Transport accounts for a large share of global green-house gas emissions. Research efforts are being made to identify, develop, and test new types of resource efficient solutions that meet peoples’ mobility needs. A growing trend within this realm is so called shared mobility services – such as car-sharing, bicycle rental, and ride-sourcing – which is expected to have the potential to complement and strengthen public transport and support less car-centric lifestyles. Shared mobility has become an integral part of the dominant discourse around the future of transport (autonomous-connected-electric-shared), and although their modal shares still are minor, recent years have seen significant growth of shared mobility services.

However, eforts to develop shared mobility services have predominantly been made in urban areas where the services are expected to have greater impact on green-house gas reduction. Further, most research on shared mobility has focused on urban areas . Consequently, there is a lack of empirical research on how shared mobility services can be organized in rural areas, and what effects they can have on aspects such as of car ownership, green-house gas emissions, and quality of life.

The KomILand project set out to address these knowledge gaps by developing and testing the KomILand concept – a regional Mobility-as-a-Service platform that enable rural dwellers to put together shared mobility service offerings that are tailored to the specific needs of their communities. An initial pre-study (2017-2018) paved the way for a trial of the concept by identifying suitable rural towns, likely user groups and their demands, key service components, and possible business models. Subsequently, the ongoing trial phase of the project (2019-2021) aims to develop a functional prototype and to test it in collaboration with civic associations in three rural towns with 800-900 inhabitants in Västra Götaland in West Sweden.

In the following, this extended abstract first presents key findings from the pre-study. Thereafter, a few insights from the ongoing trial are provided prior to a concluding discussion on possible pathways for the journey from a temporary, small-scale trial towards a region-wide and continuous operation.

Electric cargo (e-cargo) bikes have superior carrying capacity compared to conventional bicycles. Consequently, both scholars and policymakers have proposed that e-cargo bikes might be the answer to realizing car-free living. This study aims to identify their potential to replace car-use from the user’s, the manufacturer’s and the city’s perspective. Two versions of an e-cargo bike concept, equipped with weather protection, were field tested across four professional organizations in Gothenburg, Sweden. In short, the data show that the demonstrated e-cargo bikes can replace certain car travel. Still, this modal shift seems contingent to strong organizational and managerial support.

Kombinerad mobilitet, Mobilitet som tjänst, Mobility as a Service (MaaS), integrerade mobilitetstjänster. Företeelsen har många namn, och många forskare, entreprenörer, innovatörer och konsulter som ägnat mycket tid åt den utifrån olika perspektiv. En del hävdar att det finns fler som studerar kombinerad mobilitet än faktiska användare. Det är dock en av de frågor vi inte adresserat i KOMPIS – alltså hur många som studerar kombinerad mobilitet. 

Flera av oss som varit delaktiga i projektet KOMPIS, allt från forskare, finansiärer och entreprenörer – har varit med på denna resa sedan långt före begreppet MaaS stadfästes i Finland . I Sverige startade den resan egentligen med ett förstudieprojekt 2011 som finansierades av Västra Götalandsregionen och leddes av Hans Arby och Olle Boethius - Den flexible trafikanten. 

En idé om en affärsmodell där det skulle gå att erbjuda mobilitet i delar, fast i ett paket; att det kanske skulle kunna finnas en tredje part vars affärsidé var att kombinera alla dessa delar till något bättre, och mer anpassat till resenärers verkliga behov.I förstudien deltog förutom forskare och entreprenörer även kollektivtrafiken, hyrbils- och bilpoolsföretagen taxi och många fler. Slutsatsen var ganska enhällig: “Ja det skulle nog behövas en sådan konsoliderande tjänst, men det är inte vi som ska ta den rollen”.

Under förstudieprojektet till GoSmart som drevs av Lindholmen Science Park fick jag möjlighet att tillsammans med MariAnne Karlsson på Chalmers att utarbeta ett förslag till hur man faktiskt tillsammans med Hans och Olle skulle kunna pröva idén som de hade mejslat fram i förstudien. Det ledde till, påstår vi, det först riktiga försöket i världen att bygga och testa en KM-tjänst. Jo, jag vet – många kommer vända sig mot det påståendet och visa att det visst testats kombinerade mobilitetstjänster innan – men ingen hade på riktigt prövat affärsmodellen för kombinerad mobilitet före GoSmart – men det är mindre viktigt. Projektet, som måste sägas var lyckat, visade ändå att denna typ av tjänst var uppskattad av de som testade – och förmodligen behövde en sådan tjänst. Men hur många är de egentligen? Hur stor är potentialen?Samtidigt, i en annan ände av innovationssystemet, hade Viktoriainstitutet (numera en del av RISE) tillsammans med Samtrafiken och Chalmers precis genomfört innovationstävlingen Travelhack inom projektet Innovation för Hållbart Vardagsresande. Förutom tanken att få hela kollektivtrafiken att öppna upp sin data också erbjuda den på något man kallade Trafiklab, till tredjepartsutvecklare. En del i denna plan var också att stimulera tredjepartsutveckling med innovationstävlingar baserat på kollektivtrafikdata – Travelhack. En av pristagarna hade tagit fram en app där man kunde söka efter och beställa biljetter för olika kollektivtrafikaktörer i en och samma app. De hade under prisutdelningskvällen en lång diskussion, som jag fick lyssna på, med Samtrafikens VD och en av SL’s representanter, om varför man inte kunde få tillgång till kollektivtrafikens biljetter som API – detta var 2013.

