The basic requirements for transport of dangerous gods are that a packaging shall be able to withstand certain mechanical and chemical stresses, as stated in SRVFS 2006:7. The requirements shall guarantee a reasonable level of protection for both humans and environment and is intended to create a system taking into account different types of substances and packaging. Principles for classification, packing requirements, testing procedures shall be simple and clear and guarantee that a minimum level of safety can be achieved without advanced technical equipment and expertise. No requirements concerning test temperatures are given in the regulations but in the standard SS-EN-ISO 16104:2003 “Packaging – Transport packaging for dangerous goods – Test Methods” the internal hydraulic pressure test, for plastics drums, jerricans and composite packaging, shall be performed at a temperature of +12 °C, otherwise the internal test pressure shall be adjusted with a pressurization factor corresponding to the temperatures used in the test. At temperatures below +12 +/- 2 °C the test pressure is increased and if the temperature is higher the pressure is lowered. Correction factors exist from +2 °C to +20 °C, and for all temperatures above +20 °C the correction factor is the same as for +20 °C. Neither ADR, IMDG-code, ICAO-TI or the UN-recommendations recommend any test temperature. The aim with this project was to perform internal pressure test at different water temperatures. Three jerricans of each type were tested at the following temperatures: +3, +20, +40 and +55 °C. As can be seen in the test results the burst pressure decreases substantially with rising temperature. For jerrican A the burst pressure is reduced from 234 kPa at +3 °C to 175 kPa at +20 °C, 151 kPa at 40 °C and 114 kPa at +55 °C. At +55 °C the burst pressure is reduced to less than half what it was at +3 °C. Jerrican B is also reduced from 545 kPA at +3 °C to 226 kPa at +55 °C while jerrican C is only reduced from 185 kPa to 136 kPa in the same temperature interval. The gradient of the correction factor in table 3 in EN ISO 16104:2003 correspond very well with gradient of the tested jerricans in the temperature span between +2 °C and +20 °C. All jerricans were made of PE. The pressure/temperature curves show a linear gradient but indicates that the gradient can differ between different materials. Jerrican A and B are produced by the same manufacturer in the same material and show corresponding behaviour, also corresponding to the correction factors in the standard. Jerrican C is produced by another manufacturer and does not show such significant reduction of burst pressure at higher temperatures.

Detta projekt syftar till vidareutveckling av en uppfinning som har potential att väsentligen förenkla och effektivisera ett arbetsmoment, att lyfta av och på utåtgående sidohängda fönster, som är ett välkänt arbetsmiljöproblem. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att verktyget har utvecklingsmöjligheter och att radikalt minskar de ergonomiska problemen och att användningen kan ge goda möjligheter att effektivisera arbetet. Verktyget måste betraktas som ett lyftredskap och omfattas av därför av ett regelverk som innebär att vissa kriterier måste uppfyllas. Undersökningar i detta projekt visar att verktyget uppfyller de formella krav som ställs på det. Undersökningen visar också att det fungerar på avsett sätt dvs för att lyfta ur och sätta tillbaka utåtgående sidohängda fönster. Verktyget har provats av branschfolk som varit positiva till lösningen men bedömt den som svår att använda beroende på att den består av för många delar och att det är en stor förändring jämför med dagens arbetssätt med två man i arbetslaget. Med hänsyn tagen till de synpunkter som kommit från branschfolk i detta projekt är ett naturligt nästa steg att förenkla och anpassa verktyget till ett tvåmansverktyg. Verktyget blir då mer lättanvänt för ett arbetslag på två personer. Tillverkningskostnaden blir dessutom lägre för det anpassade verktyget. Om den förenklade lösningen får ett genomslag på marknaden innebär detta att företaget kommer igång med försäljning och produktion. I ett senare skede kan företaget vidareutveckla och marknadsintroducera det enmans-verktyg som var ursprunget till detta projekt och som fortfarande bedöms vara den allra effektivaste lösningen för arbetsmomentet att lyfta av och på fönster.

