Under de senaste åren har takten och ambitionsnivån i klimatarbetet höjts vilket bland annat resulterat i det internationella Parisavtalet och ett nationellt klimatmål - om att Sverige senast år 2045 inte ska ha några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären, för att därefter uppnå negativa utsläpp. För att nå dessa ambitiösa mål krävs omfattande samhällsförändringar inom alla sektorer inte minst industrin som i Sverige står för drygt 30% av växthusgasutsläpp. Framställning av järn- och stål,

cement, raffinaderiprodukter och kemikalier orsakar den största delen av dessa utsläpp. Under de senaste decennierna har olika åtgärder genomförts för att minska dessa utsläpp, men med undantag för pappers- och massaindustrin är växthusgas-utsläpp i stort sett på samma nivå som 1990. För att nå målen krävs en helt annan utveckling än vad som skett de senaste decennierna - mycket kraftiga utsläppsminskningar måste ske på mycket kort tid.

Regeringen har givit Energimyndigheten i Uppdrag att genomföra innovationsfrämjande insatser för att minska process-industrins utsläpp av växthusgaser (N2016/06369/IFK). Inom ramen för detta regeringsuppdrag har forskningsinstitutet RISE, Chalmers och Jönköpings Internationella Handelshögskola fått ett uppdrag som syftar till att ta fram ett kunskaps-underlag om hur staten och andra aktörer kan stimulera en omställning mot kraftigt minskade växthusgasutsläpp inom svensk processindustri. Resultatet av detta uppdrag presenteras i denna rapport och de mest centrala slutsatserna presenteras i denna sammanfattning.

Rapporten är avgränsad till analyser av de processindustrier som står för störst andel fossila växthusgasutsläpp i Sverige:

järn- och stålindustrin (i denna rapport benämnd stålindustrin), cementindustrin, raffinaderiindustrin och kemiindustrin. För varje industri analyseras några exempel på tekniska alternativ (i denna rapport kallade omställningsalternativ) som kan leda till en omställning i form av sänkta processutsläpp av fossila växthusgaser. Effektivare användning av material samt högre grad av cirkulära flöden, så som ökad återvinning och ökad återanvändning, kan bidra till att sänka utsläppen. För att ge underlag för en bredare reflektion kring denna typ av alternativ inkluderas även några exempel på detta i analyserna.

Analyserna i denna rapport utgår från ett sociotekniskt systemperspektiv på omställningar av industrier. Det innebär att teknisk förändring ses i ett större sammanhang, där tekniska system, aktörsstrukturer och institutioner utvecklas tillsammans i en iterativ process som kännetecknas av lärande och experimenterande men också betydande trögheter. Statens roll i sådana omställningsprocesser kan dels vara att stimulera teknisk utveckling i linje med samhällets långsiktiga mål (t.ex. hållbar utveckling), dels att låsa upp eller fasa ut etablerade strukturer för att ge plats för nya, mer önskvärda tekniker.

To mitigate climate change, a rapid and large-scale expansion of sustainable innovations such as renewable energy technologies is crucial. China's track record of wind power development shows both speed and scale that can provide valuable knowledge of how to stimulate and maintain transformation of energy systems. The growth was made possible partly by ample access to financial capital. However, the rapid growth also led to growing pains and made the industry face increasing financial constraints. While these constraints partly relate to structures and trends that are external to the wind power innovation system, they were also a consequence of the particular path taken in Chinese wind power development. The case demonstrates that if a full-fledged industry is to be developed and sustained, a balanced growth is required and all innovation system functions need due attention, sooner or later. Conceptually, the article contributes by further exploring how mobilisation of financial resources affect and is affected by overall system dynamics.

This Guide for Technological Innovation System (TIS) Analysis for Building-Integrated Photovoltaics offers hands-on support on theory and methods for those who want to analyse the innovation system for BIPV in their country. It describes the general process steps to perform a TIS analysis and the specific choices and methods used by Subtask A of IEA PVPS Task 15. In this way it allows for future TIS-analyses to be made in a comparable way to the national studies published by Task 15, either by covering new countries or by timely updates of the TIS in the same countries. Apart from being a guidebook for the analyser, this document can also be used as a template for a final TIS-analysis report – using the same (sub-)chapters, tables, and graphs. The initial definition of the common scope of the TIS studied consists of Building Integrated PV modules and systems as well as PV modules and systems for aesthetical integration. Where relevant, national studies can adjust or deepen the scope by separately analysing different market segments or by excluding certain sub-technologies or application types. The latter can be relevant for example due to cultural or historical reasons. Starting from the scope defined, this guide describes how to analyse and describe the structure of the TIS, through its actors, networks, and institutions (regulations, cultural norms, etc.). Based on that structure and the market situation, an assessment is to be made of the market development phase for BIPV in general or for different application types. Next, a development target should be defined so that the current TIS can be evaluated in relation to that target. The main part of the TIS-analysis is performed after defining the target, by analysing the performance of eight functions of the TIS: Knowledge development, Knowledge dissemination, Entrepreneurial experimentation, Resource mobilization, Development of social capital, Legitimation, Guidance of the search, and Market formation. The meaning of each function is explained and key indicators, as well as assessment questions, are listed. These indicators and questions assist the reader in her/his assessment of whether the function is sufficiently fulfilled for the TIS to achieve the set target. For those functions that are not fulfilling the target requirements, guidance is given on how to identify systemic problems that either relate to actors, institutions (hard and soft), interaction between actors, or to infrastructural deficits. Finally, the guide describes the need of, and some advice on how to arrive at recommendations for a possible overcoming of problems and weaknesses in order to reach the set target. Recommendations should address both industry actors and policy makers.

