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  • 1.
    Agirre, Joseba A.
    et al.
    MGEP, Spain.
    Etxeberria, L.
    MGEP, Spain.
    Barbosa, R.
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Basagiannis, S.
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Giantamidis, G.
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Bauer, Thomas
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Ferrari, E.
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Labayen Esnaola, M.
    CAF SIGNALLING, Spain.
    Orani, V.
    CNR-IEIIT, Italy.
    Öberg, J.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Pereira, David
    CISTER/ISEP, Portugal.
    Proenca, Jose
    CISTER/ISEP, Portugal.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Smrcka, Ales
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Tiberti, W.
    University of L’Aquila, Italy.
    Tonetta, S.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Bozzano, M.
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Yazici, A.
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    The VALU3S ECSEL project: Verification and validation of automated systems safety and security2021Inngår i: Microprocessors and microsystems, ISSN 0141-9331, E-ISSN 1872-9436, Vol. 87, artikkel-id 104349Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities, which led to the availability of prototypes demonstrating new capabilities as well as the introduction of such systems to the market within different domains. Manufacturers need to make sure that the systems function in the intended way and according to specifications. This is not a trivial task as system complexity rises dramatically the more integrated and interconnected these systems become with the addition of automated functionality and features to them. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it time-consuming and costly. In this paper, we present VALU3S, an ECSEL JU (joint undertaking) project that aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art V&V methods and tools, and design a multi-domain framework to create a clear structure around the components and elements needed to conduct the V&V process. The main expected benefit of the framework is to reduce time and cost needed to verify and validate automated systems with respect to safety, cyber-security, and privacy requirements. This is done through identification and classification of evaluation methods, tools, environments and concepts for V&V of automated systems with respect to the mentioned requirements. VALU3S will provide guidelines to the V&V community including engineers and researchers on how the V&V of automated systems could be improved considering the cost, time and effort of conducting V&V processes. To this end, VALU3S brings together a consortium with partners from 10 different countries, amounting to a mix of 25 industrial partners, 6 leading research institutes, and 10 universities to reach the project goal.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    Full text
  • 2.
    Agirre, Joseba A
    et al.
    Mondragon University, Spain.
    Yazici, Ahmet
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Di Blasio, Katia
    Intecs Solutions S.p.a., Italy.
    De la Vara, Jose Luis
    University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Yayan, Ugur
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd. Sti, Turkey.
    Barbosa, Raul
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Etxeberria, Leire
    Mondragon University, Spain.
    Nazaria, Massimo
    Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy.
    Karaca, Mustafa
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd. Sti, Turkey.
    Multidimensional Framework for Characterizing Verification and Validation of Automated Systems2022Inngår i: 18th European dependable computing conference (EDCC 2022), 2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Verification and Validation (V&V) of automated systems is becoming more costly and time-consuming because of the increasing size and complexity of these systems. Moreover, V&V of these systems can be hindered if the methods and processes are not properly described, analysed, and selected. It is essential that practitioners use suitable V&V methods and enact adequate V&V processes to confirm that these systems work as intended and in a cost-effective manner. Previous works have created different taxonomies and models considering different aspects of V&V that can be used to classify V&V methods and tools. The aim of this work is to provide a broad, comprehensive and a easy to use framework that addresses characterisation needs, rather than focusing on individual aspects of V&V methods and processes.To this end, in this paper, we present a multi-domain and multi-dimensional framework to characterize and classify V&V methods and tools in a structured way. The framework considers a comprehensive characterization of different relevant aspects of V&V. A web-based repository has been implemented on the basis of the framework, as an example of use, in order to collect information about the application of V&V methods and tools. This way, practitioners and researchers can easily learn about and identify suitable V&V processes.

  • 3. Ayatolahi, F.
    et al.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Johansson, R.
    Karlsson, J.
    A study of the impact of single bit-flip and double bit-flip errors on program execution2013Inngår i: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., 2013, s. 265-276Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents the results of an extensive experimental study of bit-flip errors in instruction set architecture registers and main memory locations. Comprising more than two million fault injection experiments conducted with thirteen benchmark programs, the study provides insights on whether it is necessary to consider double bit-flip errors in dependability benchmarking experiments. The results show that the proportion of silent data corruptions in the program output, is almost the same for single and double bit errors. In addition, we present detailed statistics about the error sensitivity of different target registers and memory locations, including bit positions within registers and memory words. These show that the error sensitivity varies significantly between different bit positions and registers. An important observation is that injections in certain bit positions always have the same impact regardless of when the error is injected.

  • 4.
    Barbosa, Raul
    et al.
    University of Coimbra, Portugal.
    Basagiannis, Stelios
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Giantamidis, Georgios
    United Technologies Research Centre, Ireland.
    Becker, Hauke
    NXP Semiconductor, Germany.
    Ferrari, Enrico
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Jahic, Jasmin
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Kanak, Alper
    ERARGE, Turkey.
    Labayen Esnaola, Mikel
    CAF SIGNALLING, Spain.
    Orani, Vanessa
    CNR-IEIIT, Italy.
    Pereira, David
    CISTER/ISEP Polytechnic Institute of Porto; Portugal.
    Pomante, Luigi
    University of L’Aquila, Italy.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology; Austria.
    Smrcka, Ales
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Yazici, Ahmet
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    The VALU3S ECSEL Project: Verification and Validation of Automated Systems Safety and Security2020Inngår i: 23rd Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design (DSD), 2020Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Manufacturers of automated systems and their components have been allocating an enormous amount of time and effort in R&D activities. This effort translates into an overhead on the V&V (verification and validation) process making it timeconsuming and costly. In this paper, we present an ECSEL JU project (VALU3S) that aims to evaluate the state-of-the-art V&V methods and tools, and design a multi-domain framework to create a clear structure around the components and elements needed to conduct the V&V process. The main expected benefit of the framework is to reduce time and cost needed to verify and validate automated systems with respect to safety, cyber-security, and privacy requirements. This is done through identification and classification of evaluation methods, tools, environments and concepts for V&V of automated systems with respect to the mentioned requirements. To this end, VALU3S brings together a consortium with partners from 10 different countries, amounting to a mix of 25 industrial partners, 6 leading research institutes, and 10 universities to reach the project goal.