Västtrafik, som var en av parterna i GOSMART började i detta projekt sin resa kring kombinerad mobilitet; att utforska behovet och på vilket sätt de bör och kan engagera sig. Denna resa är väl beskriven i flera forskningsartiklar av KOMPIS egen bibliotekarie, Göran Smith, vilka tillsammans illustrerar hur komplicerad frågan faktiskt är .2015, på ITS World Congress i Bordeaux fullkomligt exploderade begreppet Mobility as a Service. Vi som arbetat med forskningsfrågan, och knappt hade hunnit sätta ett namn på det, blev tagna på sängen. Från att behöva lägga mycket tid på att beskriva fenomenet, roller och hitta intressenter, var kombinerad mobilitet plötsligt på allas läppar – mycket beroende på att Finland under sin ordförandeperiod valde att lyfta fram kombinerad mobilitet som en av landets stora, framtida exporttjänster. Finlands jättemonter i Bordeaux var målad med just den affärsmodell som föreslagits av Hans och Olle i förstudien 2011. ERTICO bildade MaaS Alliance och fordonsindustrin började på allvar prata om mobilitetstjänster som något även de skulle erbjuda i framtiden.

Finlands roll i att lyfta fram kombinerad mobilitet skall inte underskattas. Sverige och Finland hade samarbetat kring frågan under flera år. När drivkraften för oss i Sverige var ett hållbart transportsystem, så var det i vårt grannland i öster snarare en vision av att hitta ett nytt NOKIA och ett nytt GSM som var drivkraften. Målsättning med företag, export och arbetstillfällen var tydligare där än i Sverige och förmodligen ett av skälen till att Finland, ända upp på ministernivå, drev frågan så hårt.

Vi i Sverige fick också en insikt i hur Finland hade nått så långt på så kort tid. ITS Finland samlade tidigt intressenter från näringsliv och offentlig sektor i en informell sammanslutning av aktörer som ’ville kombinerad mobilitet’. Deras så kallade ’MaaS-öl’ på en särskild restaurang i Helsingfors har beskrivits för mig av många som en av de viktigare anledningarna till att kombinerad mobilitet tog fart i Finland. En möjlighet att träffas över organisationsgränser och skapa nya idéer under otvungna förhållanden. En idé som vi tog med oss in i KOMPIS och blev grunden till Kompis MeetUps.

Flertalet förstudier, konsultrapporter och konferenser senare – 2016, tog regeringens samverkansgrupp för Nästa Generations Resor och Transporter, på initiativ av Ulrika Bokeberg på Västra Götalandsregionen, beslut om att en färdplan för kombinerad mobilitet skulle tas fram för Sverige. Uppdraget gick till Drive Sweden och Anna Pernestål. Anna samlade en kärngrupp med representanter från Kungliga tekniska högskolan, KTH (Anna Kramers), Västra Götalandsregionen (Göran Smith), Samtrafiken (Adam Laurell) och RISE (som jag fick äran att representera) vilken utvecklade och förankrade den första versionen av Färdplanen för Kombinerad mobilitet i Sverige. 2017 fick vi av samma grupp en förfrågan att starta ett samverkansprojekt för att stötta realiserandet av färdplanen. Ett uppdrag som jag, tillsammans med Anna och på senare tid, Steven Sarasini, med stor respekt och entusiasm tog på oss att leda. Detta projekt blev Kombinerad Mobilitet - imPlementering I Sverige (KOMPIS).

Despite a growing interest in using Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as a tool to address rural transport problems, the question of how to organize such a concept remains unanswered. To address this knowledge gap, this article explores organizational elements of rural MaaS pilots. The analysis, which is based on participatory observation and interviews with actors involved in five pilots in rural areas of Sweden, reveals that the motives of the actors involved in rural MaaS both overlap with and diverge from the frequently stated objectives of urban MaaS developments. Both concepts center on complementing and extending public transport, but while urban MaaS is underpinned by the fight against climate change, congestion, and local pollution, the main objective of rural MaaS is to reduce transport poverty. The analysis, moreover, illustrates that despite the geographic differences, actors involved in rural MaaS pilots face similar organizational challenges as have been reported from urban MaaS developments. In both cases, actors struggle with finding their roles, mitigating uncertainties, distributing responsibilities, and negotiating business models. Finally, the analysis finds that rural MaaS puts higher expectations on user involvement than urban MaaS and identifies a risk that rural MaaS developments might contribute to spatial injustice since the studied pilots only supported rural communities with high social capital.

