Detection and evaluation of partial discharges (PD) is important for quality assurance and diagnosis ofelectrical insulation systems. With increasing use of DC voltages in electrical transmission and distributionsystems, the field of PD under DC voltage stress needs to be further investigated.CIGRE Working Group D1.63 was approved for start in May 2015, where available knowledge and experiencein particular concerning the field distribution in insulation systems used in DC voltage systems, and thephysical processes of the PD phenomena under DC voltage stress should be reviewed. In order of guidingto meaningful procedures for DC PD measurements of HV equipment thorough understanding of i) thedifferences of PD behaviour between AC and DC with respect to the physical process and ii) influencingfactors of operating conditions (as e.g. polarization, temperature etc.) of different insulation systems underDC stress and respective effects on PD phenomena had to be examined.

This paper discusses the procedure for the determination of the optimum leakage inductance of a medium frequency transformer (MFT) for a quasi-two-level (Q2L) operating three-phase modular multilevel converter dual-active bridge (MMC-DAB) considering the effects of the MFT winding configuration. Three different winding configurations-namely, Y-Y, D-D, and Y-D-are considered for the connection of the MFT windings. The optimum leakage inductance requirement of the MFT, the currents total harmonic distortion (THD), and the transformer utilization factor (TUF) are compared for the three winding configurations. It is found that the Y-Y and the D-D configurations have similar optimum leakage inductance patterns, which are different from the Y-D configuration. Furthermore, it is established that an optimized leakage inductance value for a conventional DAB, can be utilized for the Q2L-operating MMC-DAB for a wide range of transition time with the Y-Y and the D-D winding configurations if less than a 5% error could be tolerated in its value. A comparison with respect to the TUF and the currents THD revealed that the Y-Y and the D-D configurations result in a higher TUF compared to the Y-D configuration; However, the Y-D configuration has approximately two times lower currents THD compared to the other two configurations

The high power medium frequency transformer (HPMFT) is one of the key elements of an isolated, bi-directional DC-DC converters in applications such as future all-DC offshore wind farms, traction and solid state transformers. This paper describes a design methodology taking into account the loss calculation, isolation requirements and thermal management. Incorporating this design methodology, an optimization process with a wide range of parameter variations is applied on a design example to find the highest power density while the efficiency, isolation, thermal and leakage inductance requirements are all met.

High power isolated DC-DC converters are likely to provide solutions for many technical challenges associated with power density, efficiency and reliability in potential applications such as offshore wind farms, inter-connection of DC grids, MVDC in data centers and in future solid state transformer applications. The high power medium frequency transformer (HPMFT) is one of the key elements of such a converter to realize the voltage adaption, isolation requirements, as well as high power density. This paper describes a design and optimization methodology taking into account the loss calculation, isolation requirements and thermal management. Incorporating this design methodology, an optimization process with a wide range of parameter variations is applied on a 50 kW, 1 / 3 kV, 5 kHz transformer to find the highest power density while the efficiency, isolation, thermal and leakage inductance requirements are all met. The optimized transformers are then manufactured and will be presented in this paper.

This paper presents the characterization of a resistive high-voltage dc (HVDC) reference divider and methods to establish traceability. The divider is designed for use as a laboratory reference for calibration of HVDC measuring systems up to 1000 kV. Targeting a measurement uncertainty of 20 μV/V at full voltage has put a focus on the temperature coefficients of the resistors, elimination of humidity dependence, and control of leakage currents in the high-voltage arm. A scale factor calibration against a 50 kV divider at 10 kV leads to an expanded uncertainty of 15 μV/V.

This paper presents an accurate analytical method for calculating the leakage inductance of shell-type E-core transformers with rectangular windings. For this purpose, first, an expression for calculating the leakage inductance per unit length inside the core window considering the core walls as the flux-normal boundary condition is derived. Then, a new accurate method for determining the Mean Length of Turns (MLT) based on the total stored energy is presented. The MLT is needed for the leakage inductance calculation using 2-D methods. By dividing the MLT into three partial lengths and calculating the corresponding leakage inductances using three different core window arrangements, the effect of core structure on the total leakage inductance is considered. The method is verified by 3-D FEM simulations as well as the leakage inductance measurements on two different fabricated transformer prototypes. The superiority of the method is also confirmed by comparisons with the previous analytical approaches. The proposed method enables the leakage inductance calculation with an error less than 1%, compared to the 3-D FEM results. Using the presented method, the leakage inductance calculations can be performed rapidly and accurately in the design stage without the need for time-consuming 3-D FEM simulations. CCBYNCND

