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  • 501.
    Xanthakis, Epameinondas
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Gogou, Eleni
    National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
    Taoukis, Petros
    National Technical University of Athens, Greece.
    Ahrné, Lilia
    University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Effect of microwave assisted blanching on the ascorbic acid oxidase inactivation and vitamin C degradation in frozen mangoes2018In: Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, ISSN 1466-8564, E-ISSN 1878-5522, Vol. 48, p. 248-257Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of microwave assisted and conventional water blanching of mango (Mangifera indica) under two different blanching scenarios, High Temperature Short Time (HTST) and Low Temperature Long Time (LTLT) on ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) inactivation and on vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid & dehydroascorbic acid) retention were comparatively studied. The impact of alternative blanching processes and subsequent frozen storage on enzymatic inactivation and vitamin C was kinetically modelled. Both water and microwave HTST as well as LTLT microwave treatments of mango pieces showed high degree of AAO inactivation. An approximately 30% residual AAO activity was observed and was described through a first order fractional conversion model. Microwave assisted blanching led to higher retention of total vitamin C in both LTLT and HTST treatments. In LTLT water blanching, vitamin C loss was mainly caused by mass transfer phenomena rather than temperature degradation, while after HTST treatments the decrease of total vitamin C content seemed to be mainly related to thermal degradation than due to the leakage of the nutrients in the blanching medium. Further inactivation of the thermostable fraction of AAO and degradation of total vitamin C were observed after frozen storage for 130 days at −18.63 ± 0.48 °C.

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  • 502.
    Xanthakis, Epameinondas
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Huen, Julien
    TTZ-BILB, Germany.
    Eliasson, Lovisa
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Jha, Piyush K.
    ONIRIS, France.
    Le-Bail, Alain
    ONIRIS, France.
    Shrestha, Marie
    TTZ-BILB, Germany.
    Evaluation of microwave assisted freezing (MAF) impact on meat and fish matrices2018In: Refrigeration Science and Technology, 2018, p. 176-181Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Several preservation methods have been investigated, developed and exploited over the last years but freezing still remains one of the most popular among them which offers fresh-like characteristics on the food matrix after long period of storage. The freezing process of food matrices is affected by their dominant constituent which is water. The final quality of the frozen product depends on the phase transition or the crystallization process of changing water into ice. The size of the ice crystals is critical for the final quality of the frozen food. In the present study a novel more advanced experimental setup was designed and developed for the application of microwave radiation during freezing. The influence of microwave assisted freezing (MAF) on meat and fish matrices under different conditions was investigated and promising results regarding the microstructure of the frozen samples were acquired.

  • 503.
    Xanthakis, Epameinondas
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Valdramidis, Vasilis
    University of Malta, Malta.
    Impact of heating operations on the microbial ecology of foods2017In: Quantitative Microbiology in Food Processing: Modeling the Microbial Ecology / [ed] Anderson de Souza Sant'Ana, John Wiley & Sons, 2017, p. 117-141Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There are several drawbacks of heat processes as their application may also lead to nutritional and quality deterioration of the food product. The chapter presents basic information regarding the heating processes and unit operations and covers the impact of these operations on food-borne microorganisms. It describes the main cooking methods, such as grilling, broiling, and roasting. Quantitative methodologies are the main tools to describe the impact of a process as well as the storage conditions post-processing on the food stability. In order to assess the efficacy of a specific processing technology, the estimation of the time to achieve a certain number of log reductions can be applied. The most common process in the food industry is the thermal process. The chapter reviews a number of different thermal processes and outlines critical issues in relation to their efficacy and to their impact on the microbial inactivation

