Silica fibers with internal electrodes biased with HV are poled when simultaneously excited by green light. The x(2) induced measured through the Pockels effect at 1.55 μm reaches ~0.11 pm/V. Poling and erasure are studied.

An optical fiber containing gold nanoparticles and designed to receive internal electrodes was fabricated. Its electro-optical nonlinear response was characterized; a slow (thermal) response was identified combined with a fast response enhanced by plasmonic effects.

Recent progress in thermal poling of silica fibers is reviewed. It is demonstrated that state-of-the-art poled fibers can be used in a number of practical applications. Challenges for further development of poled fiber devices are discussed and possible solutions proposed.

E-field sensing with a thermally poled fiber in a Sagnac interferometer is presented. Contactless detection is achieved for fields > 0:23MV=m at 50Hz and higher sensitivity is obtained at higher frequencies.

We report a Kerr Cell constructed in a three-hole microstructured fiber with internal electrodes, filled with liquid (nitrobenzene) and fully spliced. Nanosecond polarization rotation at 1.06 μm is achieved with Vpi 85 V.

We demonstrate the addition of time gating to a standard optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) operating in the spectral region ∼ 1.06 μm. This is accomplished by opening for 7 ns the optical input to the OSA with an electrically driven poled fiber in a Sagnac loop. The sequential interrogation with nanosecond resolution of the reflection from three fiber Bragg gratings along a piece of fiber allows distinguishing the spectral peaks created with a minimum separation of 85 cm. The passive extinction ratio of this device is >40 dB and returns to >40 dB from >23 dB on a 35-ns time scale directly after time gating.

Fibers with internal electrodes are driven electrically. They allow for the control of polarization, wavelength tuning, nanosecond light gating, Q-switching and mode-locking of lasers. These are some of the applications discussed in this paper.

Silicate fibers with internal electrodes are optically poled without a laser by side-exposure to radiation from a UV tubular lamp. Electrooptic coefficients κ(2)∼ 0.04 pm/V and Vπ = 810 V are obtained

This work describes the use of FBGs inscribed in optical fiber with electrodes for voltage sensing. The results show a quadratic voltage dependence. The device can be explored for a multipoint, single-ended voltage sensing device.

A second-order nonlinearity was induced in silica fibers poled by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and simultaneous high voltage applied to internal electrodes. The UV light source was a tubular lamp with spectral peak at 254 nm. The highest second-order nonlinear coefficient measured through the linear electro-optic effect was 0.062 pm/V. The erasure of the recorded voltage with UV excitation was studied, and the stability of the poled fiber at a temperature exceeding ~400 K was investigated. By eliminating the use of a focused laser beam as excitation source, the technique enables poling many pieces of fiber in parallel.

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in a poled silicate fiber are used to detect external voltage applied to the fiber's internal electrodes. This work shows a basic proof-of-concept of a single-ended, fiber-based voltage sensor that can be used to measure periodic high-voltage signals. The setup can be extended to a multiplexed e-field interrogation system and used in the electric power industry for remote sensing of transmission lines and power plants..

Electrical corona discharge is employed in this work to deposit ions on the surface of an optical fiber, creating a strong electric field that is used for poling. Green laser light propagating in the core frees photocarriers that are displaced by the poling field. The technique presented can induce a higher optical nonlinearity than previously obtained in traditional optical poling with internal metal electrodes. To date, a maximum second order nonlinearity 0.13 pm/V has been achieved for a 15 kV corona discharge bias. 

Dynamic frequency tuning of trapped light in a phase-shifted fiber grating cavity is demonstrated by high-voltage electrical pulses. Y-polarization light is found to be sensitive to refractive index changes caused by a transverse pressure-wave.

A tunable single-wavelength Erbium-doped all-fiber laser was experimentally demonstrated. The tuning is obtained with a stress-optic phase modulator based on a twin-hole fiber and a chirped fiber Bragg grating in a medium birefringence fiber.

FBGs were written in fiber with internal alloy electrodes. Nanosecond high current pulses cause metal expansion, increase birefringence and tune the gratings. High-speed wavelength switching was accomplished with potential use in Q-switching fiber lasers.

Dynamic wavelength switching of a phase-shifted fiber grating cavity with electrical pulses is studied experimentally and numerically. Simulations accurately describe observations. The effect of acoustic oscillations and fiber Bragg grating cavity refilling explains the results.