The design of urban spaces that foster sustainable practices requires new analytical and structural approaches to spatial planning. An appropriate pedestrian network could significantly contribute to sustainable urban development goals, particularly by promoting sustainable mobility and pedestrian friendliness. With such goals, several attempts have been made to develop suitable models for pedestrian networks. However, something that is missing from the current literature is a framework that incorporates the main findings of the various studies as an integrated concise concept of the pedestrian network. To address this knowledge gap, this paper reviews studies on pedestrian networks and evaluates this concept based on the systematic 3W1H analysis method, which asks where, what, who, and how. In essence, the following questions are thus analyzed: Where is the pedestrian network located, What criteria play a role in the pedestrian network's performance, Who uses the pedestrian network, and How can the pedestrian network be analyzed? In this context, a systematic literature review is carried out by investigating studies conducted during the period 2001 to 2023 that appear in the Scopus database. The paper presents the results of the review of a selection of 67 papers dealing with pedestrian networks. Findings show that different models have been developed based on particular characteristics. Overall, researchers aimed to identify the most suitable network based on specific criteria for optimizing the walking experience in urban areas. By synthesizing the findings reported in these papers, this paper arguably contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of pedestrian networks, provides insights into the prioritization of design phases, facilitates the use of pedestrian network assessment models for future research, and creates a bigger picture for urban planners with a multidimensional view to a new sustainable urban structure.

With a continued global urbanisation trend and increasing demand for transportation with consequences interms of, for example, congestion, emissions, and noise, urban mobility is a major challenge for the future.Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) has been argued as part of the solution by contributing to reducing the use ofprivate cars and increasing the use of public transport and ride sharing services: “MaaS has the potentialto fundamentally change the behaviour of people in and beyond cities, hence it is regarded as the biggestparadigm change in transport since affordable cars came into the market” (maas-alliance.eu). However,even though a number of initiatives have been taken, including pilots which have shown positive outcomes(see e.g., Karlsson et al., 2016), the implementation of MaaS has been slow.Different sources refer to different challenges. The purpose of the project ‘Institutional Frameworks forIntegrated Mobility Services in Future Cities’ (IRIMS) is to determine how, and to what extent, existinginstitutional factors affect the further development of MaaS. The project aims to provide suggestions for howinstitutions can be modified to enable the implementation of MaaS to contribute to sustainable mobility. Thispaper presents part of the work: a tentative framework, intended to support the analysis of the institutionalfactors that facilitate or create barriers to the further development and dissemination of MaaS (see alsoMukhtar-Landgren et al., 2016).

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) has been argued as part of the solution to prevalent transport problems. However, progress from pilots to large-scale implementation has hitherto been slow. The aim of the research reported in this paper was to empirically and in-depth investigate how, and to what extent, different factors affect the development and implementation of MaaS. A framework was developed, with a basis in institutional theory and the postulation that formal as well informal factors on different analytical levels (macro, meso and micro) must be considered. The research was organised as a multiple case study in Finland and Sweden and a qualitative approach was chosen for data collection and analysis. A number of factors with a claimed impact on the development and implementation of MaaS was revealed. At the macro level, these factors included legislation concerning transport, innovation and public administration, and the presence (or not) of a shared vision for MaaS. At the meso level, (the lack of) appropriate business models, cultures of collaboration, and assumed roles and responsibilities within the MaaS ecosystem were identified as significant factors. At the micro level, people’s attitudes and habits were recognised as important factors to be considered. However, how the ‘S’ in MaaS fits (or not) the transport needs of the individual/household appears to play a more important role in adoption or rejection of MaaS than what has often been acknowledged in previous papers on MaaS. The findings presented in this paper provide several implications for public and private sector actors. Law-making authorities can facilitate MaaS developments by adjusting relevant regulations and policies such as transport-related subsidies, taxation policies and the definition of public transport. Regional and local authorities could additionally contribute to creating conducive conditions for MaaS by, for example, planning urban designs and transport infrastructures to support service-based travelling. Moreover, private actors have key roles to play in future MaaS developments, as both public and private transport services are needed if MaaS is to become a viable alternative to privately owned cars. Thus, the advance of MaaS business models that benefit all involved actors is vital for the prosperity of the emerging MaaS ecosystem.

Dedicated bus lanes and bus streets have, in recent years, become common measures for prioritisation of public transport. By ensuring free path along routes, they increase average speed and travel time reliability of buses. However, a major drawback is that the total traffic capacities of the roads decrease. Hence, these measures are only suitable when the total traffic flow is low enough to allow for a reduction of lanes; if it is possible to reroute adjacent traffic; or if it is possible to extend the road with additional lanes. A supplementary priority measure could be to utilize dynamic bus lanes (also called intermittent bus lanes and bus lanes with intermittent priority). Dynamic bus lanes are only dedicated for buses when and where the buses need them, and otherwise open for all vehicles to use. At any given point, adjacent traffic is only permitted from using the dynamic bus lanes at the stretches where buses are in the vicinity. This report presents the results from a pre-study, investigating the potential that dynamic bus lanes could have as a priority measure for public transport in a Swedish context.