  • 504.
    Xue, Li
    et al.
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
    Liu, Gang
    University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Parfitt, Julian
    Anthesis Group, UK.
    Liu, Xiaojie
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
    Van Herpen, Erica
    Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
    Stenmarck, Åsa
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden.
    O'Connor, Clementine
    World Resources Institute, USA.
    Östergren, Karin
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Cheng, Shengkui
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
    Missing Food, Missing Data?: A Critical Review of Global Food Losses and Food Waste Data2017In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851, Vol. 51, no 12, p. 6618-6633Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Food losses and food waste (FLW) have become a global concern in recent years and emerge as a priority in the global and national political agenda (e.g., with Target 12.3 in the new United Nations Sustainable Development Goals). A good understanding of the availability and quality of global FLW data is a prerequisite for tracking progress on reduction targets, analyzing environmental impacts, and exploring mitigation strategies for FLW. There has been a growing body of literature on FLW quantification in the past years; however, significant challenges remain, such as data inconsistency and a narrow temporal, geographical, and food supply chain coverage. In this paper, we examined 202 publications which reported FLW data for 84 countries and 52 individual years from 1933 to 2014. We found that most existing publications are conducted for a few industrialized countries (e.g., the United Kingdom and the United States), and over half of them are based only on secondary data, which signals high uncertainties in the existing global FLW database. Despite these uncertainties, existing data indicate that per-capita food waste in the household increases with an increase of per-capita GDP. We believe that more consistent, in-depth, and primary-data-based studies, especially for emerging economies, are badly needed to better inform relevant policy on FLW reduction and environmental impacts mitigation.

  • 505.
    Xue, Li
    et al.
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
    Prass, Neele
    University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Gollnow, Sebastian
    University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria.
    Davis, Jennifer
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Scherhaufer, Silvia
    University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Austria.
    Östergren, Karin
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Cheng, Shengkui
    Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
    Liu, Gang
    University of Southern Denmark, Denmark.
    Efficiency and Carbon Footprint of the German Meat Supply Chain2019In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851, Vol. 53, no 9, p. 5133-5142Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Meat production and consumption contribute significantly to environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. These emissions can be reduced via various strategies ranging from production efficiency improvement to process optimization, food waste reduction, trade pattern change, and diet structure change. On the basis of a material flow analysis approach, we mapped the dry matter mass and energy balance of the meat (including beef, pork, and poultry) supply chain in Germany and discussed the emission reduction potential of different mitigation strategies in an integrated and mass-balance consistent framework. Our results reaffirmed the low energy conversion efficiency of the meat supply chain (among which beef was the least efficient) and the high GHG emissions at the meat production stage. While diet structure change (either reducing the meat consumption or substituting meat by edible offal) showed the highest emissions reduction potential, eliminating meat waste in retailing and consumption and byproducts generation in slaughtering and processing were found to have profound effect on emissions reduction as well. The rendering of meat byproducts and waste treatment were modeled in detail, adding up to a net environmental benefit of about 5% of the entire supply chain GHG emissions. The combined effects based on assumed high levels of changes of important mitigation strategies, in a rank order considering the level of difficulty of implementation, showed that the total emission could be reduced by 43% comparing to the current level, implying a tremendous opportunity for sustainably feeding the planet by 2050.

  • 506.
    Yarahmadi, Nazdaneh
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Built Environment, Energy and Circular Economy.
    Vega, Alberto
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Built Environment, Energy and Circular Economy.
    Jakubowicz, Ignacy
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    Accelerated ageing and degradation characteristics of rigidpolyurethane foam2017In: Polymer degradation and stability, ISSN 0141-3910, E-ISSN 1873-2321, Vol. 138, p. 192-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The urgent need for revision of the normative test method (EN 253) for the lifetime prediction of district

    heating pipes requires a better understanding of the failure mechanisms involved. Therefore, various

    methods were used to study thermal degradation characteristics of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam in

    both air and nitrogen atmosphere. Accelerated ageing in nitrogen caused insigni

    ficant changes, whereas

    ageing in air caused signi

    ficant changes in weight, dimensions, chemical structure and cell gas composition,

    indicating importance of the thermo-oxidative type of degradation. A clear indication of the

    thermo-oxidative type of degradation was the formation of new carbonyl groups in PUR together with

    the loss of CH

    2 groups after ageing in air. Another result of ageing in air was the loss of pentane and

    cyclopentane, and the formation of some new volatile compounds in the cells of PUR foam. However,

    despite a large difference in degradation characteristics between the samples aged in air and in nitrogen,

    no signi

    ficant difference in the flexural strength of PUR foam was recorded during the induction stage of

    the degradation process. Furthermore, it is shown that the signi

    ficant drop in shear strength, which

    re

    flects the adhesion force between PUR foam and steel pipe, observed during the early stage of

    accelerated ageing of district heating pipes is not caused by thermo-oxidative degradation.