The leakage field in shell-type transformers is strongly affected by the boundary conditions introduced by the core walls and thus the effect of the core should be considered properly in the leakage inductance calculation. In this paper, a new method for accurate calculation of the leakage inductance of shell-type multi core-segment transformers with circular windings is presented. For this purpose, first, the expressions for self and mutual inductances are derived in cylindrical coordinates considering the core walls as the flux-normal boundary condition. Then, a new approach is proposed for calculating the leakage inductance considering the number and dimensions of the used core segments. The method is developed at first for single and double core-segment transformers (known also as E-core and U-core transformers) and then adopted for shell-type segmented-core transformers. The method is verified by 3-D FEM simulations. The comparisons with the previous analytical methods demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. A transformer prototype has been built and verification tests have been conducted. The comparisons show that the leakage inductance can be estimated with an error less than 1%, demonstrating a very high accuracy with the proposed method.

To achieve the lowest loss by the Zero-Voltage Switching of a Dual Active Bridge converter, it is crucial to precisely calculate the embedded Leakage Inductance of the used Medium Frequency Transformer (MFT). An effective analytical method is proposed for calculation of the leakage inductance of the MFT with rectangular-shaped windings

The leakage inductance of the transformer in a dual active bridge (DAB) dc–dc converter directly impacts the ac current waveforms and the power factor; thus, it can be considered a design requirement for the transformer. In the existing literature, a choice is made to either ensure soft switching in nominal power or to minimize the RMS current of the transformer. The inductance is typically obtained using optimization procedures. Implementing these optimizations is time-consuming, which can be avoided if a closed-form equation is derived for the optimum leakage inductance. In this paper, analytical formulas are derived to estimate the desired leakage inductance such that the highest RMS value of the current in the operation region of a DAB is kept to its minimum value. The accuracy and sensitivity of the analytical solutions are evaluated. It is shown that in a large design domain, the solution for the YY-connected MFT has a less than 3% error compared to the results obtained from an optimization engine. As an example of the importance of selecting the leakage inductance correctly, it is shown that for 11% deviations in the dc link voltages, a 10% deviation from the desired leakage inductance value can cause 2% higher RMS currents in the converter. © 2023 by the authors.

In this project, a design of an oil type medium frequency transformer for offshore wind farm applications is proposed. The design is intended for applications when series coupling of the output of the DC/DC converters of the wind turbine on their secondary side is done to achieve a cost-effective high voltage solution for collecting energy from offshore wind parks. The focus of the work is on the insulation design of the high voltage side of a medium frequency transformer where the magnetic design constraints should also be satisfied.

Above all, a proof of concept is made demonstrating a possible solution for the design of the transformer for such a DC/DC converter unit. The transformer suggested is using oil/paper as insulation medium. Furthermore, characterisation of an eco-friendly biodegradable transformer oil for this type of HVDC transformer application is made. Moreover, an introduction of reliable high frequency characterisation test methods to medium frequency transformer designers is made. In addition, the Non-Linear Maxwell Wagner (NLMW) relations are further developed to form a method for the development of an HVDC MFT transformer. All in all, the DC series concept has been further developed one step closer to pre-commercialization, i.e. from TRL 1 to about 2.

The project suggests appropriate methods for quality assurance of measurement processes and measuring equipment used for condition monitoring of power transformers, specifically for selection of on-line monitoring systems for: • Temperature • Partial discharge (PD) • Sound and vibration The developed methods can be developed further in subsequent projects to cover the quality of other types of measurement processes and measuring equipment as part of maintenance planning activities.

To achieve the highest efficiency of a Dual Active Bridge converter, it is crucial to accurately calculate the winding losses of the Medium Frequency Transformer (MFT) situated inside it. In this article, an effective numerical method for calculation of the copper losses in MFTs with rectangular-shaped windings made up of Litz wire, is utilized and practically verified.

Determination of parasitic capacitances is a necessary step in the design process of transformers to be used in power electronic devices. At high switching frequencies, these capacitances together with inductive elements of the circuit cause unwanted oscillations during fast transients such as sharp fronts of square voltage waves appearing in a dual active bridge converter. In the paper, parasitic capacitances of high-power transformers supposed to operate at frequencies up to several kHz and high DC offset voltages (100 kV and higher) are analyzed. Two methods based on the equivalent circuit approach are suggested. To validate the methods, they are used to determine the parameters of an equivalent circuit of a prototype transformer developed earlier. The capacitances are calculated using the results of 3D FEM simulations performed based on the structure of the transformer as input. Furthermore, another set of data used for validation of the proposed calculation methods was obtained from the conducted direct measurements of frequency dependent impedance of the transformer. The accuracy of the proposed methods is discussed. It is concluded that the methods can be used for quick estimations of the parameters of transformers designed for power electronic applications.