Knowledge of situations in which dynamic bus lanes have the highest potential, and their implementation requirements is scarce. It is moreover uncertain how they would affect traffic safety, level of service and user experience. Two real world field tests have been conducted; one in Lisbon and one in Melbourne. The installation in Melbourne is now permanently applied for trams on one street. The field test in Lisbon was on the contrary not made permanent, although the results showed large benefits for buses and limited adverse effects on other vehicles. Dynamic bus lanes have also been investigated by means of traffic analysis and traffic simulation experiments. In general, these studies show that the effects on travel time for buses are in general positive and delays for other vehicles are limited. Results from example calculations in this pre-study show that this also could be true for a Swedish context. It has also been identified that the effects on travel times are highly dependent on factors such as: the total traffic flow; the bus flow, the capacity of roads and junctions; the distance between junctions and bus stops; the type of bus stops and the yielding rules at bus stops. The effects on travel time variations are unclear and need to be further investigated.

Few rigorous research studies have in general been undertaken to measure the user experiences or road safety implications of bus priority schemes, and evidence from those that do exist are mixed. Anyhow, the experiences from Lisbon and Melbourne suggest that drivers in adjacent lanes in general understand and accept that they are deprived of the right to use the lane when the buses need it, and that they will behave appropriately. Neither of the field tests has observed any negative impact on road safety. A workshop was conducted within this pre-study in order to further investigate plausible user experiences. The results indicate that bus drivers’ stress levels could be reduced; the relative attractiveness of travelling by bus might rise; and that motorists probably would experience the introduction of dynamic bus lanes as neither good nor bad, as long as the system is fairly intuitive.

Technical solutions for implementing dynamic bus lanes exist. A dynamic bus lane system would require development of a system control unit and integration with bus sensors, sensors for traffic flow measurement, variable message signs (to inform road users of the current status of the dynamic bus lane) and traffic signals. It is moreover, in Sweden, possible to develop a local traffic rule that regulates dynamic bus lanes. However, the rule needs to be properly specified, designed, communicated, signed and marked on the road.

The overall conclusion form the pre-study is that dynamic bus lanes could be a useful complementary priority measure for public transport vehicles in Sweden, especially when dedicated bus lanes are not feasible or desirable. However, a real world installation in Sweden, including pre implementation traffic analysis, is needed, in order to further investigate the potential and consequences. Thus, the next step is to plan for an implementation on a specific road stretch. That would include both estimation of costs, and generate input to further studies of effect on level of service and user experience. Driving simulators and traffic simulation experiments are applicable methods for investigating these issues. 

Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is an umbrella term for services that enable users to plan, book, and pay for multiple types of mobility services through a joint digital channel (Smith 2020). From late 2013 to early 2014, what is often referred to as theworld’s first MaaS pilot took place in Gothenburg, a city located in Västra Götaland, Sweden. The outcome was promising; the pilot participants appreciated the service and substituted private car use for shared and active mobility during the pilot period. Inspired by these results, the regional public transport authority (PTA) for Västra Götaland1 has since performed a suite of ex- periments to further explore the MaaS concept and to facilitate its implementation. Still, seven years later, MaaS is not available in Västra Götaland, apart from via one commercial service that integrates public transport with parking, and in a few small- scale pilots.

In this chapter, I briefly describe the PTA’s journey in relation to MaaS as I see it, and, with the benefit of hindsight, reflect on what I believe has hindered greater progress. The reason that I judge that I have something to say about this is that between 2016 and 2020 I was employed as an industrial doctoral stu- dent at the PTA. In this dual role as civil servant and aspiringresearcher, I was specifically assigned to oversee and analyse the PTA’s work on MaaS and to revise their MaaS strategy based on my insights. As I argued in my doctoral thesis from 2020, this exploratory and participatory research approach gave me a unique opportunity to acquire an empirically grounded un- derstanding of the dynamics of MaaS developments. Still, now that some time has passed and I no longer must navigate the constraints associated with my dual role at the PTA (see Smith 2017), this chapter arguably gives me an opportunity to step back and reflect more broadly on my experiences.

Given the ground-breaking but convoluted nature of the PTA’s journey with MaaS, I believe that it can be an informa- tive case for other public authorities that set out to experiment with smart mobility concepts such as MaaS. Hence, inspired by the literature on projectification and experimentation, I end the chapter by proposing what there might be to learn for public authorities. I considered the two selected strands of literature to offer a valuable frame of reference for this analysis since the former explains how the prevailing project logic within the public sector in Western countries shapes expectations on ex- periments, and the latter highlights the need to move beyond a narrow focus on scaling the outcome of isolated experiments. Researchers Torrens and von Wirth (2021) have suggested that, taken together, the two strands of literature instead propose a much wider view of how experiments can be organised and through which mechanisms they can stimulate societal transformations. This perspective helped me critically reflect on the PTA’s strategic decisions in relation to MaaS.