  • 507.
    Yarahmadi, Nazdaneh
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Built Environment, Energy and Circular Economy.
    Vega, Alberto
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Built Environment, Energy and Circular Economy.
    Jakubowicz, Ignacy
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    Livslängd för fjärrvärmerör: Fas 1 - Nedbrytningsmekanismer2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Dagens standard för prefabricerade fjärrvärmerör SS-EN253 innehåller olika testmetoder och krav där ett av de viktigaste är kravet på livslängd på minst 30 år vid en kontinuerlig driftstemperatur på 120 °C. Bestämningen av tekniska livslängden är baserad på mätningar av förändringar i skjuvhållfastheten efter accelererad termisk åldring. Den beräknade livslängden för ett fjärrvärmerör är baserad på extrapolering med hjälp av Arrhenius ekvation. Det finns en stor enighet kring uppfattningen att Arrhenius modellen inte ger en god överensstämmelse med de observerade åldringsdata och att det följaktligen saknas tillförlitliga metoder för livslängdsbestämning av fjärrvärmerör. Trots många forskningsrapporter finns det fortfarande skilda teorier om hur snabbt PUR-isoleringar bryts ner och vilka nedbrytningsmekanismer som dominerar. Syftet med det här projektet är att kartlägga de komplicerade sambanden och förstå vilka nedbrytningsprocesser som dominerar under olika betingelser och utifrån denna kunskap utveckla tillförlitliga metoder för livslängdsprediktering.

    Allt testmaterial utgjordes i denna studie av polyuretan (PUR) cellplastisolering som togs ut från nytillverkade fjärrvärmerör. Accelererad åldring genomfördes i luft och i kväveatmosfär vid 150 °C för upp till 8 veckor. Det visade sig att exponering i kväveatmosfär inte orsakar någon mätbar förändring av egenskaper. En motsvarande åldring i luft orsakar däremot stora förändringar i både dimensioner, viktförlust och färg. IR (infraröd) analys kunde också bekräfta att materialet bryts ner genom termo-oxidativa processer. Termo-oxidativ nedbrytning syns också i analyser av cellgassammansättningen. Materialet efter åldring i luft innehåller betydligt mindre halt cyklopentan samtidigt som fyra nya flyktiga ämnen kunde detekteras. Trots alla indikationer på materialets termo-oxidativa nedbrytning har böjhållfastheten inte förändrats hos materialet. Detta måste utredas vidare för att kunna förklara mekanismer bakom resultatet.

    Förutom beständighetsstudier av PUR materialet genomfördes långtidsåldring av fjärrvärmerör vid olika temperaturer. Resultaten av skjuvhållfasthet mätningar indikerar att det åtminstone finns tre olika faser i nedbrytningsprocessen. Initialt sjunker hållfastheten troligen på grund av fysikaliska effekter orsakade av de höga temperaturerna. Därefter ökar skjuvhållfastheten troligen beroende på sidoreaktioner och fortsatt tvärbindning. Det tredje steget är en termo-oxidativ nedbrytning som såsmåningom leder till förlust av vidhäftningen. Även värmeledningsförmågan ökar betydligt som ett resultat av nedbrytningsprocesser. Det finns behov av ytterligare forskning för att kunna föreslå en ny modell för livslängdsberäkningar baserade på experimentella resultat.

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  • 508.
    Ytreberg, Erik
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Lagerström, Maria
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Holmquist, Albin
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    Eklund, Brita
    Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Elwing, Hans
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Dahlström, Magnus
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    Dahl, Peter
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Dahlström, Mia
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    A novel XRF method to measure environmental release of copper and zinc from antifouling paints2017In: Environmental Pollution, ISSN 0269-7491, E-ISSN 1873-6424, Vol. 225, p. 490-496Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The release of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) from vessels and leisure crafts coated with antifouling paints can pose a threat to water quality in semi-enclosed areas such as harbors and marinas as well as to coastal archipelagos. However, no reliable, practical and low-cost method exists to measure the direct release of metals from antifouling paints. Therefore, the paint industry and regulatory authorities are obliged to use release rate measurements derived from either mathematical models or from laboratory studies. To bridge this gap, we have developed a novel method using a handheld X-Ray Fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) to determine the cumulative release of Cu and Zn from antifouling paints. The results showed a strong linear relationship between XRF Kα net intensities and metal concentrations, as determined by ICP-MS. The release of Cu and Zn were determined for coated panels exposed in harbors located in the Baltic Sea and in Kattegat. The field study showed salinity to have a strong impact on the release of Cu, i.e. the release increased with salinity. Contrary, the effect of salinity on Zn was not as evident. As exemplified in this work, the XRF method also makes it possible to identify the governing parameters to the release of Cu and Zn, e.g. salinity and type of paint formulation. Thus, the XRF method can be used to measure environmentally relevant releases of metallic compounds to design more efficient and optimized antifouling coatings.

