System of systems (SoS) are intended to solve problems, provide more effective services, and enable greater collaborative behaviour. For SoS operating within the mobility domain, where the usefulness of the SoS solution largely depends on how many people will use the SoS, it is necessary to consider if there are potential gender aspects of the user that may negatively impact the SoS usefulness. In this study, we present the results from a literature survey on gender aspects of the usage of new mobility solutions and use this to present a conceptual model for how gender affects SoS mobility usage and how SoS stakeholders can act to impact this influence.The literature survey identified several gender aspects of using new mobility solutions. These aspects can significantly impact the usefulness and utilisation of SoS within the mobility domain. The conceptual model developed from the survey findings highlights the importance of considering gender in SoS mobility usage. By understanding how gender influences the usage of such SoS, stakeholders can take action to address any potential negative impacts. This model provides a framework for designing more inclusive and user-friendly SoS solutions that cater to the needs and preferences of all users, regardless of gender. 

In this report we describe results from the work on business case analysis of the Sweden for Platooning (S4P) project. Platooning has the potential to contribute to the on-going transformation of the transport sector by reducing environmental impact, saving fuel, as well as (to a lesser extent) by improving traffic flow and safety and in the long run reducing driver hours. In order to fulfil these promises, it must be shown that there are viable business cases for all involved actors. This report describes the analysis of truck platooning business cases performed in the S4P project.

Some of the main findings are that there is a significant potential for reducing fuel consumption and hence CO2 exhaust through platooning; that waiting on the order of minutes for a platooning opportunity is reasonable but that taking another route is probably not; that it is necessary to have mediating services that help platoons to form and share the costs and benefits associated with platooning; and that there are different possible ways of implementing a system for sharing the benefits.

Systems-of-systems are designed to provide a capability that their constituent systems cannot achieve individually. A key property is that the constituent systems have some degree of operational and managerial independence. The concepts of capability and independence are thus central to the field of systems-of-systems. Yet the contemporary literature and standards only give vague definitions of these terms. This vagueness is a barrier to progress in the field, and this paper aims at contributing with a more detailed conceptualization. It describes a system capability as a state-transforming process that uses certain resources. Independence means that the system has a choice about when and how its capabilities should be activated. This requires that the system is an intelligent agent with a notion of utility, a perception of the world around it, and a decision-making capability. When given a mission, the system can complete that mission by activating appropriate combinations of capabilities. A system-of-systems can decompose its mission into parts that correspond to the capabilities of various constituent systems.

T.AI.TRÄ-projektet syftade till att förbättra hantering och inventering av träd inom kommunal verksamhet genom AI och ML-teknik. Genom att använda AI-drivna system kan man automatisera och effektivisera arbetsprocesser som tidigare har varit resurskrävande och tidsödande. Projektet hade särskilt fokus på att utveckla ett digital AI-baserat verktyg som samlar in, analyserar och visualiserar träddata från olika kommunala (redan befintliga) datakällor. Genom att implementera denna lösning i Trollhättans Stads kommunala verksamhet, kan man på ett mer effektivt sätt hantera stadens trädbestånd. Den nya tekniken ger också möjlighet att bättre förstå trädens ekologiska värde samt deras påverkan på stadsmiljön och klimatet. Projektet har inneburit ett nära samarbete mellan olika experter, inklusive AI-utvecklare, GIS-ingenjörer, forskare och domänexperter inom ekologi och stadsplanering. Dessutom har vi arbetat med att säkerställa att data som används och delas inom projektet är tillförlitlig och följer gällande lagstiftning, vilket är särskilt viktigt när man hanterar potensiellt känslig information. En annan viktig aspekt av T.AI.TRÄ-projektet var att främja organisatoriskt lärande inom Trollhättans Stad. Genom att introducera AI och nya digitala verktyg har personalen fått möjlighet att utveckla sin tekniska kompetens och förståelse för hur AI kan användas för att stödja och förbättra beslut inom stadsplanering och miljöförvaltning. Detta lärande har inte bara stärkt kommunens kapacitet att hantera träd på ett effektivt sätt, utan också lagt grunden för framtida AI-baserade projekt inom andra områden. Genom kontinuerlig utbildning och erfarenhetsutbyte har kommunen byggt upp en värdefull kunskapsbas som kan användas för att optimera verksamheten och anpassa sig till framtidens utmaningar. Genom att kombinera teknisk innovation med djupgående kunskap om trädens roll i vår miljö, hoppas vi slutligen att detta projekt kommer att bidra till en mer hållbar och effektiv trädhantering i framtiden.