  • 5.
    Bauer, Thomas
    et al.
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Agirre, Joseba A.
    Mondragon University, Spain.
    Furcho, David
    NXP Semiconductors, Germany.
    Herzner, Wolfgang
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Hruska, Bob
    Lieber Lieber, Austria.
    Karaca, Mustafa
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd Sti, Turkey.
    Pereira, David
    ISEP, Portugal.
    Proenca, Jose
    ISEP, Portugal.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Sicher, Robert
    Lieber Lieber, Austria.
    Smrcka, Ales
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Yayan, Ugur
    Inovasyon Muhendislik Ltd Sti, Turkey.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Cross-domain Modelling of Verification and Validation Workflows in the Large Scale European Research Project VALU3S2021Inngår i: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 2021, Vol. 13227, s. 386-382Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The complexity of systems continues to increase rapidly, especially due to the multi-level integration of subsystems from different domains into cyber-physical systems. This results in special challenges for the efficient verification and validation (V&V) of these systems with regard to their requirements and properties. In order to tackle the new challenges and improve the quality assurance processes, the V&V workflows have to be documented and analyzed. In this paper, a novel approach for the workflow modelling of V&V activities is presented. The generic approach is tailorable to different industrial domains and their specific constraints, V&V methods, and toolchains. The outcomes comprise a dedicated modelling notation (VVML) and tool-support using the modelling framework Enterprise Architect for the efficient documentation and implementation of workflows in the use cases. The solution enables the design of re-usable workflow assets such as V&V activities and artifacts that are exchanged between workflows. This work is part of the large scale European research project VALU3S that deals with the improvement and evaluation of V&V processes in different technical domains, focusing on safety, cybersecurity, and privacy properties.

  • 6.
    de la Vara, Jose Luis
    et al.
    Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Bauer, Thomas
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Fischer, Bernhard
    Siemens, Germany.
    Karaca, Mustafa
    Inovasyon Muhendislik, Turkey.
    Madeira, Henrique
    Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal.
    Matschnig, Martin
    Siemens, Germany.
    Mazzini, Silvia
    Intecs, Italy .
    Spilere Nandi, Giann
    ISEP, Portugal.
    Patrone, Fabio
    University of Genoa, Italy.
    Pereira, David
    ISEP, Portugal.
    Proença, José
    ISEP, Portugal.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT, Austria.
    Tonetta, Stefano
    FBK, Italy.
    Yayan, Ugur
    Inovasyon Muhendislik, Turkey.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    A Proposal for the Classification of Methods for Verification and Validation of Safety, Cybersecurity, and Privacy of Automated Systems2021Inngår i: 14th International Conference on the Quality of Information and Communications Technology (QUATIC 2021), 2021Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    As our dependence on automated systems grows, so does the need for guaranteeing their safety, cybersecurity, and privacy (SCP). Dedicated methods for verification and validation (V&V) must be used to this end and it is necessary that the methods and their characteristics can be clearly differentiated. This can be achieved via method classifications. However, we have experienced that existing classifications are not suitable to categorise V&V methods for SCP of automated systems. They do not pay enough attention to the distinguishing characteristics of this system type and of these quality concerns. As a solution, we present a new classification developed in the scope of a large-scale industry-academia project. The classification considers both the method type, e.g., testing, and the concern addressed, e.g., safety. Over 70 people have successfully used the classification on 53 methods. We argue that the classification is a more suitable means to categorise V&V methods for SCP of automated systems and that it can help other researchers and practitioners.

  • 7. Di Leo, D.
    et al.
    Ayatolahi, F.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Karlsson, J.
    Johansson, R.
    On the impact of hardware faults - An investigation of the relationship between workload inputs and failure mode distributions2012Inngår i: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., 2012, s. 198-209Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Technology scaling of integrated circuits is making transistors increasingly sensitive to process variations, wear-out effects and ionizing particles. This may lead to an increasing rate of transient and intermittent errors in future microprocessors. In order to assess the risk such errors pose to safety critical systems, it is essential to investigate how temporary errors in the instruction set architecture (ISA) registers and main memory locations influence the behaviour of executing programs. To this end, we investigate - by means of extensive fault injection experiments - how such errors affect the execution of four target programs. The paper makes three contributions. First, we investigate how the failure modes of the target programs vary for different input sets. Second, we evaluate the error coverage of a software-implemented hardware fault tolerant technique that relies on triple-time redundant execution, majority voting and forward recovery. Third, we propose an approach based on assembly language metrics which can be used to correlate the dynamic fault-free behaviour of a program with its failure mode distribution obtained by fault injection.

  • 8.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Towards Formal Fault Injection for Safety Assessment of Automated Systems2023Inngår i: Fifth International Workshop on Formal Methods for Autonomous Systems, 2023Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Reasoning about safety, security, and other dependability attributes of autonomous systems is a challenge that needs to be addressed before the adoption of such systems in day-to-day life. Formal methods is a class of methods that mathematically reason about a system’s behavior. Thus, a correctness proof is sufficient to conclude the system’s dependability. However, these methods are usually applied to abstract models of the system, which might not fully represent the actual system. Fault injection, on the other hand, is a testing method to evaluate the dependability of systems. However, the amount of testing required to evaluate the system is rather large and often a problem. This vision paper introduces formal fault injection, a fusion of these two techniques throughout the development lifecycle to enhance the dependability of autonomous systems. We advocate for a more cohesive approach by identifying five areas of mutual support between formal methods and fault injection. By forging stronger ties between the two fields, we pave the way for developing safe and dependable autonomous systems. This paper delves into the integration’s potential and outlines future research avenues, addressing open challenges along the way.