Den här förstudien samlade 13 av ElectriCitys behovsägare och intressenter i en workshop och utvecklade utifrån informationen som framkom ett tävlingskoncept som uppfyller deras behov och krav. Tävlingskonceptet är tänkt att i nära samarbete med demonstrationsarenan ElectriCity generera, exponera och testa digitala och fysiska innovationer under temat ”framtidens attraktiva bussresa”. Innovationerna som framkommer ska göra det attraktivare att resa med den kollektivtrafiklösning som arenan demonstrera och därmed i förlängningen till att introduktionen av elektrifierad busstrafik bidrar till att andelen kollektivtrafikresor ökas/fördubblas. Tävlingen avses att bli ett återkommande event under demonstrationsarenans livstid, dvs. 2015 - 2018. Tävlingskonceptet har efter den här förstudien planerats och en finansieringsansökan för genomförandet är inskickad till Vinnova. Tävlingen är beroende av 1) att ElectriCity utvecklar en gemensam plattform för öppna data samt 2) att tävlingswebb och en så kallad ”developer zone” tas fram inför genomförandet.

Snabbhet och tillförlitlighet har identifierats som två nyckelfaktorer för att öka kollektivtrafikens konkurrenskraft (Ipsos, 2013, Johansson et al., 2010). För bussar i linjetra- fik är dock både snabbhet och tillförlitlighet underordnat framkomligheten längs linjesträckningen. Bussarna kan aldrig prestera bättre än vad trafiksituationen tillåter. I syfte att komma runt problemet har olika varianter av dedikerade bussgator och busskörfält börjat bli allt vanligare. Införandet har visat sig vara en effektiv metod för att ga- rantera fri väg för bussen och därmed få upp hastigheten (Andersson & Gibrand, 2008). Den stora nackdelen är att vägens totala kapacitet sjunker drastiskt. Metoden kan därför bara användas om trafikflödet för övrig trafik är läg- re än vägens reducerade kapacitet; om det är möjligt att omdirigera övrig trafik; eller om det är möjligt att bygga ut vägen med ytterligare körfält. Ofta är inget av alternativen samhällsekonomiskt lönsamt. Ett potentiellt komplement till dedikerade bussgator och busskörfält är därför flytande busskörfält. Flytande busskörfält är körfält som endast är reserverade för bussar när bussarna behöver det och annars öppna för alla fordon att använda. Därmed kan de i många fall säkerställa bussarnas framkomlighet utan vare sig signifikant påverkan på vägens totala kapacitet eller behov av infrastruktursutbyggnad. Konceptet föreslogs första gången 1996 av Viegas och Lu (1996). Sedan dess har det utförts analytiska utvärderingar, simuleringsstudier och ett fälttest. En variant av konceptet finns även permanent applicerat för spårvagnar i Melbourne sedan 2001. Resultaten har genomgående visat på förbättrad restid och minskad restidsvariation, oftast utan betydande påverkan på övrig trafik. 

Den pågående coronakrisen har ställt kollektivtrafikbranschen inför en tuff utmaning. Resandet har minskat drastiskt och de som kan väljer allt oftare cykeln, bilen eller elsparkcykeln framför bussar och tåg när de väl reser. Samtidigt är den ekonomiska situationen pressad, inte minst för de regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna.

Det finns de som argumenterar för att resandetappet och den vanskliga ekonomiska situationen kräver att strategiska men osäkra utvecklingsinsatser, så som utvecklingen av kombinerad mobilitet, sätts på paus. I syfte att möjliggöra hållbara resvanor bör varenda skattekrona som kan skakas fram läggas på att vinna tillbaka resenärerna till kollektivtrafiken, det vill säga på att upprätthålla ett attraktivt och tryggt utbud av linjelagd kollektivtrafik. Även om jag till fullo sympatiserar med investeringar i den linjelagda kollektivtrafiken, argumenterar jag i den här texten för en omvänd logik mot den ovan. Jag menar att pandemins effekter på resenärernas behov betingar att den offentliga sektorn bör växla upp sin roll i att utöka utbudet av nya typer av mobilitetstjänster i och utanför städerna, samt i att knyta dessa närmare kollektivtrafiken.

Utifrån ett kollektivtrafikperspektiv karakteriseras landsbygden av låga reseunderlag, långa distanser och utspridda målpunkter. Det gör det svårt att erbjuda en servicenivå som både är tillfredställande för resenärerna och ekonomiskt rimligt för skattebetalarna. Till följd av detta upplevs tillgängligheten för de landsbygdsbor som inte äger bil ofta som låg; den allmänna uppfattningen är att du måste äga en bil om du ska bo på landet. En metod för att öka tillgängligheten i landsbygder är att komplettera kollektivtrafiken med andra typer av mobilitetstjänster, så som samåkning, bilpool eller delade cykelkärror. I projektet kombinerad mobilitet i landsbygder (KomILand) testas en sådan lösning i tre småorter i Skaraborg under 2020 – 2021. Förutsatt att utfallet av testet är lovande är ambitionen att bygga vidare på projektets erfarenheter och resultat för att på sikt kunna skala upp lösningen till fler liknande orter i Västra Götaland. I syfte att bereda väg för den processen presenterar detta dokument ett förslag för det första steget på vägen från ett tidsbegränsat och forskningsfinansierat försök som engagerar en mindre skara invånare till en pålitlig tjänst som erbjuds på ett rättvist och ekonomiskt hållbart sätt i Västra Götaland. 

