Nonlinear wave-body problems are important in renewable energy, especially in case of wave energy converters operating in the near-shore region. In this paper we simulate nonlinear interaction between waves and truncated bodiesusing an efficient spectral/hp element depth-integrated unified Boussinesq model. The unified Boussinesq model treatsalso the fluid below the body in a depth-integrated approach. We illustrate the versatility of the model by predictingthe reflection and transmission of solitary waves passing truncated bodies. We also use the model to simulate themotion of a latched heaving box. In both cases the unified Boussinesq model show acceptable agreement with CFDresults – if applied within the underlying assumptions of dispersion and nonlinearity – but with a significant reductionin computational effort.

Den kustnära färjetrafiken är en tacksam miljö för att testa nya automationslösningar. Här finns många fartyg som trafikerar relativt lugna vatten och där bemanningen redan idag är begränsad till en eller två personer. Men förändringar i teknik och bemanning kommer också kräva nya perspektiv i säkerhetsarbetet. I projektet SPECTRUM har besättningens roll vid en nödevakuering undersökts och jämförts med olika automationsscenarier för kustnära färjetrafik. Resultatet pekar ut områden där fortsatt forskning och utveckling är nödvändig för att säkerställa att en evakuering av ett fartyg kan genomföras med så goda förutsättningar som möjligt - om bemanningen reduceras, yrkesroller förändras eller om besättningen ersätts med automationslösningar.

In this paper, a fully nonlinear unsteady potential flow method is used to predict added resistance, heave and pitch for the KVLCC2 hull in regular head waves at design speed. The method presents a nonlinear decomposition of the velocity potential and the wave field and an adaptive grid refinement. A formulation for the acceleration potential is used to obtain the pressure. To improve computational efficiency, a Barnes-Hut algorithm is introduced. A grid dependency study and a study on the impact of different time steps on the solution are performed. Numerical results have been compared with experimental data for the design speed. A general good agreement is found for added resistance, especially for longer waves. Heave and pitch are properly computed for all wave lengths in the range λ/Lpp=0.4 to 1.4. © 2021 The Author(s)

For  the assessment of experimental measurements of focused wave groups impacting a surface-piecing fixed structure, we present a new Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow (FNPF) model for simulation of unsteady water waves. The FNPF model is discretized in three  spatial dimensions (3D) using high-order prismatic - possibly curvilinear - elements using a  spectral  element  method (SEM) that has support for adaptive unstructured meshes. This  SEM-FNPF model is based on an Eulerian formulation and deviates from past works in that a  direct discretization of the Laplace problem is used making it straightforward to handle  accurately floating structural bodies of arbitrary shape. Our objectives are; i) present detail of a new SEM modelling developments and ii) to consider its application to address a wave-body interaction problem for nonlinear design waves and their interaction with a model-scale fixed Floating Production, Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO).  We first reproduce  experimental measurements for focused design waves that represent a probably extreme  wave event for a sea state represented by a wave spectrum and seek to reproduce these measurements in a numerical wave tank. The validated input signal based on measurements is then generated in a NWT setup that includes the FPSO and differences in the signal caused by nonlinear diffraction is reported.

We present a high-order nodal spectral element method for the two-dimensional simulationof nonlinearwaterwaves. The model is based on themixed Eulerian–Lagrangian(MEL) method. Wave interaction with fixed truncated structures is handled usingunstructured meshes consisting of high-order iso-parametric quadrilateral/triangularelements to represent the body surfaces as well as the free surface elevation. A numericaleigenvalue analysis highlights that using a thin top layer of quadrilateral elementscircumvents the general instability problem associated with the use of asymmetricmesh topology.We demonstrate howto obtain a robustMELscheme for highly nonlinearwavesusing an efficient combination of (i) global L2 projectionwithout quadratureerrors, (ii) mild modal filtering and (iii) a combination of local and global re-meshingtechniques. Numerical experiments for strongly nonlinear waves are presented. Theexperiments demonstrate that the spectral element model provides excellent accuracyin prediction of nonlinear and dispersive wave propagation. The model is also shownto accurately capture the interaction between solitary waves and fixed submerged andsurface-piercing bodies. The wave motion and the wave-induced loads compare wellto experimental and computational results from the literature.