Community microgrids implemented in existing electricity grids can meet both development targets set out in the Paris agreement: 1. mitigate greenhouse gas emissions through increased implementation of renewable energy sources, and 2. to adapt to climate related disturbances and risk of catastrophes. Community microgrids are, however, complex to implement and institutional change is needed to reach their full potential. The purpose of this article is to review existing literature and analyze institutional developments influencing the growth of community microgrids. The literature describes a concentration of microgrid activities in specific regions: USA, EU, Asia and Australia. Varying reasons for implementing community microgrids were found in the different regions but similar institutional developments occurred, albeit with differing emphasis due to contextual specificities. Formal directions do however influence informal institutions even though their aims differ. Power utilities stand out as a critical actor and both formal and informal institutions put pressure on utilities to update their traditional business models. This article illustrates how informal and formal institutions play a significant role in the growth of community microgrids in existing electricity grids and provide interesting examples which can be utilized by policymakers. Microgrid development is still in a formative phase and further institutional change in the form of updated regulations is needed. © 2020 The Authors

To increase sustainability in future energy systems, both technical and social measures must be taken. Microgrid communities offer local balancing of supply and demand, while also integrating the community as an active part of the energy system. This study investigates two cases of microgrid communities; how they were realized and what wider effects they offered its communities and other stakeholders. The study shows that the microgrid collaboration between community and utility offers a new organizational division that can overcome the traditional locked-in position of the utility. This brings forward communities as system-active participants and a sustainably beneficial energy system for the future. © 2022 The Author(s)

Background: Solar photovoltaic (PV) plants can contribute to the transformation of the electricity system in Sweden not only by adding capacity, but also by forming new decentralized ownership structures and involving new actors. This article focuses on solar PV plants on larger buildings, which represent a significant share of the installed capacity (although the total capacity is still very low in Sweden) and which have a good future potential. We are interested in the reasons owners of large buildings have for investing in solar PV plants, despite the fact that they face a complex regulatory situation. The aim of this paper is, therefore, to identify added values from solar PV plants for large buildings and to see how these values contribute to the ongoing expansion of the solar PV niche in Sweden. We use sustainability transitions as the theoretical point of departure and focus particularly on the role of values in an expanding niche. Data was collected via 15 semi-structured interviews, mainly with large building owners. It provides an interesting empirical case of the pioneers within the actor group of large building owners who potentially can play an important role in the expansion of solar PV technology in Sweden. Theoretically, the article contributes to the sustainable transition research field by demonstrating how values are developed and affect the niche-regime interplay. Results: The findings demonstrate that owning a solar PV plant adds values such as sustainability, fair cost, and induced innovativeness. These values have an effect on niche expansion by contributing for example to the development of a social network, new role development, positive niche narrative, and niche empowerment. Conclusions: We conclude that the broad set of values added by solar PV plants on large buildings increases the desire and enhances the positive experience to take on a new role development. Furthermore, we conclude that added values contribute to developing a social identity which is important when expanding the social network around the niche. Finally, we conclude that added values shape the positive niche narrative among niche advocates and give direction for policy development related to the niche. © 2020 The Author(s).

Priset på solceller har stadigt minskat under senare år, samtidigt som effektiviteten har ökat. Alltfler, både privatpersoner och företag, väljer att investera i solcellsanläggningar. Drivkrafterna för att genomföra en installation är många och varierande, men vägen mot beslut är inte alltid enkel. Denna handbok riktar sig främst mot fastighetsägare till bostadsfastigheter och lokalfastigheter samt bostadsrättsföreningar. Syftet är att stödja dessa aktörsgrupper inför beslut om en eventuell solcellsinstallation. Innehållet i handboken bygger på resultat från workshops och intervjuer med representanter från de olika grupperna.

Handboken beskriver möjliga affärsmodeller för solel uppdelat på de olika aktörsgrupperna, men även såväl ekonomiska som icke-ekonomiska nyttor med att installera en solelanläggning. Tre huvudtyper av affärsmodell presenteras:

- Fastighetsägaren investerar och äger solcellsanläggningen.

- Anläggningen leasas från ett leasingbolag, med eller utan avbetalning.

- Fastighetsägaren upplåter takytor till en annan aktör som investerar i solceller.

Affärsmodellsbeskrivningarna inkluderar ägarförhållanden, lönsamhet, hur den producerade solelen kan användas samt för- och nackdelar med modellen. Styrmedel i form av regler, stöd och ersättningar kan dessutom påverka både anläggningens storlek och dess lönsamhet. Aktuella regler beskrivs i handboken. Eftersom solelmarknaden och regelverk är i ständig förändring bör man alltid kontrollera vad som gäller inför en installation. I slutet på

handboken finns därför tips på vidare läsning och relevanta myndigheter.