Marknadsplatser för öppna data används allt oftare som en metod för att adressera innovationsbarriärer inom ekosystem för öppna data. Syftet med den här studien var att, via en fallstudie, studera hur sådana marknadsplatser kan skapa värde för utvecklare och därigenom främja innovation. Studien bygger på intervjuer med utvecklare och en webbenkät samt statistik från den studerade marknadsplatsens hemsida.

Den studerade marknadsplatsen attraherar många olika typer av utvecklare, men programmeringskunniga unga män drivna av interna drivkrafter är en dominant användargrupp. Utvecklarna använder marknadsplatsen på olika sätt, där vissa endast vill komma åt öppen data tidigt under tjänsteutvecklingsprocessen och andra ser marknadsplatsen som en viktig partner under hela tjänstelivscykeln. Marknadsplatsen har genererat fem tydliga värden för utvecklarna: lägre uppgiftskomplexitet, högre tillgång till kunskap, bättre möjligheter att påverka, lägre risk samt större synlighet för öppna data och dess effekter. Dessa värden genereras av en kombination av marknadsplatsens fyra huvudelement: teknisk plattform, hemsida, supportfunktioner samt aktiviteter för kunskapsutbyte. 

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) is a digital concept that centres on integrating traditional public transport offerings with other types of mobility services such as carsharing and ridesourcing. In recent years, MaaS has become a much discussed topic within the public transport industry since proponents of the concept argue that its rise will disrupt the current role of public transport authorities and increase the attractiveness of public transport. This chapter aims to provide an overview of what MaaS is and what its prospective diffusion could imply for public transport authorities and public transport systems. To do so, a definition of MaaS is first introduced, followed by a brief review of expectations on how MaaS could influence traditional public transport. A framework that describes different pathways to governing MaaS developments is introduced next, and is subsequently used to analyse and discuss how public transport authorities in Finland, Sweden, and Norway have approached MaaS thus far. The chapter ends with a few recommendations on how governments can support and shape MaaS developments, based on the experience to date.

Hur kan kollektivtrafiken omdefiniera sin roll för att bli bättre på att dra nytta av möjligheterna med andra hållbara trafikslag, kombinerat resande och integrerade mobilitetstjänster? Den frågan ställer K2 Nationellt kunskapscentrum för kollektivtrafik till Rådslaget för hållbar omstart – ett initiativ för förnyelse av kollektivtrafik som uppkommit i kölvattnet av coronapandemin. I syfte att skapa en gemensam utgångspunkt för den diskussionen ämnar den här texten att i korthet ge en överblick över den samhällsorganiserade kollektivtrafiken och dess roll i Sverige idag samt hur rollens utveckling för närvarande diskuteras. Sammanställningen gör inga anspråk på att vara allomfattande och representerar inte nödvändigtvis vare sig K2s eller RISE position i frågan.

ElectriCity Innovation Challenge 2015 was an open innovation contest in Gothenburg, Sweden. The main purpose was to surge public interest and involvement in ElectriCity, a demonstration arena for next-generation's electrified bus systems. The contest furthermore aimed to catalyse innovation that can contribute to making public transport more attractive, and to test a novel innovation platform that assembles data from buses and bus stops. The outcome was six events with a total of more than 800 attendants, 48 viable prototypes with potential to increase the modal share of electrified public transport and feedback on the innovation platform's potential for development.

Powertrade is a distributed model based optimization methodology under development at AB Volvo that intends to include all energy consumers and energy storages in a single vehicle energy management strategy. The objective is to maximize global efficiency and thereby lower the total net energy losses that contribute to the total fuel cost.

The scope of the project that this report is a part of is to develop Powertrade for demonstration in a parallel-hybrid city bus. Viktoria Swedish ICT has during the project assisted AB Volvo by modeling marginal conversion efficiency for the components that are included in the current version of Powertrade. This report describes the development of these models and the reasoning behind them.

Models were developed for the following components; internal combustion engine, electric machine, air conditioning system, DC/DC converter, 600-volt battery and 24-volt battery. The suitability of the models differed profoundly, mainly due to that some models were based on unsatisfactory measurement data, but also since the components differ in nature and complexity. The overall conclusion is that all MCE-models but AC and 24-volt are sufficient for verifying the Powertrade’s ability to handle different variants of vehicles and to indicate the effort required for a production ready implementation. Significant model refinement is however needed if for example the concept’s savings potential is to be evaluated.