A socio-technical system of systems (SoS) is a collaboration of independently operated and managed systems. These constituent systems join the SoS to work together for a common goal: to achieve positive emergent behaviors such as greater capability, efficiency, resource utilization, reliability, and robustness. To achieve such a goal, an SoS needs to be well-managed with mitigation plans for all system risks. However, existing risk management strategies were developed for individual, non-integrated systems and are therefore inadequate for use with SoS. This paper uses the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden as a case study for exploring risk analysis for SoS management. We performed a risk analysis of this SoS based on STAMP (System-Theoretical Accident Model and Processes), an existing method from the safety domain, as part of developing a preliminary risk analysis process for practitioners. Preliminary results reveal that extended SoS structures, uncertainty-driven decision-making, emerging behavior, and changes in trust, policy, and legislation pose significant challenges. The study’s contribution is that our findings provide a knowledge base to act as a guide for risk management of SoS. Applying a method for safety analysis to crisis management also extends the body of knowledge on methods for SoS risk analysis. 

Managing a system can be critical for its successful functioning. This is especially crucial for the socio-technical systems of systems (SoS) that characterize many of modern society’s critical operations. However, the management of SoS becomes complex as systems are increasingly interconnected and the dependence among connected systems intensifies. This paper explores the current state of the art on SoS management and governance from a risk management perspective. Our findings show a higher focus on SoS management; however, many studies do not holistically deal with the SoS. Moreover, our findings indicate fewer studies in SoS governance. Hence there is still a research gap. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by adding insight into how risk management fits in these domains and provides direction on the possible areas of mitigating risks.

Crisis management (CM) is facing new challenges due to the increasing complexity of contemporary society. To mitigate a crisis, it is often necessary for a collection of independent systems, people, and organizations to cooperate. These collaborating entities constitute an interconnected socio-technical system of systems (SoS). An important question is how a CM SoS should be constructed to minimize the risk of failure and accurately handle a crisis. SoS pose new challenges in analysing risk during interactions. This paper investigates whether the risk analysis method STAMP (System-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes) is suitable for SoS, using a forest fire rescue operation case study. Results show characteristics of various risk sources and identify some SoS characteristics, such as dynamic structure and latent risks, that are not sufficiently handled in STAMP. The study further contributes to the body of knowledge by presenting potential directions for research on SoS risk assessment methods.

Systems of systems engineering is aimed at developing solutions that provide the capability to fulfil a need that cannot be met by an integrated system. In many SoS, there is a need to solve several tasks at the same time. Each set of constituent systems that collaborate to solve such a task is a constellation. In this paper, we discuss the process of forming such constellations. We focus on collaborative systems of systems and describe conceptual models for the formation of constellations. 

A collaborative system of systems (SoS) is formed when independent organizations decide to cooperate to achieve mutual benefits, while retaining independence of their respective systems. Each constituent system (CS) of the SoS has a set of capabilities, some of which they agree to potentially use in active collaboration with others. Such an active collaboration is called a constellation and can be seen as an instantiation of the SoS which is created to provide a joint capability. Constellations are thus the working-horses of the SoS, but due to the operational independence of the CS, they have a choice whether to join a certain constellation or not. This paper discusses the reasoning and world model that is necessary for a CS to make well-informed decisions to join and leave constellations. We argue that it is necessary for the CS to understand not only the surrounding environment, but also to have models of other CS’ world models as well as of their probable future actions. It must be possible to predict whether other participants will uphold their parts of the collaboration or may defect from it to join another more rewarding constellation despite the agreements made when joining the SoS. The reasoning in the paper is illustrated using examples from two different collaborative SoS in the transportation domain.

The constituent systems (CS) that together form a system of systems (SoS) have a continuous need to assess situations and make decisions. In addition to operating in the environment, they also need to decide upon their status in the system of systems and be aware of their relations to constellations in the system of systems. To be able to make the best possible decisions, the constituent systems need to have an accurate situation awareness, i. e., an understanding of the environment they are in, what other elements are present therein and how this will develop in the future. In this paper we present an analysis of the situation awareness needs of a constituent system in different stages of its life-cycle: ignorant of the SoS; prepared forjoining the SoS; a passive CS; an active CS. A conclusion is that CS need to have world models that include information about other objects. Examples from the truck platooning application are given.

