Cost escalation for many complex defence equipment is arguably not sustainable. Customer driven requirements have led to an exponential increase in costs by pushing frontiers of technology to support primarily incremental improvements of traditional equipment concepts. Accordingly, affordability has become a more discussed subject in defence acquisition. This paper addresses the process of generating complex defence equipment concepts. The purpose is to explore how affordability is managed in that process and to identify possible leads to how an unsustainable cost escalation for this type of equipment can be curbed. This is done by studying two cases of concept generation of future combat air equipment systems from a company process perspective. This applied micro perspective on cost escalation showed that none of the concepts generated in these two cases were assessed to curb the cost escalation. Further, the innovation model for the generated concepts, with only one notable exception, was incremental. Nevertheless, the empirical observations from these two cases offer leads on how to potentially foster a more innovative and affordability-oriented concept generation process for future defence equipment, as well as indicating avenues for future research.

This study originates in a recognised unsustainable cost escalation for complex defence equipment. In order to understand how such cost escalation for complex product systems (CoPS) can be avoided, this study comparatively explores four different industrial sectors–energy, transportation, healthcare and defence–with and without intergenerational increasing costs, represented by four international companies. The results, collected from studying the development of one of each company’s products, reveal some characteristic differences in market factors between those sectors and companies having problems with intergenerational escalating costs and customer affordability, as compared to other sectors and companies. It is suggested that dependent on market characteristics, it might be necessary to actively manage affordability when CoPS are developed. Efforts made by the companies to make products more affordable were identified, and several factors enabling and disabling the development of less costly products without compromising customer needs were explored. Further, the implications of affordability management in a CoPS setting are elaborated on.

This study provides insights into innovation management practice at a hospital and explores how having a personal certification as an innovation management professional can play a role. The study was conducted at a large university hospital in Sweden and interviews were made with certified innovation management professionals working at the hospitals’ Center for Innovation. Identified main drivers for entering the certification process were different aspects related to legitimacy but also related to enhance the knowledge from different aspects. At present, the urge for legitimization of innovation management appears even stronger in the healthcare context than identified in earlier studies. Since innovation management is an emerging area, a personal certification is not only legitimizing the individual, but also the area in itself. Identified effects from the personal certifications was a raised legitimacy but also an enhanced clarity of contribution of innovation management compared to e.g. research and improvement work.

This chapter provides an illustration of how the support for innovation workhas been developed at Karolinska University Hospital. Karolinska is a largeuniversity hospital in Sweden that provides highly specialised healthcaretogether with research and education. The chapter presents a ‘journey’ spanningthe period 2011–2020 whose overall goal was to support innovation efforts at thehospital. During that time, different initiatives to achieve the goal were launched.These included establishing expertise in forming and leading innovationpartnerships; developing a portfolio of educational programmes for clinicalstaff regarding innovation management; utilising the opportunity to certify thehospital’s innovation management professionals; engaging in the developmentof ISO standards for innovation management; and designing and implementinga hospital-wide innovation management system. This journey is then reflectedupon, and the specific issues of adapting innovation management to a healthcarecontext and developing innovation management support in a hospital setting arediscussed. This all serves as input for how to address innovation management aswell as for future models of healthcare delivery.

To address grand societal challenges, united actions from multiple actors are required. Innovation management in mission-oriented, collaborative contexts is however a particularly tall order. In parallel, ISO standards for innovation management have become available. This paper has studied nine collaborative innovation initiatives (diverse domains/levels) to capture their experiences and challenges. These were analysed regarding the relevance of applying standard-based frameworks for innovation management in such settings. It is concluded that a standard-based framework for innovation management can be applied as a support for both planning and execution, making a relevant starting point to ensure crucial aspects are not overlooked. Thereto, this paper also presents a tentative methodology aiming to contribute to the planning and execution of such collaborative innovation initiatives. The methodology contains (1) a preparatory step of mapping the initiative, and (2) a second step utilising a set of guiding aspects in the form of questions and claims.

ISO56002 ‒ a global standard for innovation management systems was published 2019 and empirical validation of using the standard is so far limited. This study investigates design and introduction of innovation management systems based on ISO56002 and explores the impact this brings to the studied organizations. 

Two organizations, a UK-based consultancy firm in engineering, and a Japan-based information and technology company, both explicitly utilizing ISO 56002 and considered as leading examples were studied. A qualitative approach was chosen, mainly based on interviews in order to open for elaborations on the emerging phenomenon of innovation management systems based on a standard. 

The study shows that the ISO56002 brought value to both organizations, despite them being in different sectors. The standard does not provide detail solutions, instead it is used as support to actively apply a systems approach to innovation covering strategic, structural, and cultural issues all together. Specifically, management functions are supported to address strategy and culture, including design structures for fencing space for exploration, risk-taking and experimentation. Critical features to enable this, such as appointing a core team with a long-term ambition, are identified and discussed. 