The positive effects that Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is envisioned to have on transport can only be reaped if people are using MaaS. Yet, the understanding of the user perspective on MaaS is incomplete and primarily based on experiments with non-users. To address this shortcoming, this paper reports user experiences from a trial of a high-level MaaS service in Sydney, Australia. Based on questionnaires and interviews, it analyses who participated in the trial and why, and whether the trial experience satisfied their motives. The contribution to the literature on MaaS is three-fold. Firstly, most of the people that participated in the trial were frequent users of both public transport and private cars. This supports the notion that multi-modal travellers are likely early adopters of MaaS and contradicts the fear that MaaS does not appeal to private car users. Secondly, a desire to contribute to innovation and curiosity about MaaS were the main motives for signing up for the trial, which highlights the important role an inviting setting for experimentation, such as a trial, can play in stimulating MaaS adoption. Thirdly, many participants struggled with making the trialled service work for them and on average they seemed to value the support and feedback functions higher than other service features. This underscores the novelty of MaaS, compared to existing service models, and reiterates the notion that more than an app and a few subscription plans is needed to make MaaS useful for users.

Open innovation practices are gaining traction. Hence, the relevance of measures for engaging and managing heterogeneous groups of distributed complementors is rising. This mixed-method case study defines a pilot demonstration of emergent technology as an innovation ecosystem and utilizes a knowledge transfer lens to explore the impact of an open innovation contest. The contribution to the IS research stream is threefold. Firstly, the paper portrays that open innovation contests can spark coupled open innovation and facilitate innovation management, without lowering the generative capability. Secondly, it explains these gains by concluding that contests can catalyze cross-border knowledge transfer within innovation ecosystems. Thirdly, the paper moreover proposes that additional innovation deployment measures are needed in order for sustaining established relations and for aiding the implementation of innovation ideas beyond the contests.

The rise of new service models for passenger transport is arguably transforming the mobility landscape. Concurrently, the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted mobility practices and questioned traditional public transport models. Given the negative externalities of transport, and the key role of shared mobility in reducing these, it is therefore critical to work out what governments can do to ensure that the new service models contribute to making mobility service systems more attractive to users as well as more energy-, space- and cost-efficient. Workshop 5 of the 17th International Conference on Competition and Ownership in Land Passenger Transport set out to address these issues. It included thirteen papers that reported evidence about demand-responsive transport (DRT), ridesourcing, ridesharing, and Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) as well as about innovations within traditional public transport, taxi, and paratransit. The workshop discussed what roles governments have adopted, what types of regulations and policies they have been using, and what is known about the impacts of these governance approaches. Drawing on this discussion, the workshop developed a set of policy recommendations designed to cater for democratic governance processes with transformative impacts as well as a list of potential avenues for further research on the governance of emerging mobility services.

Det finns sedan länge en bred politisk samsyn i Sverige kring att andelen cykelresor bör ökas. Trots detta är det svårt att påvisa någon övergripande positiv trend. En bidragande orsak är att det i dagsläget saknas grundläggande kunskap om hur utformning, drift och underhåll av cykelinfrastruktur påverkar cyklisterna och cykeltrafiken. Kunskapsluckorna gör det svårt för trafikplanerare att prioritera mellan olika typer av åtgärder samt att motivera sina val gentemot beslutsfattare. Det leder i sin tur till att utväxlingen av tilldelade resurser inte maximeras.

Det överliggande syftet med forskningsinitiativet Cykeleffekt är att komplettera befintliga handböcker om cykelinfrastruktur med kunskap om vilken effekt olika typer av infrastrukturåtgärder ämnade att främja cykling har. För att möjliggöra forskningen krävs en samverkansplattform mellan kommuner och forskningsinstanser samt tillgång till faktiska infrastrukturåtgärder/-objekt att studera. Huvudmålet med den här förstudien var därför att bedöma potentialen för att koppla den typen av forskningsprojekt till det nybildade kommunnätverket Svenska Cykelstäder.

För att kunna bedöma forskningspotentialen utfördes: en kort litteraturöversikt över befintlig kunskap om effekten av åtgärder och identifierade metoder för att utreda effektsamband; en konkretisering av nätverkets upplägg och agenda samt; en kartläggning av medlemskommunerna planerade åtgärder och intresse i att beforska effektsamband.

Litteraturstudien pekade på att kunskapen om effekten av cykelinfrastrukturåtgärder är låg men att det finns metoder för att möjliggöra den forskning som krävs för att ta fram hypoteser om effektsamband. Det konkretiserade nätverket ansågs vara en lämplig plattform att koppla samma forskningsinstanser och kommunala cykelplanerare kring sådan forskning. Kommunerna uttryckte dessutom stort intresse för att delta i framtida forskningsprojekt och det finns gott om planerade infrastrukturåtgärder att beforska inom nätverket. I kontakten med kommunerna framkom det även att de tror att de skulle kunna utnyttja sina resurser för att öka andelen cykling bättre om de hade större tillgång till dokumenterad kunskap om effektsamband. Sammantaget bedömdes forskningspotentialen därav som god.

Som slutprodukt för förstudien utvecklades ett förslag till syfte, mål, upplägg och genomförandeplan för fortsatt forskning med koppling till Svenska Cykelstäder.

Open data marketplaces have emerged as a mode of addressing open data adoption barriers. However, knowledge of how such marketplaces affect digital service innovation in open data ecosystems is limited. This paper explores their value proposition for open data users based on an exploratory case study. Five prominent perceived values are identified: lower task complexity, higher access to knowledge, increased possibilities to influence, lower risk and higher visibility. The impact on open data adoption barriers is analyzed and the consequences for ecosystem sustainability is discussed. The paper concludes that open data marketplaces can lower the threshold of using open data by providing better access to open data and associated support services, and by increasing knowledge transfer within the ecosystem. 