Development of materials and laying techniques have arisen the question how scratches and indentations in plastics pipes affect the strength and technical lifetime of pipelines. Scratches may occur both in the manufacturing of the pipes, in connection with the installation and subsequent maintenance. The problems in assessing the failure risk from scratches and indentations are similar for pipes used in gas and water distribution and in district heating applications. Therefore, a broad effort to identify the risks in relation to current pipe materials is technically and economically justified. The project has aimed to evaluate the effect of scratches and indentations on the technical lifetime of plastics pipes and to present criteria for maximum allowable depth of scratches and indentations. The study on pressure pipes focused on the conditions for scratched polyethylene pipes to achieve a lifetime of 50 years. It is noted that a scratch damage can not be judged solely on the basis of its depth and sharpness. To assess the impact of the scratch on the serviceability of the pipe, consideration must also be taken to the material from which the pipe was made and the safety factor used in the design. Extensive pressure tests show that pipes made of modern materials can withstand surface scratches to a higher degree than pipes of older materials. For pipes made of modern bimodal PE80 and PE100 materials, scratches up to 10% depth may be accepted without reduction of rated pressure. However, for pipes of older material, a reduction in pressure may be required already at smaller scratches. The study also indicates that for the same relative scratch depth, a greater reduction in pressure is required with increasing pipe dimension. The study on the non pressure pipes shows that the studied polypropylene pipes resist both deep scratches combined with ovalization and large indentations without any cracks penetrating the pipe wall. However, the extent and development of crazing and surface cracking vary with scratch depth, deformation level and material. The test pipes were subjected to extreme conditions very rarely or never occurring in practice. This suggests that small scratches at moderate ovalization and realistic indentations in temperatures around room temperature do not affect the lifetime of the pipes. One objective of the project was to develop a method for the evaluation of the scratch resistance of a pipe. In the proposed test method the force needed to produce a specified scratch is measured. This force is used as a relative measure of the scratch resistance of a pipe material when compared to other materials. In order to assess to what extent a scratch affects the lifetime of the pipe, the depth of the scratch must be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Since the scratch in many cases is found on existing pipelines the method must be suited for field use. To achieve that a simple instrument for scratch depth measurements was made and evaluated.

Development of materials and laying techniques have arisen the question how scratches and indentations in plastics pipes affect the strength and technical lifetime of pipelines. Scratches may occur both in the manufacturing of the pipes, in connection with the installation and subsequent maintenance. The problems in assessing the failure risk from scratches and indentations are similar for pipes used in gas and water distribution and in district heating applications. Therefore, a broad effort to identify the risks in relation to current pipe materials is technically and economically justified. The project has aimed to evaluate the effect of scratches and indentations on the technical lifetime of plastics pipes and to present criteria for maximum allowable depth of scratches and indentations. The study on pressure pipes focused on the conditions for scratched polyethylene pipes to achieve a lifetime of 50 years. It is noted that a scratch damage can not be judged solely on the basis of its depth and sharpness. To assess the impact of the scratch on the serviceability of the pipe, consideration must also be taken to the material from which the pipe was made and the safety factor used in the design. Extensive pressure tests show that pipes made of modern materials can withstand surface scratches to a higher degree than pipes of older materials. For pipes made of modern bimodal PE80 and PE100 materials, scratches up to 10% depth may be accepted without reduction of rated pressure. However, for pipes of older material, a reduction in pressure may be required already at smaller scratches. The study also indicates that for the same relative scratch depth, a greater reduction in pressure is required with increasing pipe dimension. The study on the non pressure pipes shows that the studied polypropylene pipes resist both deep scratches combined with ovalization and large indentations without any cracks penetrating the pipe wall. However, the extent and development of crazing and surface cracking vary with scratch depth, deformation level and material. The test pipes were subjected to extreme conditions very rarely or never occurring in practice. This suggests that small scratches at moderate ovalization and realistic indentations in temperatures around room temperature do not affect the lifetime of the pipes. One objective of the project was to develop a method for the evaluation of the scratch resistance of a pipe. In the proposed test method the force needed to produce a specified scratch is measured. This force is used as a relative measure of the scratch resistance of a pipe material when compared to other materials. In order to assess to what extent a scratch affects the lifetime of the pipe, the depth of the scratch must be estimated with reasonable accuracy. Since the scratch in many cases is found on existing pipelines the method must be suited for field use. To achieve that a simple instrument for scratch depth measurements was made and evaluated.