  • 509.
    Zander, Thomas
    et al.
    Institute of Materials Research, Germany.
    Wieland, Florian
    Institute of Materials Research, Germany.
    Raj, Akanksha
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Salmen, Paul
    TU Dortmund, Germany.
    Dogan, Susanne
    TU Dortmund, Germany.
    Dėdinaitė, Andra
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Garamus, Vasil
    Institute of Materials Research, Germany.
    Schreyer, Andreas
    Institute of Materials Research, Germany.
    Claesson, Per M
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Willumeit-Römer, Regine
    Institute of Materials Research, Germany.
    Influence of high hydrostatic pressure on solid supported DPPC bilayers with hyaluronan in the presence of Ca2+ ions2019In: Soft Matter, ISSN 1744-683X, E-ISSN 1744-6848, Vol. 15, no 36, p. 7295-7304Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The molecular mechanisms responsible for outstanding lubrication of natural systems, like articular joints, have been the focus of scientific research for several decades. One essential aspect is the lubrication under pressure, where it is important to understand how the lubricating entities adapt under dynamic working conditions in order to fulfill their function. We made a structural investigation of a model system consisting of two of the molecules present at the cartilage interface, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and hyaluronan, at high hydrostatic pressure. Phospholipid layers are found at the cartilage surfaces and are able to considerably reduce friction. Their behavior under load and varied solution conditions is important as pressures of 180 bar are encountered during daily life activities. We focus on how divalent ions, like Ca2+, affect the interaction between DPPC and hyaluronan, as other investigations have indicated that calcium ions influence their interaction. It could be shown that already low amounts of Ca2+ strongly influence the interaction of hyaluronan with DPPC. Our results suggest that the calcium ions increase the amount of adsorbed hyaluronan indicating an increased electrostatic interaction. Most importantly, we observe a modification of the DPPC phase diagram as hyaluronan absorbs to the bilayer which results in an Lα-like structure at low temperatures and a decoupling of the leaflets forming an asymmetric bilayer structure.

  • 510.
    Zhao, Wei
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation. Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Sugunan, Abhilash
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation.
    Zhang, Zhi-Bin
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Ahniyaz, Anwar
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation.
    Graphene and Flavin Mononucleotide Interaction in Aqueous Graphene Dispersions2019In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, ISSN 1932-7447, E-ISSN 1932-7455, Vol. 123, no 43, p. 26282-26288Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A fundamental understanding of the interaction between graphene and a stabilizer is needed for the development of stable aqueous graphene dispersions. Here, we studied the interaction of graphene with the FMN in water. The UV-vis absorption spectra revealed blue shifts of the FMN absorption bands II (374 nm) and I (445 nm) in the presence of graphene. Furthermore, Fourier transform IR anal. showed that the graphene also upshifted the FMN vibration modes C10a=N1 and C4a=N5, which correspond to the FMN isoalloxazine binding sites N(1) and N(5), resp. In addition, thermogravimetric anal. showed that the thermal stability of graphene was enhanced by the adsorbed FMN, which supports the strong interaction. These results confirm that FMN adsorbs on the graphene surface in parallel conformation and hinders hydrogen bonding at the FMN isoalloxazine binding sites.

  • 511.
    Ziegler, Friederike
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Bergman, Kristina
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Svensk konsumtion av sjömat - en växande mångfald2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den svenska sjömatsmarknaden har kartlagts i syfte att identifiera och kvantifiera de vanligaste arterna av fisk och skaldjur, eller "sjömat", som säljs och konsumeras i Sverige. Offentlig statistik kring volym av import, export och produktion i fiske och vattenbruk för 2015 har utgjort grunden för analysen och kombinerats till att ge en översiktsbild av vad som säljs och konsumeras i Sverige. Merparten företag i fiskbranschen kontaktades och har levererat både kvantitativa och kvalitativa uppgifter.

