Electronically conducting polymers constitute an emerging class of materials for novel electronics, such as printed electronics and flexible electronics. Their properties have been further diversified to introduce elasticity, which has opened new possibility for "stretchable" electronics. Recent discoveries demonstrate that conducting polymers have thermoelectric properties with a low thermal conductivity, as well as tunable Seebeck coefficients - which is achieved by modulating their electrical conductivity via simple redox reactions. Using these thermoelectric properties, all-organic flexible thermoelectric devices, such as temperature sensors, heat flux sensors, and thermoelectric generators, are being developed. In this article we discuss the combination of the two emerging fields: stretchable electronics and polymer thermoelectrics. The combination of elastic and thermoelectric properties seems to be unique for conducting polymers, and difficult to achieve with inorganic thermoelectric materials. We introduce the basic concepts, and state of the art knowledge, about the thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers, and illustrate the use of elastic thermoelectric conducting polymer aerogels that could be employed as temperature and pressure sensors in an electronic-skin.
Package design includes a number of considerations ranging from protecting the content to conveying the brand image. The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding on how Swedish consumes perceive product packaging attributes, with a special emphasis on in which way packaging material (carton, paper plastic), and structural design (folding carton, paper bag, standing pouch and plastic bag), have an emotional impact on consumers' evaluation of the product and packaging. Assessing the appearance and effectiveness of a packaging system is often confounded by branding, why it is important to separate the brand influence from the attributes of the packaging system. Thus, in the experimental part, packaging prototypes of different structural design and materials were manufactured in order to present commercial cereal brands in different types of packaging. The research involved a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, comprising (i) focus groups on cereal (muesli) packaging; (ii) a mock-up study of four muesli packaging types: transparent plastic bag, carton box, paper bag, and a resalable stand-up plastic pouch; and (iii) a questionnaire on environmental attitudes to packaging materials. Fourteen respondents participated in the focus groups and 20 in the mock-up study. Result show that the paper bag and the carton box were perceived to be the most environmentally friendly packaging material. Heavy ink usage on paper bags and carton boxes can however raise concern regarding the environmental impact. Introducing functionality and good print quality can cause preferences to divert to an alternative packaging material. In the mock-up study the standing pouch was the most liked package type regardless of brands. Functional reasons (protect, re-closable etc.) and appearance reasons (nice print, nice colours) was claimed for giving this package high ratings.
The use of lignin as a renewable resource for the production of less-expensive carbon fibers has in recent years attracted great interest. In order to develop the strength properties, the stabilization and carbonization processes have to be optimized. For this reason, the process parameters during carbonization have here been studied on stabilized lignin fibers in the temperature interval from 300 to 1300 °C. The effects of temperature, heating rate, and straining of fibers during carbonization on the strength properties of carbon fibers were investigated. The heating rate, in the range from 1 to 40 °C/min, was shown to have no effect on the property development of the fibers. During carbonization with no load applied to the fibers, a shrinkage of 20% was noted. Counteracting the shrinkage by imposing a load on the fibers during the carbonization resulted in fibers with a greater stiffness. The tensile strength was not, however, affected by this loading.
We studied the interactive effects of elevated concentrations of CO2 and O3 on radial growth and wood properties of four trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) clones and paper birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh.) saplings. The material for the study was collected from the Aspen FACE (free-air CO2 enrichment) experiment in Rhinelander (WI, USA). Trees had been exposed to four treatments [control, elevated CO2 (560ppm), elevated O3 (1.5 times ambient) and combined CO2+O3] during growing seasons 1998-2008. Most treatment responses were observed in the early phase of experiment. Our results show that the CO2- and O3-exposed aspen trees displayed a differential balance between efficiency and safety of water transport. Under elevated CO2, radial growth was enhanced and the trees had fewer but hydraulically more efficient larger diameter vessels. In contrast, elevated O3 decreased radial growth and the diameters of vessels and fibres. Clone-specific decrease in wood density and cell wall thickness was observed under elevated CO2. In birch, the treatments had no major impacts on wood anatomy or wood density. Our study indicates that short-term impact studies conducted with young seedlings may not give a realistic view of long-term ecosystem responses.