Open government data (OGD) can enable outbound open innovation (OI) that is beneficial to society. However, innovation barriers hinder OGD users from generating value. While previous studies have detailed a large number of such barriers, little is known of how different types of OGD users are affected, and when the barriers appear in their innovation processes. To this end, this paper describes a case study of distributed service development in the Swedish public transport sector. The contribution to extant research is twofold. Firstly, based on an inductive analysis, three OGD user archetypes are proposed: employees, entrepreneurs and hobbyists. Secondly, the study finds that the significance of distinct innovation barriers varies across phases of the services’ lifecycles and depending on the OGD users’ motivation, objective, pre-conditions and approach. Drawing on these insights, we propose that OGD initiatives aimed at facilitating outbound OI to a greater extent should address the barriers that appear during diffusion of innovations, the barriers that are not directly related to the OGD provision, and the barriers that are experienced by non-obvious OGD user groups.

Despite widespread interest, empirical research on how end-users perceive and use Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) is scarce. To address this knowledge gap, this article analyzes the end-user process of adopting a MaaS service entitled EC2B, which was launched in Gothenburg, Sweden, in the spring of 2019. The contribution to the MaaS literature is three-fold. Firstly, the article provides insight into potential end-users by describing the characteristics and motives of the studied group of adopters. Secondly, it improves the understanding of the potential effects of MaaS by outlining how the EC2B service was used and how it influenced travel behavior. Thirdly, the article informs strategies for facilitating MaaS adoption by outlining what types of drivers and barriers the end-users faced during different stages of the adoption process. The reported findings underscore previous assertions that MaaS is much more than just an app and a subscription plan and highlight a mutually reinforcing relationship between the introduction of MaaS and the implementation of policies aimed at reducing car use.

At present, many policymakers and practitioners are searching for actions that could facilitate Mobility as a Service (MaaS) developments. A potential action, which has received a lot of attention, is to introduce Intermediary MaaS Integrators; that is intermediate actors that assemble the offerings from Transport Service Providers (TSPs) and distribute these to MaaS Operators. However, little is known about if and how TSPs and MaaS Operators would appreciate the introduction of Intermediary MaaS Integrators. To address this knowledge gap, this paper explores an attempt to establish a national Intermediary MaaS Integrator in Sweden. The contribution to transportation research is twofold. Firstly, the paper advances the conceptual understanding of Intermediary MaaS Integrators by identifying four defining dimensions: Activities, Management, Processes and Context. Secondly, it deepens the knowledge of Intermediary MaaS Integrators’ value propositions by detailing TSPs’ and prospective MaaS Operators’ hopes and fears vis-à-vis them. Lastly, practical implications for how to facilitate acceptance and adoption are proposed. Intermediary MaaS Integrators should only be introduced if basic incentives for using their services are in place, and if introduced, they should preferably: go beyond offering technical services; have clear, declared objectives; be impartial and capable actors; and carefully consider their launch strategies.

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) developments have thus far progressed along different trajectories in Sweden and Finland, two pioneering countries in MaaS. Still, little is known about why this is. Addressing this knowledge gap, we investigate the role of institutions as key structures given their capacity to bring about differentiated outcomes. Based on 31 interviews with key stakeholders, we first describe drivers and barriers of MaaS developments in the two countries. Thereafter, through an analysis of similarities and differences across the cases, we identify a set of general implications for MaaS policymakers and practitioners. Developments in Finland demonstrate the importance of top-level support, of inter-organizational collaboration and of trust among key stakeholders. The Swedish case reiterates the need for inter-sectorial collaboration, particularly with regard to creating the right conditions for commercialization, and to involving stakeholders on both strategic and operational levels of the transport sector in developing the vision for MaaS. Lastly, we assess the utility of the applied theoretical framework, and comment on the necessity of recognizing that both practice-based and structural changes are needed in order to facilitate institutional change.

Despite an increase in Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) initiatives that aim to pave the way for both public and private MaaS Operators, such MaaS models have received limited scholarly attention. Uncertainties therefore remain in terms of how public-private MaaS can be realized and governed. This paper addresses this problem through an exploratory case study of an attempt to reform the business ecosystem for mobility services in Sweden, which is conceptualized as a move towards public-private MaaS. Inspired by the What-is-the-Problem-Represented-to-Be approach, the paper analyzes what problem representations and assumptions underpin the proposed reform and outlines issues of conflict across the involved actors. Drawing on these findings, the paper highlights disagreements on problems, centralization, and responsibilities as challenges to public-private MaaS developments and proposes that an inclusive and pragmatic governance strategy is key for effective and democratic governance of MaaS. Additionally, three avenues for future research are identified: development of analytical tools that better represent the complexity of MaaS governance choices, studies of how the prevailing narrative around MaaS influences developments, and analyses of governance strategies’ effectiveness in relation to political objectives for MaaS developments.