad utkylning av butiken och kan även förbättra temperaturkvalitén i de kylda matvarorna om maten används för att ackumulera kyla. Resultaten visar att den butik som har den högsta elanvändningen även uppvisar en sämre termisk komfort för personal och kunder samt en sämre temperaturkvalité i matvarorna. Slutsatsen är att insatserna bör starta med att installera energieffektiva kyldiskar och frysdiskar som täcks när butiken är stängd. Om kylan hålls inne i diskarna förbättras den termiska komforten, förbättras temperaturen i matvarorna och uppvärmningsbehovet minskar. Resultaten visar att det ä

Noise exposure is a considerable environmental problem. Noise management is of increasing importance to human health and quality of life. Over two million people in Sweden are exposed to traffic noise exceeding 55 dB. The Swedish municipality of Lerum is divided by major transport thoroughfares for both road and rail traffic. In addition to tackling noise pollution, the municipality aims to invest in energy-saving and renewable energy technology in order to cut the emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050. The project will demonstrate innovative noise barriers producing solar energy for distribution to local district heating systems, hence an environmentally sound technology. This will be achieved by installing and evaluating specially adapted solar collectors at a major transport thoroughfare for both road traffic and rail in Lerum, which has been identified as the most suitable location. The noise barrier effect will be evaluated by measurements and a questionnaire on perceived noise annoyance both before and after the barrier has been built. The number of properties and people with noise levels above the guideline value of 55 dB is expected to reduce by 60-90 percent and noise levels are expected to reduce by 5-10 dB. Solar collectors are expected to produce somewhat 250 000 kWh of heat at 75 °C to the district heating per year. Reduction of costs associated with noise of SEK 630 000 - 945 000 per year and an increase in the value of properties of 5% is expected.

r(e)flect is a tangible curriculum kit for students age 10-15 to reflect on energy behaviour and make better informed choices about energy use. Along with web-based material, the kit includes a minicomputer, smart plugs (sensors), and an electricity visualization tool especially designed to be used in the classroom to conduct experiments and measurements, perform project work in product development, and increase the understanding of the kWh concept. The curriculum is closely connected to the new Swedish National curriculum and supplies the teachers with appropriate support for assessment of different skills. The project was initiated in 2011 and a first version of the curriculum was tested and evaluated with students and teachers. The feedback from this trial influenced the second iteration of the kit. The new version will be tested in at least 20 schools during the spring of 2014 and this second phase will continue until 2015. The physical r(e)flect material can be borrowed by teachers free of charge, and the web-based platform is open and accessible to anyone.

r(e)flect is a tangible curriculum kit for students age 10-15 to reflect on energy behaviour and make better informed choices about energy use. Along with web-based material, the kit includes a minicomputer, smart plugs (sensors), and an electricity visualization tool especially designed to be used in the classroom to conduct experiments and measurements, perform project work in product development, and increase the understanding of the kWh concept. The curriculum is closely connected to the new Swedish National curriculum and supplies the teachers with appropriate support for assessment of different skills. The project was initiated in 2011 and a first version of the curriculum was tested and evaluated with students and teachers. The feedback from this trial influenced the second iteration of the kit. The new version will be tested in at least 20 schools during the spring of 2014 and this second phase will continue until 2015. The physical r(e)flect material can be borrowed by teachers free of charge, and the web-based platform is open and accessible to anyone.

Prestudy of test bed for fuel cells This report investigates the potential needs and benefits of a Swedish national test bed for fuel cell and hydrogen technologies. The analysis is based on an interview study among 43 organisations within the field, as well as on inventory studies on existing test infrastructure in Sweden. The result is aggregated into a proposal that describes a test bed in terms of functionality and organisation.

Demand for cooling of commercial buildings is increasing and there is a potential for expanding district cooling systems, especially in district heating areas. Using district heating and district cooling has been compared to heat pump techniques. Primary energy, environmental influence and economy have been evaluated. Four buildings in Gothenburg have been included in the study and certain differences have been found depending on demands of heating and cooling, which vary according to design and activity. The results are specific for Gothenburg due to the combination of production methods for district heating and cooling and the pricing, which differ compared to other places. Different perspectives on production of electricity, district heating and district cooling, e.g. average or marginal production, is of vital importance when comparing environmental influence. In most of the case studies the demand of primary energy is lower for district heating and cooling compared to heat pump systems. With a marginal perspective district heating and cooling will lead to lower emissions of greenhouse gases. Using the perspective of average production will on the other hand rate heat pump systems to have a lower influence on the greenhouse effect in most of the cases. Which technique is the most cost efficient depends mainly upon relation of heating and cooling demands. Where there is a greater demand for cooling than for heating, district heating and cooling is more advantageous. It is a need for improved data in commercial buildings from reliable field measurements. The quality of the evaluation is very much dependent on reliable measured data from real installations.