Fatigue endurance assessments of welded details are normally carried out by calculating the relevant stress acting on the detail and identifying a relevant fatigue class (or detail category) with its associated S-N curve. The fatigue strength of most structural details incorporated in design codes has been obtained from fatigue tests conducted under uni-axial loading conditions, which normally result in a uni-axial stress state in the detail. Many of the structural details that exist in fatigue-loaded structures experience some kind of multi-axial loading condition. The subject of the fatigue strength of welded details under multi-axial loads has been the topic of numerous research projects in recent years. The vast majority of these projects were, however, devoted to cracking in the base metal (i.e. toe cracking). Very little has been done with reference to the cracking of fillet welds in combined loading situations (i.e. root cracking). This paper presents new test results from cruciform specimens, in which weld failure initiated at the root in a multi-axial stress state. The tests have been performed at two different load levels and on three different specimen configurations giving different τ/σ ratios. This permitted an examination of the effect of the shear to normal stress ratio on the fatigue strength of fillet welds. The results of these tests, together with other relevant tests reported in the literature, are then evaluated in relation to the design models proposed in three design standards: Eurocode, IIW and DNV. No obvious dependence on the τ/σ ratios could be found. The evaluated models all appear to be able to predict the fatigue life of a cruciform weld failing from the root under combined shear and normal stress.

Med säkerhetshållare menas av SvRF godkända bomhållare för hopphinder för ridsport. Resultat från här fastställd provningsmetod utgör beslutsunderlag för SvRF:s godkännande av säkerhetshållare. Provningsmetoden är framtagen enligt anvisningar från SvRF. Detta är en revision av en tidigare upplaga (1997:41).

In this study four compacted graphite irons (CGIs) and one grey cast iron (FGI) were produced and tested in the laboratory. The molybdenum content of the four CGI grades was varied between 0 and 1·01 wt-%. The purpose of the investigations was to examine the effect of the different molybdenum contents of the CGI on the thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) behaviour. The TMF tests were performed by cycling a constrained specimen between 110 and 600°C. For every material three tests were performed on specimens machined from a Ø20 mm cylinder. Other tests were performed on specimens machined from Ø55 mm and Ø85 mm cylinders respectively. The tests showed that additions of molybdenum improved the fatigue resistance of CGI. It was observed that additions of molybdenum refined the pearlite and that the specimens with a finer metallic matrix had a higher TMF resistance.

In a modern society children are exposed to many different hazards. Different types of safety barriers are often used to protect children from life-endangering accidents such as falling from great heights or falling into swimming pools. Children have a natural curiosity and climbing is a natural behaviour for them. They can and will climb objects in their environment and as they grow older their climbing ability improves. This study focuses on children’s ability to climb barriers and the barrier’s effectiveness for children of ages 4 to 6 years. The aim of the study is to obtain complementary knowledge as input to revised standards and recommendations in Europe in order to improve child safety in the built environment. An experimental study of child safety barriers has been carried out with 157 participating children in the ages 4-6 years. The relatively large sample size is necessary because there is a considerable variation in both mental and physical abilities in the age groups considered. The designs of the barriers used in the study have been chosen based on a literature survey. In this limited study it has been considered necessary to focus on a few archetype barriers, which are considered most effective, and to vary properties of these within the limits which can be accepted from economic and aesthetic points of view. Since the most able children in the age groups studied can climb such barriers, barriers must be seen as a method of increasing the time for children to enter a dangerous area rather than as providing complete safety. Hence, the time it takes for a successful climb is a relevant parameter to study. The results show that simple barriers with vertical bars or solid panels and heights 1.1 m – 1.2 m can be climbed by around half the children within 30 seconds also in the lower age groups, and that the difference in height is not very significant. The most effective barrier in this study is the one which is inclined towards the climber.

Tube and coupler scaffolds - Evaluation of typeconfigurations

Tube and coupler scaffolds are frequently used as facade scaffolds. The design and stability of the scaffold is of great importance for the safety of the workers using the scaffold. According to Swedish regulation, facade scaffolds made of prefabricated elements have to be subjected to type examination. This requirement does not include tube and coupler scaffolds. Instead, these are to be designed in accordance with type-configurations given in the Swedish code or by using the same principles as in these configurations. However, these type-configurations are old-fashioned and do not fulfil modern requirements regarding design and safety of work. The aim of this project was to prepare new type-configurations for tube and coupler scaffolds using European standards for design of facade scaffolds. Finite element analyses have been used to evaluate the load carrying capacity of different scaffold configurations. The result of this project may be used as a basis for revision of the type-configurations for tube and coupler scaffolds in the Swedish code.