    Biodiversiteten i den svenska sjömatsimporten visade sig vara hög och omfatta ett hundratal arter eller artgrupper. Volym och viktigaste ursprungsländer presenteras för dessa. Svensk konsumtion av sjömat domineras inte oväntat av lax, torsk och sill. Mer överraskande var att en kategori bestående av oidentifierade torskfiskar, bl a från tropiska vatten, hamnar så högt som på plats 13. Av varje kategori av sjömat (torskfisk, laxfisk, plattfisk, räka, krabba, musslor, tonfisk) redovisas en del ospecifikt tillhörande "Övrigt". Längre ner på listan hamnar nya importerade, odlade arter som guldsparid, havsabborre, men även fiskade arter som nilabborre, tandnoting och ett antal arter av tonfisk, varav flera är kraftigt överfiskade. Exempelvis konsumerades fyra ton av den akut hotade blåfenade tonfisken i Sverige. De här arterna har etablerat sig på den svenska sjömatsmarknaden på senare år. Runt 15 ton ål konsumeras per år i Sverige, både från svenskt fiske och från import, och även den är akut hotad.

    Den totala svenska sjömatskonsumtionen för 2015 är 109 000 ton filé och skaldjur utan skal, vilket motsvarar 11 kg per person eller runt 25 kg hel fisk per person. Av detta är 60 % vildfångat och 40 % odlat. Cirka en fjärdedel av den totala volymen är certifierad av antingen MSC eller ASC. Närmare 75 % av det vi äter är importerat, medan svenskt fiske står för drygt 20 % och svenskt vattenbruk står för runt 6 %. På grund av osäkerheter i rapporteringen av import och export så är dock dessa siffror något osäkra. Den totala konsumtionen har mellan 2011 och 2015 ökat. Kartläggningen har gett nya insikter om diversiteten i den svenska sjömatskonsumtionen och fördelningen mellan arter, trots de osäkerheter som finns.

    Sjömat har en stor potential som både hälsosam och hållbart producerad mat, och Livsmedelsverket rekommenderar att vi äter fisk och skaldjur 2-3 gånger per vecka. För stora grupper betyder detta att de bör äta mer sjömat. Det har dock stor betydelse vilken typ av sjömat man väljer att äta både för hälsa och miljö. Därför är det viktigt med bra kunskap om vad som konsumeras och var och hur det har producerats.

    Genomgången har gett insyn i vad statistiken kan användas till och vilka osäkerheter som finns. Rapporten ger även en rad förslag på hur statistiken skulle kunna förbättras, både genom att ställa krav på att nuvarande rutiner för datainsamling om handel och konsumtion av sjömat i större utsträckning följs och genom att mer långsiktigt arbeta för att förbättra dessa rutiner.

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  • 512.
    Ziegler, Friederike
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Eigaard, Ole
    DTU Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
    Parker, Robert
    Dalhousie University, Canada.
    Tyedmers, Peter
    Dalhousie University, Canada.
    Hognes, Erik
    Asplan Viak, Norway.
    Jafarzadeh, Sepideh
    SINTEF, Norway.
    Adding perspectives to: “Global trends in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fuel combustion in marine fisheries from 1950 - 2016"2019In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 107, article id 103488Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A contribution in this issue, Greer et al. (2019), models carbon dioxide emissions from fuel combustion in global fisheries. This is done based on a method using data on fishing effort, presenting results for two sectors: small-scale and industrial fisheries. The selection of these sectors is not motivated in relation to studying fuel use, and it is well-documented that other factors more accurately predict fuel use of fisheries and would constitute a more useful basis for defining sub-sectors, when the goal of the study is to investigate fuel use. Weakly grounded assumptions made in the translation of fishing effort into carbon dioxide emissions (e.g. the engine run time per fishing day for each sector) systematically bias results towards overestimating fuel use of “industrial” vessels, underestimating that of “small-scale”. A sensitivity analysis should have been a minimum requirement for publication. To illustrate how the approach used by Greer et al. (2019) systematically misrepresents the fuel use and emissions of the two sectors, the model is applied to Australian and New Zealand rock lobster trap fisheries and compared to observed fuel use. It is demonstrated how the approach underestimates emissions of small-scale fisheries, while overestimating emissions of industrial fisheries. As global fisheries are dominated by industrial fisheries, the aggregate emission estimate is likely considerably overestimated. Effort-based approaches can be valuable to model fuel use of fisheries in data-poor situations, but should be seen as complementary to estimates based on direct data, which they can also help to validate. Whenever used, they should be based on transparent, science-based data and assumptions.