  • 9.
    Ferrari, Enrico
    et al.
    Rulex Innovation Labs, Italy.
    Schlick, Rupert
    AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    De la Vara, Jose Luis
    University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Criteria for the Analysis of Gaps and Limitations of V&V Methods for Safety- and Security-Critical Systems2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    As society increasingly relies on safety- and security- critical systems, the need for confirming their dependability becomes essential. Adequate V&V (verification and validation) methods must be employed, e.g., for system testing. When selecting and using the methods, it is important to analyze their possible gaps and limitations, such as scalability issues. However, and as we have experienced, common, explicitly defined criteria are seldom used for such analyses. This results in analyses that consider different aspects and to a different extent, hindering their comparison and thus the comparison of the V&V methods. As a solution, we present a set of criteria for the analysis of gaps and limitations of V&V methods for safety- and security-critical systems. The criteria have been identified in the scope of the VALU3S project. Sixty-two people from 33 organizations agreed upon the use of nine criteria: functionality, accuracy, scalability, deployment, learning curve, automation, reference environment, cost, and standards. Their use led to more homogeneous and more detailed analyses when compared to similar previous efforts. We argue that the proposed criteria can be helpful to others when having to deal with similar activities.

  • 10.
    Folkesson, Peter
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Nowdehi, Nasser
    Volvo AB, Sweden.
    On the Evaluation of Three Pre-Injection Analysis Techniques for Model-Implemented Fault- and Attack Injection2022Inngår i: IEEE 27th Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC 2022), 2022, s. 130-140Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Fault- and attack injection are techniques used to measure dependability attributes of computer systems. An important property of such injectors is their efficiency that deals with the time and effort needed to explore the target system’s fault- or attack space. As this space is generally very large, techniques such as pre-injection analyses are used to effectively explore the space. In this paper, we study two such techniques that have been proposed in the past, namely inject-on-read and inject-on-write. Moreover, we propose a new technique called error space pruning of signals and evaluate its efficiency in reducing the space needed to be explored by fault and attack injection experiments. We implemented and integrated these techniques into MODIFI, a model-implemented fault and attack injector, which has been effectively used in the past to evaluate Simulink models in the presence of faults and attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to integrate these pre-injection analysis techniques into an injector that injects faults and attacks into Simulink models.The results of our evaluation on 11 vehicular Simulink models show that the error space pruning of signals reduce the attack space by about 30–43%, hence allowing the attack space to be exploited by fewer number of attack injection experiments. Using MODIFI, we then performed attack injection experiments on two of these vehicular Simulink models, a comfort control model and a brake-by-wire model, while elaborating on the results obtained

  • 11. Islam, Mafijul
    et al.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Ayatolahi, Fatemeh
    Skarin, Daniel
    RISE., SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Elektronik, Pålitliga system.
    Vinter, Jonny
    RISE., SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Elektronik, Pålitliga system.
    Törner, Fredrik
    Käck, Andreas
    Nyberg, Mattias
    Villani, Emilia
    Haraldsson, Johan
    Isaksson, Patrik
    Karlsson, Johan
    Towards Benchmarking of Functional Safety in the Automotive Industry2013Inngår i: 14th European Workshop on Dependable Computing, EWDC 2013, 2013, , s. 111-125Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
  • 12.
    Jolak, Rodi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digitala system, Mobilitet och system. University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Rosenstatter, Thomas
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Mohamad, Mazen
    University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Strandberg, Kim
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Nowdehi, Nasser
    Volvo Car Corporation, Sweden.
    Scandariato, Ricardo
    Hamburg University of Technology, Germany.
    CONSERVE: A framework for the selection of techniques for monitoring containers security2022Inngår i: Journal of Systems and Software, ISSN 0164-1212, E-ISSN 1873-1228, Vol. 186, artikkel-id 111158Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Container-based virtualization is gaining popularity in different domains, as it supports continuous development and improves the efficiency and reliability of run-time environments. Problem: Different techniques are proposed for monitoring the security of containers. However, there are no guidelines supporting the selection of suitable techniques for the tasks at hand. Objective: We aim to support the selection and design of techniques for monitoring container-based virtualization environments. Approach:: First, we review the literature and identify techniques for monitoring containerized environments. Second, we classify these techniques according to a set of categories, such as technical characteristic, applicability, effectiveness, and evaluation. We further detail the pros and cons that are associated with each of the identified techniques. Result: As a result, we present CONSERVE, a multi-dimensional decision support framework for an informed and optimal selection of a suitable set of container monitoring techniques to be implemented in different application domains. Evaluation: A mix of eighteen researchers and practitioners evaluated the ease of use, understandability, usefulness, efficiency, applicability, and completeness of the framework. The evaluation shows a high level of interest, and points out to potential benefits. © 2021 The Authors

  • 13.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    An Integrated Safety and Cybersecurity Resilience Framework for the Automotive Domain2022Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    As vehicles become more and more connected with their surroundings and utilize an increasing number of services, they also become more exposed to threats as the attack surface increases. With increasing attack surfaces and continuing challenges of eliminating vulnerabilities, vehicles need to be designed to work even under malicious activities, i.e., under attacks. In this paper, we present a resilience framework that integrates analysis of safety and cybersecurity mechanisms. We also integrate resilience for safety and cybersecurity into the fault – error – failure chain. The framework is useful for analyzing the propagation of faults and attacks between different system layers. This facilitates identification of adequate resilience mechanisms at different system layers as well as deriving suitable test cases for verification and validation of system resilience using fault and attack injection.