Facially expressed emotions play a role in communication between individuals. They form another means of expressing oneself besides verbal expressions or self-reporting of feelings and perceptions on psychometric scales and are implicit in nature. This study aimed to evaluate the extent and specificity of evoking facial expressed emotions by basic tastes and to evaluate if facially expressed emotions provide additional information to explicit measures. The emotions were characterised upon tasting the five basic tastes in aqueous solutions at three different concentrations levels. The sensory and emotional responses reported were obtained from a 21-membered taste panel. Facial reactions and facially expressed emotions depended on the tastequality and taste intensity. However, the facially expressed emotions were generally weak even for the relatively strong taste intensities. Bitter (caffeine), sour (citric acid) and salty (sodium chloride) lead to clear disgust and surprise responses, whereas, sweet (sucrose) and umami (glutamic acid monosodium salt) taste gave weakly noticeable facially expressed emotions. Although correlations between the expressed emotions and hedonic responses were observed, the affective experience had a limited predictive ability for the facially expressed emotion at the individual level. In conclusion, psychometric rating of the hedonic response is easier to assess than facially expressed emotions although it may not completely represent the dimensions of the emotional experience.

The aim of this work has been to study everyday energy-related behaviour in homes. All residents in 57 Swedish homes, living in three housing areas, have recorded time diaries over a period of four days, during the same time period in each area. The technical differences between the houses are limited, as the building designs within each housing area are the same. On an aggregated level, the diary data has been analysed with and without typical power data of appliances as well as in relation to measured total energy use, indoor temperature and water usage. Cluster analyses have been performed in order to find characteristics of groups of residents with regard to their energy-related behaviour. Some of the findings were that residents report long time use/operating time for activities related to electronic equipment (45% of total reported time). Residents which used energy to a greater extent than others were characterised by performing activities with long operating times, in combination with high, and fairly high, typical power ratings. The majority of residents showed many different energy-related behaviours, which indicates that a number of strategies to influence the behaviours - not just one - will be required.

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the knowledge about energy use in residential buildings. Field measurements were carried out in 57 electrically heated Swedish single-family houses, where the total energy use (i.e. electricity use for space heating, household electricity and electricity use for hot water production), indoor temperatures and water use were recorded during four winter days. Some of the findings were that differences for households' total energy use of similar houses were large. The characteristics of load curves clearly differ between weekdays and weekend days. The water use differs greatly for the households. This paper is part of a larger project where time use diaries were used in order to further link the energy use to residents' every day energy related behaviours. To get a better understanding of the energy use in our homes is a prerequisite to be able to both recognise the problems as well as the potentials of reaching energy goals of our society, leading to a decreased impact on the environment from the building sector.

Academia plays a main role in knowledge discovery and dissemination of knowledge. Amongst the fundamental reasons behind university education lies preparing students to use and contribute with that knowledge within contexts of industry, as well as society in large. We here see three types of actors, i.e., universities, students, and industry, which by several reasons all are gained by close cooperation already in university education. Quite often though we see a gap between education and possible student recruitment. Here, the value of being employable increases through work-based projects supported by education. Even though we can see willingness according such kind of cooperation from both academia and industry, experiences show that there are barriers towards actually implementing this. That may in turn depend on common lack of knowledge on how to establish university-industry connections, and how to negotiate on student involvement, ownership of work, etc.. Conclusions therefore show a need for an established organization that mediates between academia and industry, and that have well-developed structures for project workflow, project result ownership, etc.. Demola may here have that role as an award-winning platform for industry-driven projects with focus on students. Demola provides a win-win-win relationship between university, students, and industry, and has clear structures for cooperation between those. Experiences have shown that Demola is promising as a mediator, as well as a provider of multi-disciplinary industry close projects, where those may be plugged into educational programs in suitable ways. This contribution will provide an overview of Demola as a platform for industry close student projects. Demola may furthermore be used as a platform for research projects. Experiences will here be covered as a concrete example on a Demola student project. Moreover, learning outcomes in contexts of Conceiving-Designing-Implementing-Operating (CDIO) Syllabus, evaluations, and corresponding CDIO Standards, will be presented.