A professionalization within the area of innovation management is taking place, and this paper presents a study on the phenomenon of personal certification as an innovation management professional. The study has investigated motivations for taking a personal certification as an innovation management professional, and impacts from it, addressing certified individuals, their organizations, and potential contributions to professionalization. The study was conducted in Sweden related to the personal certification of innovation management professionals launched in 2017by the Swedish Association for Innovation Management Professionals (Innovationsledarna) and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden as a third-partycertification body. Identified motivational factors covered desired knowledge enhancement, measuring of competence level, a strive for legitimacy, and curiosity. Impact from taking the certifications were for example increased knowledge, enhanced professional communication about innovation management, boosted selfconfidence, expanded network, and more opportunities to influence. The current situation was also analyzed from a professionalization perspective as well as discussed in terms of innovation maturity and innovation diffusion.

This paper addresses how personal certification in innovation management can contribute to the ongoingprofessionalisation within the innovation management discipline. The empirical study focused a projectin Sweden initiated to develop qualification, specifically personal certification, of innovation managementprofessionals. The project resulted in a certification process and a first batch of certified innovationmanagement professionals. The study aimed to capture the individuals’ reasons for, as well as results andeffects from, choosing to acquire a voluntary personal certification within innovation management. A widerange of reasons for taking the certifications was reported such as willingness to learn more, willingness toformalise innovation management competence, a wish to clarify roles, but also to promote the discipline itself.Certification was apprehended as a trustworthy format to achieve this. Identified effects were establishmentof a common language, increased visibility of individuals, and innovation management professionals to feelmore confident in their jobs.

Organizations can implement an innovation management system in order to address the multidimensional challenges they often have in their practical innovation work. Until the ISO 56002 standard was released in 2019, there was no international standard for the design of innovation management systems. The standard provides support as a framework and highlights important systems elements. We studied two early adopters that have used this international standard to design their innovation management systems. Based on the study findings, we devised a practical approach for framing the design of an innovation management system. The approach includes a set of steps and critical considerations that include understanding a company's innovation ambitions and direction, analyzing the systemic dimensions of the system (the elements and how they interconnect), and introducing a balanced set of control mechanisms.

This chapter presents results from initial studies on personal certifications of innovation management professionals, drawing from a Swedish context. The results capture motivations for, as well as effects from, the certification process. They are discussed from the perspective of how this is relevant for developing and enhancing innovation leadership competencies. Increased knowledge, enhanced professional communication, and strengthened self-confidence related to innovation management were identified as outcomes for individuals pursuing the certifications. Further, this laid the ground for increased visibility, expanded network, and thus more opportunities to influence innovation work. An overarching theme appearing in the study is how a certification can contribute to strengthening the legitimacy of working with innovation management, and thus serve as an enabler for innovation management practice and subsequently innovation leadership. Effects from the certification that may be beneficial for successful innovation leadership include the opportunity for practitioners to articulate their own experiences and competencies, in addition to improving the impact of their efforts utilising innovation terminology. For organisations, knowledge of personal certification can be used both for recruitment and for development of existing personnel and their innovation leadership. Through a longer perspective, it can also contribute to decreasing the dependence on a few specific individuals and instead strengthen the long-term organisational innovation capabilities.

En vägledande ISO-standard för innovationsledningssystem (ISO 56002) publicerades 2019. Den ger möjlighet att följa hur ett sådant ramverk kan stödja organisationer som vill stärka sin innovationsförmåga med hjälp av en systemansats. Den här artikeln delar insikter från fallstudier bland annat på organisationer som uttalat har använt ISO-standarden för att implementera ett innovationsledningssystem.

An innovation strategy aims to provide guidance in terms of direction and prioritisation regarding innovation efforts. This study explores formulation and implementation of innovation strategy in the context of a case study of an organisation that explicitly deploys the guidance standard for innovation management systems ISO56002. Interviews were conducted and were analysed together with an abundance of company documentation, spanning seven years. The empirical results convey how intertwined the work on innovation strategy was with the formulation and implementation of the company’s innovation management system (based on ISO56002). The study addressed the call for more research on strategy implementation and showed the innovation strategy (part of the ISO 56002 Leadership element) influencing the other system elements within the innovation management system. Further, it is important to use a system of systems approach to integrate an Innovation Management System with other management systems. This may be achieved through ambidextrous leadership competences given that the management systems have with different purposes, properties and actions. Finally, as an innovation management system develops, it is important to adapt rather than over-optimise in order to for retain flexibility required to innovate.  

Early evidence supports standardised innovation management system(s) (SIMS) as an approach to achieve improved value for organisations. Mott MacDonald, a large multinational engineering, management and development consultancy is strengthening its innovation and social outcomes by implementing a SIMS based upon ISO 56002:2019. This case study was based on their UK operations, and explores early stage implementation phenomena. Data gathering included interviews and a small-sample questionnaire (purposive sampling). We identified how respondents perceived factors such as: ownership of the innovation work (at individual, unit, and group level); understanding the system and value gained from a systematic approach, benefits of a common innovation framework; and development in terms of enhanced abilities to “talk about” innovation, competency growth, and engagement in innovation activities. The findings provide insights for other organisations to further understand the effects of SIMS and opportunities for enhanced implementation and uptake.