  • 14.
    Lijun, Shan
    et al.
    Internet of Trust, France.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Vinter, Jonny
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Schoitsch, Erwin
    Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Loiseaux, Claire
    Internet of Trust, France.
    A Survey on the Application of Safety, Security,and Privacy Standards for Dependable Systems2019Inngår i: Proceedings of the 15th European Dependable Computing Conference, 2019Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Safety-critical systems are required to comply withsafety standards as well as security and privacy standards.In order to provide insights into how practitioners apply thestandards on safety, security or privacy (Sa/Se/Pr), as well ashow they employ Sa/Se/Pr analysis methodologies and softwaretools to meet such criteria, we conducted a questionnaire-basedsurvey. This paper summarizes our major analysis results of thereceived responses.

  • 15.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Farooqui, Ashfaq
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    CarFASE: A Carla-based Tool for Evaluating the Effects of Faults and Attacks on Autonomous Driving Stacks2023Inngår i: 2023 53rd Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023, s. 92-99Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents CarFASE, an open-source carla-based fault and attack simulation engine that is used to test and evaluate the behavior of autonomous driving stacks in the presence of faults and attacks. Carla is a highly customizable and adaptable simulator for autonomous driving research. In this paper, we demonstrate the application of CarFASE by running fault injection experiments on OpenPilot, an open-source advanced driver assistance system designed to provide a suite of features such as lane keeping, adaptive cruise control, and forward collision warning to enhance the driving experience. A braking scenario is used to study the behavior of OpenPilot in the presence of brightness and salt&pepper faults. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the tool in evaluating the safety attributes of autonomous driving systems in a safe and controlled environment.

  • 16.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Malik, Mateen
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Modeling and Evaluating the Effects of Jamming Attacks on Connected Automated Road Vehicles2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, we evaluate the safety of a platoon offour vehicles under jamming attacks. The platooning applicationis provided by Plexe-veins, which is a cooperative drivingframework, and the vehicles in the platoon are equipped withcooperative adaptive cruise control controllers to represent thevehicles’ behavior. The jamming attacks investigated are modeledby extending ComFASE (a Communication Fault and AttackSimulation Engine) and represent three real-world attacks,namely, destructive interference, barrage jamming, and deceptivejamming. The attacks are injected in the physical layer of theIEEE 802.11p communication protocol simulated in Veins (avehicular network simulator). To evaluate the safety implicationsof the injected attacks, the experimental results are classifiedby using the deceleration profiles and collision incidents of thevehicles. The results of our experiments show that jammingattacks on the communication can jeopardize vehicle safety,causing emergency braking and collision incidents. Moreover,we describe the impact of different attack injection parameters(such as, attack start time, attack duration and attack value) onthe behavior of the vehicles subjected to the attacks.

  • 17.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    Simulation-based Fault Injection in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Modelled in SUMO2021Inngår i: 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks(DSN) - Best of SELSE, IEEE conference proceedings, 2021Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility). Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.

  • 18.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Digitala system, Mobilitet och system.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    SUFI: A Simulation-based Fault Injection Tool for Safety Evaluation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Modelled in SUMO2021Inngår i: Proceedings - 2021 17th European Dependable Computing Conference, EDCC 2021, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2021, s. 45-52Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) and analyse the impact of the injected faults on the entire traffic. Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.

  • 19.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    SUFI: A Simulation-based Fault Injection Tool for Safety Evaluation of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems Modelled in SUMO2021Inngår i: 17th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC 2021), IEEE conference proceedings, 2021Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems used in vehicles are becoming more exposed and thus vulnerable to different types of faults and cybersecurity attacks. Examples of these systems are advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) used in vehicles with different levels of automation. Failures in these systems could have severe consequences, such as loss of lives and environmental damages. Therefore, these systems should be thoroughly evaluated during different stages of product development. An effective way of evaluating these systems is through the injection of faults and monitoring their impacts on these systems. In this paper, we present SUFI, a simulation-based fault injector that is capable of injecting faults into ADAS features simulated in SUMO (simulation of urban mobility) and analyse the impact of the injected faults on the entire traffic. Simulation-based fault injection is usually used at early stages of product development, especially when the target hardware is not yet available. Using SUFI we target car-following and lane-changing features of ADAS modelled in SUMO. The results of the fault injection experiments show the effectiveness of SUFI in revealing the weaknesses of these models when targeted by faults and attacks.

  • 20.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Aramrattana, Maytheewat
    VTI, Sweden.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Simulation-based Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Road Vehicle under Transmission Delays and Denial-of-Service Attacks2023Inngår i: Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, PRDC, IEEE Computer Society , 2023, s. 23-29Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    A remotely operated road vehicle (RORV) refers to a vehicle operated wirelessly from a remote location. In this paper, we report results from an evaluation of two safety mechanisms: safe braking and disconnection. These safety mechanisms are included in the control software for RORV developed by Roboauto, an intelligent mobility solutions provider. The safety mechanisms monitor the communication system to detect packet transmission delays, lost messages, and outages caused by naturally occurring interference as well as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When the delay in the communication channel exceeds certain threshold values, the safety mechanisms are to initiate control actions to reduce the vehicle speed or stop the affected vehicle safely as soon as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety mechanisms, we exposed the vehicle control software to various communication failures using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing environment developed specifically for this study. Our results show that the safety mechanisms behaved correctly for a vast majority of the simulated communication failures. However, in a few cases, we noted that the safety mechanisms were triggered incorrectly, either too early or too late, according to the system specification. 

  • 21.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Aramrattana, Maytheewat
    VTI, Sweden.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Simulation-based Evaluation of a Remotely Operated Road Vehicle under Transmission Delays and Denial-of-Service Attacks2023Inngår i: 28th IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing (PRDC 2023), IEEE conference proceedings, 2023Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    A remotely operated road vehicle (RORV) refers to a vehicle operated wirelessly from a remote location. In this paper, we report results from an evaluation of two safety mechanisms: safe braking and disconnection. These safety mechanisms are included in the control software for RORV developed by Roboauto, an intelligent mobility solutions provider. The safety mechanisms monitor the communication system to detect packet transmission delays, lost messages, and outages caused by naturally occurring interference as well as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. When the delay in the communication channel exceeds certain threshold values, the safety mechanisms are to initiate control actions to reduce the vehicle speed or stop the affected vehicle safely as soon as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of the safety mechanisms, we exposed the vehicle control software to various communication failures using a software-in-the-loop (SIL) testing environment developed specifically for this study. Our results show that the safety mechanisms behaved correctly for a vast majority of the simulated communication failures. However, in a few cases, we noted that the safety mechanisms were triggered incorrectly, either too early or too late, according to the system specification.