SP has experience in the field of fiberoptic communication and expertise in research in the field. Also, SP has expertise in the high-voltage field and there is currently a large interest in developing the high-voltage network in order to accommodate new small producers of electric power (wind mills, solar power, etc.) In this report we describe efforts to find areas of interest to develop fiberoptic sensors for offshore monitoring of high-voltage equipment. A large number of research papers and review articles have been collected and reviewed in order to investigate what possibilities are at hand for SP to provide support for development of new or existing fiberoptic sensor technologies.

Offshore wind farms pose the challenge of transmission of produced energy in an economic and effective way over long distances, justifying investments in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems. A solution to surmount the need for an expensive and large power transformer station is to connect each wind turbine to a DC/DC converter in which a Medium Frequency Transformer (MFT) is utilized to reduce the size of the station. Further, the DC outputs of the converters of the wind turbines can be connected in series to create a high DC voltage. In this solution, the MFTs are required to be insulated against a high DC voltage to ground in a limited compartment. This contribution presents a prototype of 125 kV 50 kW 5 kHz oil-paper insulated MFT, which has been manufactured and subjected to verification HV tests. The dielectric design of the prototype MFT based on finite element solution of non-linear Maxwell-Wagner equations is introduced and the acceptance criteria and practical design considerations are discussed.

High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission represents the most efficient way for transporting produced electrical energy from remotely located offshore wind farms to the shore. Such systems are implemented today using very expensive and large power transformers and converter stations placed on dedicated platforms. The present study aims at elaborating a compact solution for an energy collections system. The solution allows for a minimum of total transformer weight in the wind turbine nacelle reducing or even eliminating the need for a sea-based platform(s). The heart of the project is a Medium Frequency Transformer (MFT) that has a high DC voltage insulation towards ground. The transformer is employed in a DC/DC converter that delivers the energy into a serial array without additional conversion units. The insulation design methodology of an environmentally friendly HV insulation system for an MFT, based on pressboard and biodegradable oil, is introduced. The measurement method and results of the measurements of electrical conductivities of the transformer oil and Oil Impregnated Pressboard (OIP) are reported. The measurements show that the biodegradable ester oil/OIP conductivities are generally higher than the mineral oil/OIP conductivities. Numerical simulations reveal that the performance of the insulation system is slightly better when ester oil is used. Additionally, a lower temperature dependency for ester oil/OIP conductivities is observed, with the result that the transformer filled with ester oil is less sensitive to temperature variations. © 2022 by the authors.

DC can be used advantageously in transmission of power from offshore wind farms, utilizing series connection of the individual turbines’ outputs. Employing individual wind turbine converters, operating at high frequency, the advantage of DC can be achieved without the need for a large central converter. This solution obviates the need of expensive, bulky and heavy 50 Hz transformer or centralized DC/DC converter platforms.

Power electronic converters are among the enabling technologies to establish a series DC intertie system. The most important advantage of a DC/DC converter using a Medium Frequency Power Transformer (MFPT) is its compact size in comparison with a normal grid frequency transformer.

The function of a MFPT is to provide voltage step up and isolation between generators and the HVDC link. The need for a compact structure dictates further design constraints. A MFPT should have a high-power transmission capability from a small volume as well as minimal internal insolation distances. Furthermore, in the series DC integration circuit, DC/DC converters can experience a very high offset DC voltage depending on the converter’s position with respect to earth (in the range of one or two hundred kilovolts), while the primary side (wind turbine generator side) is only exposed to a few kV.

Due to its promising features, many research activities have been devoted to the design and optimization of MFPTs. However, only a few activities specifically addressed the insulation requirements for them.

High voltage direct current transmission is an effective way of energy transportation from offshore wind farms to the grid. One of the most economical solutions to realize it is based on a series connection of the wind turbines. This technology requires implementation of a DC/DC converter incorporating a special transformer operating at high DC voltages with superimposed high frequency components. To design the high voltage insulation of such a transformer, the dielectric properties of the materials constituting the insulation are to be known in a wide range of variations of the electric field and temperature. In the present study, results of the measurements of field and temperature dependencies of the electric conductivities of a typical high-quality mineral transformer oil and oil-impregnated pressboard are reported. The measurements were performed at different combinations of voltage-temperature stresses reflecting the insulation’s operation condition. The obtained data are used for performance evaluation of the insulation system of a prototype of the transformer.