In the first part of this work, a series of paper production trials were performed on a forming experimental (FEX) pilot machine to investigate the distribution of additives in the final product. In these trials, a blue color was dosed into the stock before the headbox instead of a retention aid. Fine paper sheets were produced using twin-wire forming. Visual inspection of the sheets revealed surprisingly high levels of variability of the blue color. In the second part, the effect of different dosage nozzle configurations on downstream mixing quality of a single-component, polyacrylamide retention aid was studied using two-phase computational fluid dynamics. A non-Newtonian model for this phase was implemented using rheological parameters obtained through a combination of numerical and experimental analysis. Dosage was made into a turbulent pipe flow under typical industrial approach flow conditions. The effect of the number of dosage points, impingement angle, dosage location, and dosage speed on mixing uniformity was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively. Results from these studies indicate the existence of optimal dosage configurations and point toward strong coupling between chemical addition strategy, mixing quality, and chemical variability in final products. Application: Mills can gain valuable information, including dosage nozzle configuration and dosage conditions, for optimizing mixing of retention aids in the approach flow during paper production.
"Papermaking towards the future" is a project investigating the current state and future of global paper manufacture. The project is a critical investigation into the most important questions for the industry today and into the future. What changes can be observed and are currently taking place? What are the challenges at present, and how will they manifest themselves going forward? In which areas is the outlook most promising for the paper industry and how are we going to get there? Through a combination of expert interviews, workshops, a Dephi survey with respondents in 21 different countries, a student survey, and months of our own research, we have identified what we believe are the most important drivers for global change and the most important growing trends in the paper and packaging industry going forward 20 years. Projecting the information collected throughout this project forward in time, we see a high likelihood that the paper and packaging industry will shift into one centred around bio-refining, where a broad range of forest based products will be produced to support a bio-based world. The future products creating the greatest return on investment will include bio-plastics, bio-chemicals, bio-energy, cellulose textiles, and paper-based packaging materials, where everything produced will be sustainably sourced and everything recycled. However, it is critical that the paper and packaging industry strategize today for this promising future of tomorrow, through investments in marketing, organization, and new product innovation. Moreover, it is important that the industry capitalize on their strong position within this potential bio-based world, by exploiting their fibre processing infrastructure, knowledge, and experience with producing sustainable and recycling products from the forest.
Assessing the quality of additives dosage and subsequent mixing can be difficult. In this work we present a set of techniques which can be used to assess the mixing quality of wet-end as well as assessing flow conditions which can promote and/or be detrimental to mixing quality. In the first part of this work we show how mixing quality can be studied at pilot-scale through studying the addition of cationic blue colour in a paper stock. Here, we show how the addition of cationic blue colour in place of retention polymers during production can reveal both transient and steady state flaws with the dosage and mixing strategy. We also show how more advanced measurement techniques, namely magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonic velocimetry profiling (UVP) can be used to assess non-uniformities in flow conditions which could deteriorate mixing. We also discuss practical and operational considerations when using these approaches.
In this work, we study the fibre flocculation response created by a dual component retention system subject to different addition and mixing conditions. The motivation for this work is to develop new approaches to optimize the performance of retention aids systems for improving the retention-formation relationship. We do so through a combination of pilot scale production trials in combination with semi-pilot scale flow visualization using a cationic Polyacrylamide (CPAM) polymer and silica micro-particle retention system. Specifically, we investigate the effects of local turbulence levels, hydrodynamic shear applied to the polymer phase, and the time between addition of the polymer, micro-particle and to the headbox/forming section. Results from our production trials showed that optimal retention system performance can be achieved when the polymer and micro-particle components are added only a fraction of a second from each other and from the headbox in the presence of high levels of turbulence and with exposure to minimum hydrodynamic shear. Under optimal conditions, the improvements in retention realized were over 50% with simultaneous improvements in formation in excess of 30% with respect to a reference case. We then attempt to understand the mechanisms for this optimal response by simulating the same addition and mixing conditions on an experimental flow loop. The suspension flocculation dynamics are studied by visualization in a transparent pipe section. It is shown that when the polymer is exposed to high shear, the suspension does not reflocculate, even after addition of the micro-particle, which correlated with low filler retention in the production trials. When turbulence levels remained low, the suspension flocculated very quickly upon addition of the components, reaching large floc sizes in a very short amount of time. This correlated to poor formation in the production trials. When the retention system components were added immediately downstream a turbulence source but not subjected to any additional shear, the fibre floc size remained small and showed a slow tendency toward reflocculation. These conditions correlated to optimal retention and formation in the production trials.