  • 22.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Maleki, Mehdi
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    ComFASE: A Tool for Evaluating the Effects of V2V Communication Faults and Attacks on Automated Vehicles2022Inngår i: 52nd annual IEEE/IFIP international conference on dependable systems and networks (DSN2022), 2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents ComFASE, a communication fault and attack simulation engine. ComFASE is used to identify and evaluate potentially dangerous behaviours of interconnected automated vehicles in the presence of faults and attacks in wireless vehicular networks. ComFASE is built on top of OMNET++ (a network simulator) and integrates SUMO (a traffic simulator) and Veins (a vehicular network simulator). The tool is flexible in modelling different types of faults and attacks and can be effectively used to study the interplay between safety and cybersecurity attributes by injecting cybersecurity attacks and evaluating their safety implications. To demonstrate the tool, we present results from a series of simulation experiments, where we injected delay and denial-of-service attacks on wireless messages exchanged between vehicles in a platooning application. The results show how different variants of attacks influence the platooning system in terms of collision incidents.

  • 23.
    Malik, Mateen
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet. Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    A Simulation-based Security Benchmarking Approach for Assessing Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) Applications2024Inngår i: Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications EngineeringArtikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents our initial contributions toward defining security benchmarks for simulation-based assessment of Cooperative Driving Automation (CDA) applications. A security benchmark is a process or procedure for assessing and validating a system’s ability to achieve its operational objectives in the presence of specific security attacks. This work lays the groundwork for developing security benchmarks that assess the robustness of CDA applications against jamming attacks. The driving scenario and the attack model are the core components of our proposed security benchmark. We used two scenarios braking and sinusoidal as a stimulus for evaluating the robustness of a platooning application modeled in a simulation framework called Plexe. The platooning application is equipped with a Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC) controller. We injected barrage jamming attacks into the physical layer of the wireless communication system modeled by the IEEE 802.11p protocol. We demonstrate that jamming attacks can compromise safety, leading to emergency braking and collision incidents among platooning vehicles. Our findings also indicate that the severity of jamming attacks varies with the driving scenario, with the most severe impacts (i.e., collisions) occurring when the attack is injected during vehicle acceleration.

  • 24.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Ayatolahi, F.
    Johansson, R.
    Karlsson, J.
    A Comparison of Inject-on-Read and Inject-on-Write in ISA-Level Fault Injection2016Inngår i: Proceedings - 2015 11th European Dependable Computing Conference, EDCC 2015, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2016, s. 178-189Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    ISA-level fault injection, i.e. the injection of bit-flip faults in Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) registers and main memory words, is widely used for studying the impact of transient and intermittent hardware faults in computer systems. This paper compares two techniques for ISA-level fault injection: inject-on-read, and inject-on-write. The first technique injects bit-flips in a data-item (the content of a register or memory word) just before the data-item is read by a machine instruction, while the second one injects bit-flips in a data-item just after it has been updated by a machine instruction. In addition, the paper compares two variants of inject-on-read, one where all faults are given the same weight and one where weight factors are used to reflect the time a data-item spends in a register or memory word. The weighted injected-on-read aims to accurately model soft errors that occur when an ionizing particle perturbs a data-item while it resides in an ISA register or a memory word. This is in contrast to inject-on-write, which emulates errors that propagate into an ISA register or a memory word. Our experiments show significant differences in the results obtained with the three techniques.

  • 25.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Ayatolahi, F.
    Johansson, R.
    Karlsson, J.
    A study of the impact of bit-flip errors on programs compiled with different optimization levels2014Inngår i: Proceedings - 2014 10th European Dependable Computing Conference, EDCC 2014, IEEE Computer Society , 2014, s. 146-157Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper we study the impact of compiler optimizations on the error sensitivity of twelve benchmark programs. We conducted extensive fault injection experiments where bit-flip errors were injected in instruction set architecture registers and main memory locations. The results show that the percentage of silent data corruptions (SDCs) in the output of the optimized programs is only marginally higher compare to that observed for the non-optimized programs. This suggests that compiler optimizations can be used in safety- and mission-critical systems without increasing the risk that the system produces undetected erroneous outputs. In addition, we investigate to what extent the source code implementation of a program affects the error sensitivity of a program. To this end, we perform experiments with five implementations of a bit count algorithm. In this investigation, we consider the impact of the implementation as well as compiler optimizations. The results of these experiments give valuable insights into how compiler optimizations can be used to reduce error sensitive of registers and main memory sections. They also show how sensitive locations requiring additional protection, e.g., by the use of software-based fault tolerance techniques, can be identified.

  • 26.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Ayatolahi, F.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Karlsson, J.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    An investigation of the fault sensitivity of four benchmark workloads2012Inngår i: Lecture Notes in Informatics (LNI), Proceedings - Series of the Gesellschaft fur Informatik (GI), Gesellschaft fur Informatik (GI) , 2012, s. 468-479Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents an experimental study of the fault sensitivity of four programs included in the MiBench test suit. We investigate their fault sensitivity with respect to hardware faults that manifest as single bit flips in main memory locations and instruction set architecture registers. To this end, we have conducted extensive fault injection experiments with two versions of each program, one basic version and one where the program is equipped with software-implemented hardware fault tolerance (SIHFT) through triple time redundant execution, majority voting and forward recovery (TTR-FR). The results show that TTR-FR achieves an error coverage between 94.6% and 99.2%, while the non-fault-tolerant versions achieve an error coverage between 55.8% and 81.1%. To gain understanding of the origin of the non-covered faults, we provide statistics on the fault sensitivity of different source code blocks, physical fault locations (instruction set architecture registers and main memory words) and different categories of machine instructions. 