  • 513.
    Ziegler, Friederike
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Groen, Evelyne A.
    Wageningen University, Netherlands.
    Hornborg, Sara
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Bokkers, Eddie A. M.
    Wageningen University, Netherlands.
    Karlsen, Kine M.
    Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Norway.
    de Boer, Imke J. M.
    Wageningen University, Netherlands.
    Assessing broad life cycle impacts of daily onboard decision-making, annual strategic planning, and fisheries management in a northeast Atlantic trawl fishery2018In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, ISSN 0948-3349, E-ISSN 1614-7502, Vol. 23, no 7, p. 1357-1367Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Capture fisheries are the only industrial-scale harvesting of a wild resource for food. Temporal variability in environmental performance of fisheries has only recently begun to be explored, but only between years, not within a year. Our aim was to better understand the causes of temporal variability within and between years and to identify improvement options through management at a company level and in fisheries management. Methods: We analyzed the variability in broad environmental impacts of a demersal freeze trawler targeting cod, haddock, saithe, and shrimp, mainly in the Norwegian Sea and in the Barents Sea. The analysis was based on daily data for fishing activities between 2011 and 2014 and the functional unit was a kilo of landing from one fishing trip. We used biological indicators in a novel hierarchic approach, depending on data availability, to quantify biotic impacts. Landings were categorized as target (having defined target reference points) or bycatch species (classified as threatened or as data-limited). Indicators for target and bycatch impacts were quantified for each fishing trip, as was the seafloor area swept. Results and discussion: No significant difference in fuel use was found between years, but variability was considerable within a year, i.e., between fishing trips. Trips targeting shrimp were more fuel intensive than those targeting fish, due to a lower catch rate. Steaming to and from port was less important for fuel efficiency than steaming between fishing locations. A tradeoff was identified between biotic and abiotic impacts. Landings classified as main target species generally followed the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) framework, and proportions of threatened species were low, while proportions of data-limited bycatch were larger. This improved considerably when reference points were defined for saithe in 2014. Conclusions: The variability between fishing trips shows that there is room for improvement through management. Fuel use per landing was strongly influenced by target species, fishing pattern, and fisheries management. Increased awareness about the importance of onboard decision-making can lead to improved performance. This approach could serve to document performance over time helping fishing companies to better understand the effect of their daily and more long-term decision-making on the environmental performance of their products. Recommendations: Fishing companies should document their resource use and production on a detailed level. Fuel use should be monitored as part of the management system. Managing authorities should ensure that sufficient data is available to evaluate the sustainability of exploitation levels of all harvested species.

  • 514.
    Zurek, Monika
    et al.
    University of Oxford, UK.
    Hebinck, Aniek
    University of Oxford, UK; Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Leip, Adrian
    European Commission, Italy.
    Vervoort, Joost
    University of Oxford, UK; Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
    Kuiper, Marijke
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    Garrone, Maria
    KU Leuven University, Belgium.
    Havlík, Petr
    International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria.
    Heckelei, Thomas
    University of Bonn, Germany.
    Hornborg, Sara
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Ingram, John
    University of Oxford, UK.
    Kuijsten, Anneleen
    Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
    Shutes, Lindsay
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    Geleijnse, Johanna
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    Terluin, Ida
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    van't Veer, Pieter
    Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
    Wijnands, Jo
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    Zimmermann, Andrea
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Italy.
    Achterbosch, Thom
    Wageningen Economic Research, The Netherlands.
    Assessing sustainable food and nutrition security of the EU food system-an integrated approach2018In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 10, no 11, article id 4271Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Steering the EU food system towards a sustainability transformation requires a vast and actionable knowledge base available to a range of public and private actors. Few have captured this complexity by assessing food systems from a multi-dimensional and multi-level perspective, which would include (1) nutrition and diet, environmental and economic outcomes together with social equity dimensions and (2) system interactions across country, EU and global scales. This paper addresses this gap in food systems research and science communication by providing an integrated analytical approach and new ways to communicate this complexity outside science. Based on a transdisciplinary science approach with continuous stakeholder input, the EU Horizon2020 project 'Metrics, Models and Foresight for European SUStainable Food And Nutrition Security' (SUSFANS) developed a five-step process: Creating a participatory space; designing a conceptual framework of the EU food system; developing food system performance metrics; designing a modelling toolbox and developing a visualization tool. The Sustainable Food and Nutrition-Visualizer, designed to communicate complex policy change-impacts and trade-off questions, enables an informed debate about trade-offs associated with options for change among food system actors as well as in the policy making arena. The discussion highlights points for further research related to indicator development, reach of assessment models, participatory processes and obstacles in science communication. © 2018 by the authors.