In this work, critical design and operational parameters for retention aids dosage are studied through a combination of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), experimentation and pilot-scale production trials. In the first part of this work, three different retention aids dosage strategies are investigated in conjunction with pilot scale production trials. In all dosage strategies, a maximum in the percentage filler retention was observed at a speed ratio of 1.1, while considerably lower retention levels were observed when the speed ratio was greater than 2.2. However, the different dosage strategies led to markedly different retention of filler material. In the second part of this work, two-phase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to model the three different dosage strategies implemented in the pilot production trials. The location and magnitude of maximum strain in each nozzle was determined and for each dosage case this was found to occur just outside the dosage nozzle at the point of impingement between the dosage and outer flows. In the third part of this work, conditions leading to the onset of retention polymer degradation were determined using an experimental flow loop. The effect of dosage speed and elongational strain created inside the dosage nozzle were studied systematically. These experiments showed that the effect of relative dosage velocity on polymer degradation was minimal. However, large levels of polymer degradation were observed when the elongational strain in the dosage nozzle was increased, i.e. when the exit nozzle diameter was decreased. Together, the three sets of experiments suggest that elongational strain during dosage degrades retention aids polymers and therefore hinders filler retention during production.
With efficient papermaking, the objective is to produce a product that meets a sufficiently high performance standard at the lowest possible cost for production. Production costs tend to centre around the use of energy, raw fibre materials, and fresh water. Poor control of unit papermaking processes can create unwanted variability in product qualities. This forces producers to use excessive amounts of resource, including fibre raw material and energy in order to meet minimum product requirements. Control of unit processes is therefore an essential ingredient to efficient papermaking. One of the key challenges with process control is the ability to monitor accurately specific processes with a high spatial and temporal resolution in order to capture unwanted variability. New measurement methods have, within recent years, revealed surprisingly high levels of variability in many unit process, in product properties, and in the underlying structure of paper sheets. In particular, variability on the centimetre (or millisecond) scale is now understood to be significant. This work presents an overview of three novel measurement tools and their application for monitoring different stages of the paper production process. Specifically, the tools discussed here include, Electrical Impedance Tomography (EFT), STFI Online Forming Analyser (SOFA), and Infrared Thermography (IR) techniques. Potential implementations of each tool within different unit processes on a papermachine are supported by practical examples. When used together, it is shown that it could be possible to monitor the entire production line with enough accuracy for online control.
Gliadin and glutenin proteins with 10, 20, 30 and 40% of glycerol were compression molded into films (130 °C) and evaluated for protein polymerization, β-sheet structure and nano-structural morphology. Here, for the first time we show how different amounts of glycerol impact the nano-structure and functional properties of the gliadin and glutenin films. Most polymerized protein was found in the gliadin films with 20 and 30% glycerol, and in all the glutenin films (except 10%), by RP-HPLC. A β-sheet-rich protein structure was found to be high in the 10 and 20% glycerol gliadin films, and in the 20 and 30% glycerol glutenin films by FT-IR. Glycerol content of 20, 30 and 40% impacted the nano-structural morphology of the gliadin glycerol films observed by SAXS, and to a limited extent for 10 and 20% glycerol gliadin films revealed by WAXS. No ordered nano-structure was found for the glutenin glycerol films. The 20%, 30% and 40% glycerol films were the most tunable for specific mechanical properties. For the highest stiffness and strength, the 10% glycerol protein films were the best choice.