  • 27.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Kleberger, Pierre
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Vinter, Jonny
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Analysis of Cybersecurity Mechanisms with respectto Dependability and Security Attributes2020Inngår i: 2020 50th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks Workshops (DSN-W), 2020Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Embedded electronic systems need to be equipped with different types of security mechanisms to protect themselves and to mitigate the effects of cybersecurity attacks. These mechanisms should be evaluated with respect to their impacts on dependability and security attributes such as availability, reliability, safety, etc. The evaluation is of great importance as, e.g., a security mechanism should never violate the system safety. Therefore, in this paper, we evaluate a comprehensive set of security mechanisms consisting of 17 different types of mechanisms with respect to their impact on dependability and security attributes. The results show that, in general, the use of these mechanisms have positive effect on system dependability and security. However, there are at least three mechanisms that could have negative impacts on system dependability by violating safety and availability requirements. The results support our claim that the analyses such as the ones conducted in this paper are necessary when selecting and implementing an optimal set of safety and security mechanisms.

  • 28.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Vinter, Jonny
    A Study of the Interplay Between Safety and Security Using Model-Implemented Fault Injection2018Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The combination of high mobility and wireless communication in many safety-critical systems have increased their exposure to malicious security threats. Consequently, many works in the past have proposed solutions to ensure safety and security of these systems. However, not much attention has been given to the interplay between these two groups of nonfunctional requirements. This is a concern as safety solutions may negatively impact system security and vice versa. This paper addresses the interplay between safety and security by proposing an attack injection framework, based on model-implemented fault injection, suitable for model-based design. The framework enables us to study and evaluate the impact of cybersecurity attacks on system safety early in the development process. To this end, we have implemented six attack injection models and conducted experiments on Simulink models of a CAN bus and a brake-by-wire controller. The results show that the security attacks modeled could successfully impact the system safety by violating our defined safety requirements.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 29.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Johansson, R.
    Karlsson, J.
    Light-weight techniques for improving the controllability and efficiency of ISA-level fault injection tools2017Inngår i: Proceedings of IEEE Pacific Rim International Symposium on Dependable Computing, PRDC, IEEE Computer Society , 2017, s. 68-77Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    ISA-level fault injection, i.e. the injection of bitflip faults in Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) registers and main memory words, is widely used for studying the impact of transient and intermittent hardware faults. ISA-level fault injection tools can be characterized by different properties such as repeatability, observability, reachability, intrusiveness, efficiency and controllability. This paper presents two preinjection analysis techniques that improve controllability and efficiency using object code analysis. To improve controllability, we propose a technique for identifying the type of data that is stored in a potential target location. This allows the user to selectively direct fault injections to addresses, data and/or control information. Experimental results show that the data type of 84-100% of the targets locations in 8 programs were successfully identified by this technique. The second technique improves efficiency by fault pruning, i.e., by avoiding injection of faults that is known a priori to be detected by the tested system. This technique leverage the fact that faults in certain bits in the program counter and the stack pointer are always detected by machine exceptions. We show that exclusion of these bits from the fault space could significantly prune the fault space and reduce the time it takes to conduct a fault injection campaign. 

  • 30.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Nasab, M. R.
    Olovsson, T.
    John, W.
    Assessing the quality of packet-level traces collected on internet backbone links2012Inngår i: Lect. Notes Comput. Sci., 2012, s. 184-198Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The quality of captured traffic plays an important role for decisions made by systems like intrusion detection/prevention systems (IDS/IPS) and firewalls. As these systems monitor network traffic to find malicious activities, a missing packet might lead to an incorrect decision. In this paper, we analyze the quality of packet-level traces collected on Internet backbone links using different generations of DAG cards. This is accomplished by inferring dropped packets introduced by the data collection system with help of the intrinsic structural properties inherently provided by TCP traffic flows. We employ two metrics which we believe can detect all kinds of missing packets: i) packets with ACK numbers greater than the expected ACK, indicating that the communicating parties acknowledge a packet not present in the trace; and ii) packets with data beyond the receiver's window size, which with a high probability, indicates that the packet advertising the correct window size was not recorded. These heuristics have been applied to three large datasets collected with different hardware and in different environments. We also introduce flowstat, a tool developed for this purpose which is capable of analyzing both captured traces and real-time traffic. After assessing more than 400 traces (75M bidirectional flows), we conclude that at least 0.08% of the flows have missing packets, a surprisingly large number that can affect the quality of analysis performed by firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems. The paper concludes with an investigation and discussion of the spatial and temporal aspects of the experienced packet losses and possible reasons behind missing data in traces. 

  • 31.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Pattabiraman, K.
    Karlsson, J.
    One Bit is (Not) Enough: An Empirical Study of the Impact of Single and Multiple Bit-Flip Errors2017Inngår i: Proceedings - 47th Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, DSN 2017, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2017, s. 97-108Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent studies have shown that technology and voltage scaling are expected to increase the likelihood that particle-induced soft errors manifest as multiple-bit errors. This raises concerns about the validity of using single bit-flips for assessing the impact of soft errors in fault injection experiments. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether multiple-bit errors could cause a higher percentage of silent data corruptions (SDCs) compared to single-bit errors. Based on 2700 fault injection campaigns with 15 benchmark programs, featuring a total of 27 million experiments, our results show that single-bit errors in most cases yields a higher percentage of SDCs compared to multiple-bit errors. However, in 8% of the campaigns we observed a higher percentage of SDCs for multiple-bit errors. For most of these campaigns, the highest percentage of SDCs was obtained by flipping at most 3 bits. Moreover, we propose three ways of pruning the error space based on the results. 