  • 515.
    Álvarez-Asencio, Ruben
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation. Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
    Moreno-Ramírez, Jorge S.
    Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
    Pimentel, Carlos
    Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; CSIC Instituto de Geociencias IGEO, Spain.
    Casado, Santiago
    Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
    Matta, Micaela
    Université de Bordeaux, France.
    Gierschner, Johannes
    Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
    Muccioli, Luca
    Université de Bordeaux, France.
    Yoon, Seong-Jun
    Seoul National University, South Korea.
    Varghese, Shinto
    Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain.
    Park, Soo Young
    Seoul National University, South Korea.
    Gnecco, Enrico
    Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
    Pina, Carlos M.
    Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; CSIC Instituto de Geociencias IGEO, Spain.
    Molecular-scale shear response of the organic semiconductor β -DBDCS (100) surface2017In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 96, no 11, article id 115422Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work we present friction-force microscopy (FFM) lattice-resolved images acquired on the (100) facet of the semiconductor organic oligomer (2Z,2′Z)-3,3′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-(4-butoxyphenyl)acrylonitrile) (β-DBDCS) crystal in water at room temperature. Stick-slip contrast, lateral contact stiffness, and friction forces are found to depend strongly on the sliding direction due to the anisotropic packing of the molecular chains forming the crystal surface along the [010] and [001] directions. The anisotropy also causes the maximum value of the normal force applicable before wearing to increase by a factor of 3 when the scan is performed along the [001] direction on the (100) face. Altogether, our results contribute to achieving a better understanding of the molecular origin of friction anisotropy on soft crystalline surfaces, which has been often hypothesized but rarely investigated in the literature.

  • 516.
    Rodhe, Lena (Editor)
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Casimir, Justin (Editor)
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Sindhöj, Erik (Editor)
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Agrifood and Bioscience.
    Possibilities and bottlenecks for implementing slurry acidification techniques in the Baltic Sea Region2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report: 1) describes those slurry acidification techniques (SATs) that are commercially available today in Denmark including In-house, In-storage and In-field SATs, and 2) summarizes expert judgements on how these SATs could be implemented in each country in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR). Special focus on bottlenecks for implementing SATs with existing manure management systems was considered.

    Data from Eurostat and national statistics show that a large portion of manure in each country is handled as slurry and all the national experts considered implementing SATs as relevant for their respective countries.

    The In-field SATs were considered the most applicable SATs for implementation in the BSR. They are flexible and mobile and in general have the lowest acid consumption. If investments in In-field SATs are done by agricultural contractors or farmer cooperation’s, then acidification techniques will also be available to smaller farms.

    The In-storage SATs that acidify slurry just before spreading were ranked second of interest in most countries. Mobile equipment is ideal for contractors and co-operations and therefore each unit could potentially treat a lot of slurry. Another advantage is that once the slurry is acidified, any available spreading equipment can be used. The major drawback is that extra storage capacity is needed during acidification so the foaming will not overflow. Most farmers do not have this extra storage capacity, so if storages are full, some slurry would have to be spread untreated before the rest of the tank could be acidified.

    The stationary In-house SAT was thought to be of less interest in most countries, since it is perhaps the hardest SAT to implement into existing manure handling systems. They are best suited for new animal houses so the SAT can be integrated into the manure handling system from the start. Installing them in existing animal houses would, in many cases, probably require re-construction of slurry channels. Also, in some countries like Estonia and Sweden, flushing systems inside the barn are currently not allowed due to regulations. Another aspect is that In-house SATs are permanent installations which use more acid than In-field and In-storage SATs. However, In-house SATs have the best potential for reducing ammonia emissions so this might be of interest for farms in environmentally sensitive areas.

    Compared to In-house, there was greater interest in the In-storage SAT that acidifies all slurry sent to the storage, since this could likely more easy to implement into existing manure handling systems. It is still a stationary system for a specific farm, but installation would be simpler and emissions would be lower from both storage and spreading.

    In general, there is a good potential to implement currently available SATs into existing manure handling systems in BSR countries and most identified bottle-necks could be dealt with.

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