Understanding bio-based protein polymer structures is important when designing new materials with desirable properties. Here the effect of urea on the wheat gluten (WG) protein structure in WG-urea films was investigated. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicated the formation of a hexagonal close-packed (HCP) hierarchical structure in the WG-urea materials. The HCP structure was influenced significantly by the urea concentration and processing conditions. The interdomain distance d I between the HCP scattering objects increased with increasing content of urea and the objects seemed to be oriented in the extrusion direction. Additionally, the effect of temperature on the HCP structure was studied and it was shown that at ≥55°C the HCP structure disappeared. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a rather denatured pattern of both HMW-glutenins and gliadins in the WG-urea films. The molecular packing of the WG protein polymer can be highly affected by an additive and the processing method used.
Here, we investigated the structure of natural montmorillonite (MMT) and modified Cloisite C15A (MMT pre-intercalated with a dimethyl-dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surfactant) nanoclays in the wheat gluten-urea matrix in order to obtain a nanocomposite with improved barrier and mechanical properties. Small-angle X-ray scattering indicated that the characteristic hexagonal closed packed structure of the wheat gluten-urea matrix was not found in the C15A system and existed only in the 3 and 5 wt % MMT composites. SAXS/WAXS, TGA, and water vapor/oxygen barrier properties indicated that the dispersion of the C15A clay was somewhat better than the natural MMT clay. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed MMT clay clusters and C15A clay particles dispersed in the protein matrix, and these were preferentially oriented in the extrusion direction only at 5 wt % of the C15 clay. The water vapor/oxygen barrier properties were improved with the presence of clay. Independent of the clay content used, the stiffness decreased and the extensibility increased in the presence of C15A due to the surfactant induced changes on the protein. The opposite "more expected" clay effect (increasing stiffness and decreasing extensibility) was observed for the MMT composites.
Wood and wood materials are highly sensitive to moisture in the environment. To a large extent this relates to the hygroscopicity of wood hemicelluloses. In order to increase our understanding of the effects of moisture sorption of the major wood hemicelluloses, glucomannan and xylan, model experiments using films of amorphous konjak glucomannan and rye arabinoxylan were conducted. Moisture-induced expansion and stiffness softening were characterized using dynamic mechanical testing. Both hemicelluloses showed a threshold around 5Â % of moisture content above which swelling increased whereas the modulus decreased by more than 70Â %. FTIR spectra, using H2O and D2O, indicated that even at high RH about 15Â % of the hydroxyl groups were not accessible to hydrogen exchange by D2O. For xylan both hydroxyl groups were found to exchange in the same manner while for the glucomannan the O(6)H group seemed to be the most accessible.
Flow of a suspension of water and nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) in a curved and rotating channel is studied experimentally and theoretically. The aim is to investigate how NFC affects the stability of the flow. This flow is subject to a centrifugal instability creating counter-rotating vortices in the flow direction. These rolls can be both stabilised and destabilised by system rotation, depending on direction and velocity of the rotation. Flow visualisation images with pure water and an NFC/water suspension are categorised, and stability maps are constructed. A linear stability analysis is performed, and the effect of fibrils is taken into account assuming straight fibrils and constant orientation distributions, i.e.; without time-dependent flow-orientation coupling. The results show that NFC has a less stabilising effect on the primary flow instability than indicated from the increase in viscosity measured by a rotary viscometer, but more than predicted from the linear stability analysis. Several unknown parameters (the most prominent being fibril aspect ratio and the interaction parameter in the rotary diffusion) appear in the analysis.
Previous attempts to use polylactide (PLA) latex particles and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) in papermaking processing have been limited to low NFC content. In the present study, a bionanocomposite material was successfully produced using a PLA latex and NFC. The components were mixed using a wet mixing method and bionanocomposite films were made by filtration followed by hot pressing. In composite materials, the dispersion of the reinforcing component in the matrix is critical for the material properties. Biopolymers such as PLA are non-polar and soluble only in organic solvents; NFC is, however, highly hydrophilic. By utilizing latex, i.e., an aqueous dispersion of biopolymer micro-particles, wet mixing is possible and the problem of aggregation of the hydrophilic nanocellulose in organic solvent is avoided. The properties of the resulting NFC/PLA latex bionanocomposite films were analyzed. Thorough blending resulted in good dispersion of the reinforcing component within the matrix. Adding increasing amounts of NFC improved the Young's modulus, tensile strength, and strain at break of the bionanocomposite material. The increase in the tensile properties was linear with increasing NFC content as a result of the good dispersion. The NFC also improved the thermal stability of the bionanocomposite material.