The transport system is a large system of systems which currently faces challenges because of the climate-change-induced need to decrease the use of fossil fuels. The aim of mitigating climate change is realized in many parts of the transport system, concurrently and at high pace, which brings with it many challenges for the resilience of the system. By resilience, we mean the ability of a system to adapt due to disruptions and surprises. There are numerous links between the different systems that form the transport system and the actors responsible for available choices in the system of systems need to be identified. The aim of this paper is to identify requirements for developing a method for increasing resilience in the transport system. In this study a description of the electrified goods transport system as a system of systems is developed through a combination of researchers from different areas and discussions with experts mainly in the field of transport and governance. The resulting system of systems is presented in the paper together with a list of measures that will aid the development of a resilient electrified goods transport system. The measures are divided into technology, organisation and behaviour.

We describe the AI-ARC (Artificial Intelligence-based Virtual Control Room for the Arctic) system, which aims to enhance maritime domain awareness and surveillance. The system is micro-service based and fuses data from various sources, utilizing AI-driven micro-services and an advanced visualization platform to increase the situation awareness of maritime surveillance operators. The results of the Baltic sea demonstration, aiding in the detection of illegal activities, environmental protection, are presented. The system was evaluated using historical data from real criminal incidents. The resultsshow that the AI-ARC approach could help increase the situation awareness of law enforcement operators. 

Systems of systems consist of independently owned, operated, and developed constituent systems that work together for mutual benefit. Co-opetitive systems of systems consist of constituent systems that in addition also compete. In this paper, we focus on quality requirement engineering for a constituent systems developer in such SoS. We discuss the needs and requirements of a structured quality requirements engineering process, with examples taken from the transportation domain, and find that there is a need for mediators and agreements between constituent systems developers to enable quality data exchange. 

Systems of systems arise when independently owned, operated and developed systems can achieve mutual benefits by working together. In collaborative systems of systems, there is no directing entity that instructs others how and when to collaborate. Instead, the collaboration relies on independent decisions by the constituent systems to form collaborating constellations, and the benefits are emergent properties of this. In this paper, we describe a design method for engineering collaborative systems of systems. We apply the method to the design of a collaborative system of systems for mobility in a rural setting close to an urban area and to truck platooning.

Denna rapport redovisar för hur den digitala resiliensen ser ut inom den svenska transportsektorn, med fokus på hur digitala system används, påverkar och skyddar sektorns funktioner. Rapporten är den tredje delen i en serie om digital resiliens i olika samhällssektorer.

Transportsektorn är en av de mest reglerade sektorerna i Sverige, med omfattande ansvar för att säkerställa tillgänglighet och säkerhet i transporter av människor och varor. Sektorn är också idag beroende av digitala system för bland annat trafikledning, navigering, schemaläggning och logistikhantering. System som möjliggör effektivisering och kvalité men som också kan innebära nya utmaningar kopplade till digital säkerhet och sårbarhet.

I rapporten går det att ta del av vikten av digital resiliens, förmågan hos digitala system att motstå, hantera och återhämta sig från störningar, för att upprätthålla sektorns funktionalitet även vid cyberattacker, tekniska fel eller andra typer av avbrott. Genom att analysera aktuella händelser, såsom ransomware-attacker och överbelastningsattacker mot transportsektorn, synliggör rapporten betydelsen av att bygga robusta och pålitliga digitala system. Transportsektorns digitalisering erbjuder möjligheter till innovation, såsom självkörande fordon, automatiserade logistiklösningar och nya säkerhetssystem. Samtidigt ökar kraven på säkerhet, vilket ställer sektorn inför utmaningar som beroende av utländsk teknik, brist på digital mognad, konservativa kulturer och komplexa regelverk för att nämna några.

Rapporten presenterar konkreta åtgärdsförslag för att stärka den digitala resiliensen. Vilka inkluderar exempelvis ökat samarbete mellan aktörer inom och utanför sektorn, satsningar på redundanta system och backup-lösningar, och kontinuerlig kompetensutveckling för att förbättra säkerhetsarbetet. Vidare föreslås även införandet av säkra testmiljöer, prioritering i upphandlingar och tydliga ansvarsfördelningar.

En samlad strategi för sektorn, som inkluderar långsiktiga investeringar i forskning och innovation, anses nödvändig för att säkerställa ett hållbart och säkert transportsystem. Genom att kombinera teknisk utveckling med strukturerade säkerhetsinsatser och ökat samarbete kan transportsektorn stärka sin förmåga att hantera framtida digitala risker och säkra sin samhällsviktiga funktion.