Innovation in the food sector is needed. This study addresses how to support learning around systematic innovation management in smaller firms within seafood, part of the highly regulated food sector. A collaborative change project, with four SMEs, a science park, and a research institute, aiming at enhanced innovation capabilities within the SMEs, was studied. The project included direct interventions in terms of training, dialogues, and coaching related to systematic innovation management ‒ in order to facilitate blue innovation. Empirical data was gathered in interviews and reflective field observations. Crucial factors to consider were to enhance the understanding of the systemic nature of innovation management and utilize visualizations as well as an innovation vocabulary, preferably related to ISO 56000 and ISO 56002. Further, it is also important to include diverse learning activities, while also ensuring a closeness to the firm’s current situation, and to focus on the progress that occurred.

Within the area of innovation management, an increase of new job roles, and development of standards and certifications, signals an ongoing professionalization. This paper shares findings from studying the emerging phenomenon of personal certification as innovation management professionals (IMP). The study aimed to investigate motivational factors related to entering (or not entering) a process of IMP certification, as well as perceived impact and effects on innovation management quality and practice from such certification. The study was conducted through interviews, including a comparative element interviewing both certified IMPs and non-certified IMPs. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors for IMP certification were identified, but also amotivation related to not favouring standardization. Several examples of effects from IMP certification were reported, where the most significant was revolving around the IMP being more self-confident, based on both external validation and knowledge enhancement. 

This paper examines an organization’s adoption of a standard based innovation management system (IMS) to systematize and lead its innovation efforts. The organization, a large public hospital, characterized as an early implementor of the standard based IMS approach to innovation management, was analyzed during a fouryear time span via a longitudinal study. The paper utilizes components of neo institutional theory as a lens to explain the empirical findings, adopting a legitimacy-as-a-process perspective to trace how the IMS system became a legitimate approach to innovation management, through institutional work. By analyzing the organization from its initial planning to its implementation of the system, the paper presents an order of legitimizing an innovation management system. 

This paper examines an organization’s adoption of an ISO innovation managementstandard to systematize and lead its innovation efforts. We focus on how the ISO standard has acted as a legitimating factor for innovation activities in the organization.Theoretically, we clarify how legitimacy can be understood, and used to explain innovation management activities. Managerial implications include a suggestion to utilizethe ISO name and its approaches to innovation management.

The significance of systems perspectives in addressing complex problems has been emphasized in literature. However, application of such perspectives in the field of innovation management has been relatively limited but is increasingly gaining attention. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in this field by presenting a novel approach for studying and measuring systemic aspects of innovation management approaches by introducing the concept of systemicity in an innovation management context. Systemicity encompasses how systemic a system is, thereby addressing important aspects that have not been taken into consideration previously. The empirical data, collected in semi-structured interviews with two established companies, were analyzed using a tentative framework developed in this study. The study suggests that the three system dimensions comprehensiveness, coherence and correspondence are suitable for capturing systemicity and can support in identifying strengths and areas for improvement, providing a more holistic perspective on the system's potential for fostering innovation. Further research is needed to explore practical implementation of the framework for researchers and practitioners, and to determine suitable levels of systemicity as this was not examined.

This paper addresses the innovation strategy formulation in publicsector organizations. Specifically, it focuses on the innovation strategyformulation process, document output and the support ISO56000 innovationmanagement standards provide for such a formulation process. Therefore, thispaper presents a case study in a Swedish municipality formulating an innovationstrategy. As a result, the paper describes the two main innovation strategyformulation phases: the experimental pre-phase and the emergent strategy phasewith its sub-phases and the contributing actor-stakeholders. Furthermore, itreveals the areas where the innovation management standards supported theinnovation strategy formulation process and its output. Moreover, the paperillustrates the challenges the political-administrative nature of organizing in thepublic sector causes for innovation work. The paper contributes to the literatureon strategic management, especially public sector innovation managementliterature regarding innovation strategy planning and innovation managementstandard use in a municipal context. 

The ISO Innovation Management System (IMS) Standard (ISO 56002) provides a much needed and well-timed input to the innovation management discipline. While research efforts within the domain of innovation management have vastly increased over the past decades, research has primarily been conducted through specific contributions to distinct areas of innovation management (e.g., top management, culture, processes), lacking a more holistic perspective. Practitioners know that managing innovation is challenging. Bringing in a globally recognised standard that offers a holistic perspective will be key in professionalising the innovation management discipline, much like quality management and project management standards have done in the past. This book focuses on the ISO Innovation Management System Standard and the links with ISPIM's Body of Knowledge (BoK) special interest group, the ISO innovation management community, and the International Collaboration Platform for Innovation Management System (ICP4IMS). It covers four topics as follows: • Introduction to a systems approach for innovation management and the ISO Innovation Management System Standard (ISO 56002), including historical context, descriptions of terms, typology, and the clauses in the Standard. • Elaboration of the innovation management fundamentals and principles (ISO 56000). • Features 16 case studies of diverse organisations from around the globe, including those that have implemented a management system before the Standard was released and those following it now, completely or partially. • Lessons learned and implications, including insights for how to take innovation management to its next level to address opportunities and challenges in organisations and societies.