Renewable waste-based fuels may decrease the resource use and environmental impact of the road transport sector; one of the options is biogas produced via anaerobic digestion of waste streams from pulp and paper mills. This paper describes process simulation and economic assessments for two options for integrating anaerobic digestion and production of liquid biogas in a typical Nordic Kraft pulp mill: (1) a high-rate anaerobic reactor in the wastewater treatment, and (2) an external anaerobic stirred tank reactor for the treatment of primary and secondary sludge as well as Kraft evaporator methanol condensate. The results revealed an annual production potential of 26-27 GWh biogas in an average Nordic Kraft pulp mill, which is equivalent to a daily production of 7600 L of diesel in terms of energy, and the production cost was estimated to €0.47-0.82 per litre diesel equivalent, comparable with the Swedish price of €0.68 per litre diesel. However, for the cases with liquid biogas (LBG), a discounted payback period of about 8 years may not be considered profitable by the industry. Other pre-requisites may, however, improve the profitability: a larger mill; production of compressed biogas instead of liquid biogas; or, for case 1, a comparison with the alternative cost for expanding the wastewater treatment capacity with more process equipment for activated sludge treatment. The results reveal that anaerobic digestion at pulp mills may both expand the production of renewable vehicle fuel but also enable increased efficiency and revenue at Kraft pulp mills.
A new method has been developed to measure the dimensional stability of printing paper by measuring the impact of liquid water on the in-plane dimensional change, i.e. the hydroexpansion, without any simultaneous mechanical interference that can occur when water is pressed into the sheet. This was achieved by using a specially developed spray technique and using electronic speckle photography to continuously measure the dimensional change as water is applied. The in-plane expansion for a given change in moisture content was found to be lower in the case of hydroexpansion than for earlier reported hygroexpansion. After the initial expansion following the water application, it was found that sheets rapidly start to contract again already 10-20 seconds after being wetted, i.e. despite still having a fairly constant and significantly higher moisture content than the initial moisture content before water application. These effects suggest that there are different mechanisms behind hydroexpansion than hygroexpansion of paper, and that hygroexpansion measurements should be extrapolated with caution when evaluating papers with respect to printability.
The industrially produced chemical pulps have lower strength properties than those obtained under laboratory conditions, and this difference is referred to as the strength delivery (SD) problem. In this study, the hypothesis was put forward that the SD could, at least in part, be accounted for by the supramolecular structure of the cellulose microfibrils of the fiber wall. To test the hypothesis, two bleached softwood kraft pulps (BSKP) were manufactured from the same starting material with different degrees of cellulose aggregation, but the pulps were otherwise as similar as possible in other controllable respects. The chemical and physical properties, including the pulp strength, were tested. A selective increase of the degree of cellulose microfibril aggregation resulted in a pulp with a decreased tear index (TI) at a specified tensile index, and this decrease was similar in magnitude to what is typically encountered in SD. Accordingly, the current experimental study succeeded in mimicking the SD problem. The lateral fibril aggregate dimensions (LFAD) seem to play a pivotal role and it can be safely concluded in general that the supramolecular structure of cellulose in the fibers may be an important factor contributing to the SD problem.
A new, robust method for measuring the average pore size of water-swollen, cellulose I rich fibres is presented. This method is based on the results of solid-state NMR, which measures the specific surface area (area/solids mass) of water-swollen samples, and of the fibre saturation point (FSP) method, which measures the pore volume (water mass/solids mass) of water-swollen samples. These results are suitable to combine since they are both recorded on water-swollen fibres in excess water, and neither requires the assumption of any particular pore geometry. The new method was used for three model samples and reasonable average pore size measurements were obtained for all of them. The structural characterization of water-swollen samples was compared with the dry structure of fibres as revealed using BET nitrogen gas adsorption after a liquid exchange procedure and careful drying. It was concluded that the structure of the water-swollen fibres sets an upper limit on what is obtainable in the dry state.