  • 32. Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    et al.
    Pattabiraman, Karthik
    University of British Columbia, Canada.
    Karlsson, Johan
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    An Empirical Study of the Impact of Single and Multiple Bit-Flip Errors in Programs2020Inngår i: IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, ISSN 1545-5971Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Recent studies have shown that technology and voltage scaling are expected to increase the likelihood that particle-induced soft errors manifest as multiple-bit errors. This raises concerns about the validity of using single bit-flips in fault injection experiments aiming to assess the program-level impact of soft errors. The goal of this paper is to investigate whether multiple-bit errors could cause a higher percentage of silent data corruptions (SDCs) compared to single-bit errors. Based on 2700 fault injection campaigns with 15 benchmark programs, featuring a total of 27 million experiments, our results show that single-bit errors in most cases either yield a higher percentage of SDCs compared to multiple-bit errors or yield SDC results that are very close to the ones obtained for the multiple-bit errors. Further, we find that only around 2% of the multiple-bit campaigns resulted in an SDC percentage that was more than 5 percentage points higher than that obtained for the corresponding single-bit campaigns. For most of these campaigns, the highest percentage of SDCs was obtained by flipping at most 3 bits. Based on our results, we also propose four techniques for error space pruning to avoid injection of multiple-bit errors that are either unlikely or infeasible to cause SDCs.

  • 33.
    Sedaghatbaf, Ali
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Moradi, Mehrdad
    University of Antwerp, Belgium.
    Almasizadeh, Jaafar
    University of Isfahan, Iran.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Van Acker, Bert
    University of Antwerp, Belgium.
    Denil, Joachim
    University of Antwerp, Belgium.
    DELFASE: A Deep Learning Method for Fault Space Exploration2022Inngår i: 18th European dependable computing conference (EDCC 2022), 2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs) are increasingly used in various safety-critical domains; assuring the safety of these systems is of paramount importance. Fault Injection is known as an effective testing method for analyzing the safety of CPSs. However, the total number of faults to be injected in a CPS to explore the entire fault space is normally large and the limited budget for testing forces testers to limit the number of faults injected by e.g., random sampling of the space. In this paper, we propose DELFASE as an automated solution for fault space exploration that relies on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for optimizing the identification of critical faults, and can run in two modes: active and passive. In the active mode, an active learning technique called ranked batch-mode sampling is used to select faults for training the GAN model with, while in the passive mode those faults are selected randomly. The results of our experiments on an adaptive cruise control system show that compared to random sampling, DELFASE is significantly more effective in revealing system weaknesses. In fact, we observed that compared to random sampling that resulted in a fault coverage of around 10%, when using the active and passive modes, the fault coverage of DELFASE could be as high as 89% and 81%, respectively.

  • 34.
    Shan, Lijun
    et al.
    Internet of Trust, France.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Vinter, Jonny
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Schoitsch, Erwin
    Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria.
    Loiseuax, Claire
    A Survey on the Applicability of Safety, Security and Privacy Standards in Developing Dependable Systems2019Inngår i: Computer Safety,Reliability, and Security / [ed] Alexander Romanovsky, Elena Troubitsyna, Ilir Gashi, Erwin Schoitsch, Friedemann Bitsch (Eds.), 2019Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Safety-critical systems are required to comply with safety standards. These systems are increasingly digitized and networked to an extent where they need to also comply with security and privacy standards. This paper aims to pro-vide insights into how practitioners apply the standards on safety, security or pri-vacy (Sa/Se/Pr), as well as how they employ Sa/Se/Pr analysis methodologies and software tools to meet such criteria. To this end, we conducted a question-naire-based survey within the participants of an EU project SECREDAS and ob-tained 21 responses. The results of our survey indicate that safety standards are widely applied by product and service providers, driven by the requirements from clients or regulators/authorities. When it comes to security standards, practition-ers face a wider range of standards while few target specific industrial sectors. Some standards linking safety and security engineering are not widely used at the moment, or practitioners are not aware of this feature. For privacy engineering, the availability and usage of standards, analysis methodologies and software tools are relatively weaker than safety and security, reflecting the fact that privacy en-gineering is an emerging concern for practitioners.

  • 35.
    Skoglund, Martin
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Agreements of an Automated Driving System2018Konferansepaper (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    When introducing automated driving systems (ADS), it is imperative that there exist mutual agreements between the ADS and stakeholders – such as the ADS equipped vehicle user, other road users, and society at large – on how the ADS should behave. Lacking such agreements, the ADS may antagonize stakeholders and, even worse, pose severe safety risks. The ADS needs a complete and unambiguous set of machine-interpretable properties describing these interactions, while the human stakeholders need to understand and accept how the ADS is designed to behave. We propose to make these considerations explicit in the form of agreements. The completeness problem is tackled by cataloguing and categorizing all agreements that need to be considered during the lifetime of an ADS in a systematic way.

