In powder bed fusion additive processes the flow properties of the powder influence the quality of the final component and the efficiency of the process. In this investigation an attempt is made to identify flowability indicators which can describe the flow performance of the powder during the powder layering (i.e. recoating) step; common to all powder bed fusion processes. To this end, shear tests were performed by means of a powder rheometer. Bulk density, flow function and degree of cohesion were measured. The results suggest that there is a good correlation between the aforementioned parameters and the flowability of the powder during SLM processing. In addition, it was found that thermal treatments and tumbling enhance flowability. Thermal treatments were performed at 150, 200 and 250°C for a period of 10 €…min and in air.

Stereolithography (SL) is a technique allowing additive manufacturing of complex ceramic parts by selective photopolymerization of a photocurable suspension containing photocurable monomer, photoinitiator, and a ceramic powder. The manufactured three-dimensional object is cleaned and converted into a dense ceramic part by thermal debinding of the polymer network and subsequent sintering. The debinding is the most critical and time-consuming step, and often the source of cracks. In this study, photocurable alumina suspensions have been developed, and the influence of resin composition on defect formation has been investigated. The suspensions were characterized in terms of rheology and curing behaviour, and cross-sections of sintered specimens manufactured by SL were evaluated by SEM. It was found that the addition of a non-reactive component to the photocurable resin reduced polymerization shrinkage and altered the thermal decomposition of the polymer matrix, which led to a reduction in both delamination and intra-laminar cracks. Using a non-reactive component that decomposed rather than evaporated led to less residual porosity.

The Gustavsson flow meter (including standard ISO-13517) is in this paper used to measure flow rate of fine AM powders. In the current paper, the results are compared to the Hall flow meter and a Freeman FT4 powder rheometer in terms of success of measuring these AM powders. The range of possible powders to measure is smaller with Gustavsson flow meter; but in this range, the difference in flow time is greater compared to the Hall flow meter. Compared to using the rheometer, the Gustavsson flow meter is faster and simpler to use; however, other powder-aspects are evaluated since little correlation was found. For the powders in this paper, all methods of characterizing the flowability could distinguish between (1) two alloys, and (2) if the alloys were new or used (in SLM), and (3) if they were dried or non-dried.

The Gustavsson flow meter (including standard ISO-13517) is in this paper used to measure flow rate of fine AM powders. In the current paper, the results are compared to the Hall flow meter and a Freeman FT4 powder rheometer in terms of success of measuring these AM powders. The robustness is clearly superior to the Hall flow meter. Compared to using the rheometer, the Gustavsson flow meter is faster and simpler to use; however, other powder-aspects are evaluated since little correlation was found. All methods of characterizing the flowability could distinguish between (1) two alloys, and (2) if the alloys were new or used (in SLM), and (3) if they were dried or non-dried.

In the combustion of bio-based fuels the critically exposed burner parts in small boilers are typically uncooled and are usually made of FeCrNi alloys. These materials can suffer attack from the ashes because of the formation of alkali chromate. The reaction depletes the protective oxide in chromia, leading to accelerated corrosion. Selected "acidic" ceramic coatings based on Ti, Si, B and P have been evaluated for use as sacrificial layers to prevent the initial reaction of alkali and chromium. An accelerated oxidation test method including mild thermal shock has been utilized that previously proved useful to provide application-relevant results. A comparison of coated and uncoated specimens was performed with an austenitic high temperature steel as a substrate. The results indicate that the alkali released from the ash reacts with the respective "acidic" elements in the deposited coatings. This reaction has promoted initial formation of a thin and continuous chromium-rich protective oxide sub-layer. In addition, the oxide scale formed on the coated specimens appeared more coherent and crack-free. A significant enrichment of Ni at the steel-oxide interface also occurred that can promote high temperature corrosion resistance. 

The final properties of powder materials can be derived from as far back as the manufacturing of the initial powder. Therefore, it is essential to be able to measure and control powder properties. In this study, characterisation of different steel powders has been performed by automatic image analysis. The characteristic morphological parameters depend on the type of powder manufacturing process. Once these parameters have been recognised, differences between batches can readily be measured. In parallel, the bulk, flow and shear properties of the same powders were measured with a powder rheometer. Correlations between single particle characteristics, such as size and morphology, and bulk powder properties were established.

Powder characterization and handling in powder metallurgy are important issues and the required powder properties will vary between different component manufacturing processes. By understanding and controlling these, the final material properties for different applications can be improved and become more reliable. In this study, the metal powders used in additive manufacturing (AM) in terms of electron beam melting and selective laser melting have been investigated regarding particle size and shape using dynamic image analysis. In parallel, powder flow characteristics have been evaluated with a powder rheometer. Correlations within the results have been found between particle shape and powder flow characteristics that could explain certain effects of the powder processing in the AM processes. The impact, however, in the processing performance as well as in ultimate material properties was found to be limited.

This study is aiming at controlling the microstructure of plasma sprayed Al₂O₃-TiO₂ composite coatings using freeze granulated powders. As sprayed and sintered Al₂O₃ + 3wt%TiO₂ powders were air plasma sprayed with industry process parameters and compared with a commercial powder. The resulting coatings were investigated with respect to powder flowability, porosity and microstructure of the granules. The results showed that microstructure and melting fraction in the coatings could be tailored with the freeze granulation process and heat treatment conditions.