This study focuses on the effects of cellulose content and cellulose morphology on the structural and mechanical properties of PP/cellulose fibre composites. A detailed structural characterisation was performed, including SEM-BEI analysis of fibre spatial distribution and X-μCT analysis of fibre orientation. The results indicated that the fibres were well-dispersed and oriented mostly along the main direction of the PP/cellulose test specimen. Based on light microscopy it was found that the cellulose fibres acted as nucleators in the PP matrix. By use of DSC it was shown that addition of cellulose fibres increased both the crystallinity and Tc. The increased crystallinity is mainly a result of the transcrystallinity formation. The tensile properties of the composites were affected by the fibre dimensions and the fibre concentration. The long fibres yielded the highest increase of Young's modulus. Elongation at break was mostly affected by the fibre concentration. The results thus indicate that there is a major potential for improving the mechanical properties of fibre-reinforced composites, provided an adequate concentration of fibres is applied.
Suberin is a natural hydrophobic material that could be used to improve the water repellency of cellulose surfaces. It is also abundant in the outer bark of birch (Betula verrucosa); birch bark is a side-stream product in Scandinavia from the forest industry, which is generally burned for energy production. A suberin monomer, cis-9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid, was isolated from birch outer bark and polymerized via lipase (immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B). The resulting epoxy-activated polyester was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and size exclusion chromatography. Then the polyester was cured with tartaric or oxalic acid, and the crosslinked polyesters were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrophobic materials were prepared by compression molding of polyester-impregnated cellulose sheets, and the final products were characterized by FTIR, cross-polarization magic angle spinning 13C NMR, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The water contact angle was significantly increased from 0° for the original cellulose sheets to over 100° for the produced hydrophobic materials.
The biorefinery concept requires the development of value-added products, such as materials from biomass, including bark. Suberin is the most abundant component in birch (Betula verrucosa) outer bark and acts as a barrier against the penetration of water and external attacks from microorganisms. The aliphatic domain of suberin is rich in hydroxy fatty acids, such as cis-9,10-epoxy-18- hydroxyoctadecanoic acid. In this study, it was isolated from the outer bark of birch and polymerized to prepare polyepoxy acid (PEA), which was used to impregnate filter papers. After complete drying, PEA-loaded filter papers were placed under UV to crosslink the epoxides through cationic polymerization with a diaryliodonium salt as the photo-initiator. The crosslinking was evaluated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The materials obtained after UV curing showed substantially increased hydrophobicity, decreased moisture absorption, increased tensile strength, and increased ductility. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that the crosslinked PEA covered the surface of the cellulose fibers and filled the interstitial spaces.
First, the study chooses ten kinds of offset paper. By using a dynamic penetration analyzer (HVL-PDA) and water as test fluid, the dynamic absorption characteristics of the ten kinds of offset paper are measured. At the same time, proofs of offset printing patterns of these ten kinds of offset paper are made by using a printability tester. Then the depths of ink penetration in ten kinds of offset paper are measured by the Three-dimensional video microscopy system and the study analyzes the effect of paper dynamic absorption property on penetration depth of ink. The results of the analyses show that the penetration depth of ink is closely related to dynamic liquid absorption, thus the permeability of ink in offset paper can be predicted from the dynamic liquid absorption of offset paper.
In moving towards a cellulose-based society, interdisciplinary effort is required as it is at this interface that new ideas are found and can grow. New bio-based materials will play a key role but getting them into the marketplace is not always straightforward. Many options are available both for sourcing and for producing composite materials from wood-based cellulose and poly-lactic acid (PLA). Depending on how the material is processed, a multitude of properties can be generated. The main goal with this work was to attempt to reduce the research-To-market gap. This was done by testing a new way of working together where we bundled innovation-oriented projects and research-oriented projects around the theme of material experience. We then systematically worked with material demonstrators. In this article, we exemplify the results by focusing on one research-oriented project that did not at the outset have a market context and on one innovation-oriented project with clear market requirements. In addition to introducing a new concept in bundling research-oriented and innovation-oriented projects, this paper contributes several practical examples of what material demonstrators can do. We also present an application and analysis of Moultrie’s extended Science-Technology-Application-Market (STAM) model to analyze the material demonstrators and design phases of the bundled projects. We modified the proposed classification with different types of material demonstrators according to how close they are to an actual product segment. Designers and scientists worked together but with different emphasis in each phase.