  • 36.
    Skoglund, Martin
    et al.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Warg, Fredrik
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Säkerhet och transport, Elektronik.
    In search of synergies in a multi-concern development lifecycle: Safety and cybersecurity2018Inngår i: Lecture notes in Computer Science, 2018, s. 302-313Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The complexity of developing embedded electronic systems has been increasing especially in the automotive domain due to recently added functional requirements concerning e.g., connectivity. The development of these systems becomes even more complex for products - such as connected automated driving systems – where several different quality attributes (such as functional safety and cybersecurity) need to also be taken into account. In these cases, there is often a need to adhere to several standards simultaneously, each addressing a unique quality attribute. In this paper, we analyze potential synergies when working with both a functional safety standard (ISO 26262) and a cybersecurity standard (first working draft of ISO/SAE 21434). The analysis is based on a use case developing a positioning component for the automotive domain. The results regarding the use of multi-concern development lifecycle is on a high level, since most of the insights into co-engineering presented in this paper is based on process modeling. The main findings of our analysis show that on the design-side of the development lifecycle, the big gain is completeness of the analysis when considering both attributes together, but the overlap in terms of shared activities is small. For the verification-side of the lifecycle, much of the work and infrastructure can be shared when showing fulfillment of the two standards ISO 26262 and ISO/SAE 21434.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 37.
    Smrčka, Aleš
    et al.
    Brno University of Technology, Czech Republic.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Mingozzi, Emanuele
    E.S.T.E., Italy.
    de la Vara, Jose Luis
    Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
    Farrell, Marie
    University of Manchester, UK.
    Barbosa, Raul
    Universidade de Coimbra, Spian.
    Baglum, Cem
    Inovasyon Mühendislik, Turkey.
    Yayan, Ugur
    Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Turkey.
    Ergun, Salih
    ERARGE, Turkey.
    Kanak, Alper
    ERARGE, Turkey.
    Towards an extensive set of criteria for safety and cyber-security evaluation of cyber-physical systems2023Inngår i: Open Research Europe, E-ISSN 2732-5121, Vol. 3Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Verification and validation (V&V) are complex processes combining different approaches and incorporating many different methods including many activities. System engineers regularly face the question if their V&V activities lead to better products, and having appropriate criteria at hand for evaluation of safety and cybersecurity of the systems would help to answer such a question. Additionally, when there is a demand to improve the quality of an already managed V&V process, there is a struggle over what criteria to use in order to measure the improvement. This paper presents an extensive set of criteria suitable for safety and cybersecurity evaluation of cyberphysical systems. The evaluation criteria are agreed upon by 60 researchers from 32 academic and industrial organizations jointly working in a large-scale European research project on 13 real-world use cases from the domains of automotive, railway, aerospace, agriculture, healthcare, and industrial robotics.

    Fulltekst (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 38.
    Thorsén, Anders
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Strandberg, Ted
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Combined Safety and Cybersecurity Risk Assessment for Intelligent Distributed Grids2022Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    As more parts of the power grid become connected to the internet, the risk of cyberattacks increases. To identify the cybersecurity threats and subsequently reduce vulnerabilities, the common practice is to carry out a cybersecurity risk assessment. For safety classified systems and products, there is also a need for safety risk assessments in addition to the cybersecurity risk assessment in order to identify and reduce safety risks. These two risk assessments are usually done separately, but since cybersecurity and functional safety are often related, a more comprehensive method covering both aspects is needed. Some work addressing this has been done for specific domains like the automotive domain, but more general methods suitable for, e.g., Intelligent Distributed Grids, are still missing. One such method from the automotive domain is the Security-Aware Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (SAHARA) method that combines safety and cybersecurity risk assessments. This paper presents an approach where the SAHARA method has been modified in order to be more suitable for larger distributed systems. The adapted SAHARA method has a more general risk assessment approach than the original SAHARA. The proposed method has been successfully applied on two use cases of an intelligent distributed grid.

  • 39.
    Thorsén, Anders
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Folkesson, Peter
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Strandberg, Ted
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Combined Safety and Cybersecurity Risk Assessment for Intelligent Distributed Grids2022Inngår i: World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, Vol. 16, nr 5, s. 69-76Artikkel i tidsskrift (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    As more parts of the power grid become connected to the internet, the risk of cyberattacks increases. To identify the cybersecurity threats and subsequently reduce vulnerabilities, the common practice is to carry out a cybersecurity risk assessment. For safety classified systems and products, there is also a need for safety risk assessments in addition to the cybersecurity risk assessment to identify and reduce safety risks. These two risk assessments are usually done separately, but since cybersecurity and functional safety are often related, a more comprehensive method covering both aspects is needed. Some work addressing this has been done for specific domains like the automotive domain, but more general methods suitable for, e.g., Intelligent Distributed Grids, are still missing. One such method from the automotive domain is the Security-Aware Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (SAHARA) method that combines safety and cybersecurity risk assessments. This paper presents an approach where the SAHARA method has been modified to be more suitable for larger distributed systems. The adapted SAHARA method has a more general risk assessment approach than the original SAHARA. The proposed method has been successfully applied on two use cases of an intelligent distributed grid.

  • 40.
    Wolschke, Christian
    et al.
    Fraunhofer, Sweden.
    Sangchoolie, Behrooz
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Säkerhet och transport, Elektrifiering och pålitlighet.
    Jacob, Simon
    CEVT China Euro Vehicle Technology, Sweden.
    Marksteiner, Stefan
    AVL List GmbH, Austria.
    Braun, Tobias
    Fraunhofer, Germany.
    Hamazaryan,, Hayk
    ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Germany.
    SaSeVAL: A Safety/Security-Aware Approach for Validation of Safety-Critical Systems2021Inngår i: 7th International Workshop on Safety and Security of Intelligent Vehicles (SSIV+ 2021, held in conjunction with DSN2021), IEEE conference proceedings, 2021Konferansepaper (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Increasing communication and self-driving capabilities for road vehicles lead to threats which could potentially be exploited by attackers. Especially attacks leading to safety violations have to be identified to address them by appropriate measures. The impact of an attack depends on the threat exploited, potential countermeasures and the traffic situation. In order to identify such attacks and to use them for testing, we propose the systematic approach SaSeVAL for deriving attacks of autonomous vehicles.

    SaSeVAL is based on threats identification and safety-security analysis. The impact of automotive use cases to attacks is considered. The threat identification considers the attack interface of vehicles and classifies threat scenarios according to threat types, which are then mapped to attack types. The safety-security analysis identifies the necessary requirements which have to be tested based on the architecture of the system under test. It determines which safety impact a security violation may have, and in which traffic situations the highest impact is expected. Finally, the results of threat identification and safety-security analysis are used to describe attacks.

    The goal of SaSeVAL is to achieve safety validation of the vehicle w.r.t. security concerns. It traces safety goals to threats and to attacks explicitly. Hence, the coverage of safety concerns by security testing is assured. Two use cases of vehicle communication and autonomous driving are investigated to prove the applicability of the approach.

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