Fire can reduce the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures. A new innovative method, Optical Deformation Measurement, can be used to determine how far into the concrete damage has penetrated. The method involves measurements on test cores from the damaged structure.

Assessing the remaining service life is vital for the planning of maintenance of concrete constructions in aggressive environments. Here we present results from testing of two concrete piles affected by sulphate attack in marine environment. A multi-method approach going from micro scale to structural level has been applied. The crack propagation was monitored during loading by means of DIC and AE. After the test crack patterns was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, non-linear finite element analysis at the structural level was used to study the influence of the chemical attack on the response of concrete piles.

Today, no general design method for shear strength capacity of RC beams can predict the failure load with a high degree of accuracy. The failure load between two beams cast from the same batch may vary as much as 30 percent. This project aims at investigating factors affecting the shear strength capacity based on an understanding of micro and meso scale material properties. Tests were performed on beams with two different types of aggregate and two different w/c. The crack propagation was monitored during the loading by means of DIC and AE. The results show that the use of natural aggregates or crushed aggregates as finer fractions strongly affect the shear strength capacity. From direct shear tests it was found that the scatter of the shear strength was much higher for the specimens with natural aggregates compared with crushed aggregates. The same tendency was found for the shear crack initiation load for the RC beams. The percentage of fractures propagating through aggregate, paste and the ITZ varied with w/c, type of aggregate and type of failure. Microscopy in combination with DIC and AE measurements makes it possible to determine at what stage different cracks have been formed and their relation to the micro structure.

The main reason for the thickness of a concrete sandwich element is the requirement for the protective concrete cover for the steel reinforcement. By changing the steel reinforcement to non-corrosive textile fibre net this requirement could be strongly reduced. Use of textile reinforced concrete (TRC) makes it possible to produce much thinner and slimmer concrete facades in the future without changing their mechanical properties. This article presents selected results from Tekocrete project (Formas-BIC) concerning pilot production, modelling and full-scale testing of new light weight sandwich elements reinforced with AR glass and carbon fibre nets.

The use of composite superstructures on current or newly built steel hulls is a recently emerged technology. The economic estimations predict that the extra costs for putting composite superstructures, with the present safety margins, on steel ships will be paid back in only 2-3 years. This also makes the ships having smaller ecological footprints with less fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. In this stage of development it is needed to ensure the durability of the joints between the steel and glass fiber reinforced plastic. The first step is that the joints must first be proven to withstand fatigue. In this test a 4-meter beam, which represents the joint, were investigated for fatigue progression by a four-point-bending fatigue test. In order to show that ultrasonic material monitoring techniques can be used to monitor the damage progression, the beam was measured during the tests until failure. The test was successful both in showing that the joint could withstand high levels of mechanical exposure, and in that the ultrasonic techniques accompanied the damage progression which means that they may be used on vessels during operation.

A round-robin investigation has been performed, where stress analysts from eight different organisations carried out a total of 11 predictions of the expected fatigue limit of a diametrically loaded cast ring subjected to fluctuating tensile or compressive loading. Whereas geometry, load parameters, and type and quality of material (spheroidal graphite cast iron EN-GJS-600-3) had been prescribed, the participants were free to use computational tools and models, and fatigue assessment models and data of their own choice. The objectives of the investigation were to compare the 11 predictions (i) among themselves, and (ii) with a posteriori experimental fatigue limits determined by means of stair-case testing. The fatigue limit predictions showed coefficients of variation of as large as 25%. Even for a group of analysts from a single organisation, the coefficients variation were around 15%. Fatigue tests gave mean fatigue limits 60% (tensile loading) and 30% (compressive loading) above the a priori predictions. Possible reasons for the large deviations between single predictions and for their conservatism have been proposed. It seems that design engineers (i) make use of the available room for interpretation of models and data, and (ii) have an unconscious tendency to make conservative assumptions. Only if models and data for fatigue assessment are prescribed in great detail, can the ‘scatter’ among fatigue limit predictions be expected to decrease below 15–25%. Improved ‘absolute’ predictions would require more accurate fatigue data.