High-fidelity viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models coupled to dynamic mooring models is becoming an established tool for marine wave-body-mooring (WBM) interaction problems. The CFD and the mooring solvers most often communicate by exchanging positions and mooring forces at the mooring fairleads. Mooring components such as submerged buoys and clump weights are usually not resolved in the CFD model, but are treated as Morison-type bodies. This paper presents two recent developments in high-fidelity WBM modelling: (i) a one-way fluid-mooring coupling that samples the CFD fluid kinematics to approximate drag and inertia forces in the mooring model; and (ii) support for inter-moored multibody simulations that can resolve fluid dynamics on a mooring component level. The developments are made in the high-order discontinuous Galerkin mooring solver MoodyCore, and in the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes finite volume solver OpenFOAM. The fluid-mooring coupling is verified with experimental tests of a mooring cable in steady current. It is also used to model the response of the slack-moored DeepCwind FOWT exposed to regular waves. Minor effects of fluid-mooring coupling were noted, as expected since this a mild wave case. The inter-mooring development is demonstrated on a point-absorbing WEC moored with a hybrid mooring system, fully resolved in CFD-MoodyCore. The WEC (including a quasi-linear PTO) and the submerged buoys are resolved in CFD, while the mooring dynamics include inter-mooring effects and the one-way sampling of the flow. The combined wave-body-mooring model is judged to be very complete and to cover most of the relevant effects for marine WBM problems. © 2022, The Author(s).

CFD simulations of floating wave energy converters are computationally very heavy. This paper deals with a straightforward attempt to cut down on the computational effort by using adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). We investigate the use of AMR for simulations involving floating bodies inside the open-source finite volume framework OpenFOAM. A simple error indicator based on the pressure jump over cell faces is used to drive the AMR. First the use of the error indicator is illustrated for propagation of a very steep stream function wave. Then the AMR technique is applied to two cases of floating bodies: (i) a floating box and (ii) a bottom reacting point-absorber. As expected the AMR significantly reduce the number of cells in the computational meshes and subsequently lower the  computational effort.

In this paper we present and discuss the use of CFD for coupled mooring analysis of floating wave energy converters. We use the two-phase Navier-Stokes finite volume solver in OpenFOAM and a high-order finite element model for the cable dynamics. The implementation of the coupling is described in some detail and we show validation of the scheme against laboratory data. A comparison between RANS and Euler simulations isolates effects of viscosity and geometric scale for moored point-absorbers, and parametric pitch excitation is demonstrated. The inclusion of power take-off/control follow the same blueprint as the mooring restraint and we illustrate the use of phase control.

There are many uncertainties associated with the estimation of extreme loads acting on a wave energy converter (WEC). In this study we perform a sensitivity analysis of extreme loads acting on the Uppsala University (UU) WEC concept. The UU WEC consists of a bottommounted linear generator which is connected to a surface buoy with a taut mooring line. The maximum stroke length of the linear generator is enforced by end-stops. Initially, a Variation Mode and Effect Analysis (VMEA) was carried out in order to identify the largest input uncertainties. The system was then modelled in the time-domain solver WECSIM coupled to the dynamic mooring solver Moody. A sensitivity analysis was made by generating a surrogate model based on polynomial chaos expansions, which rapidly evaluates the maximum loads on the mooring line and the endstops. The sensitivities are ranked using the Sobol index method. We investigated two sea states using equivalent regular waves (ERW) and irregular wave (IR) trains. We found that the ERW approach significantly underestimate the maximum loads. Interestingly, the ERW predicted wave height and period as the most important parameters for the maximum mooring tension, while the tension in IR waves was most sensitive to the drag coefficient of the surface buoy. The end-stop loads were most sensitive to the PTO damping coefficient.

Linear potential flow (LPF) models remain the tools-of-the trade in marine and ocean engineering despite their well-known assumptions of small amplitude waves and motions. As of now, nonlinear simulation tools are still too computationally demanding to be used in the entire design loop, especially when it comes to the evaluation of numerous irregular sea states. In this paper we aim to enhance the performance of the LPF models by introducing a hybrid LPF-ML (machine learning) approach, based on identification of nonlinear force corrections. The corrections are defined as the difference in hydrodynamic force (vis- cous and pressure-based) between high-fidelity CFD and LPF models. Using prescribed chirp motions with different amplitudes, we train a long short-term memory (LSTM) network to predict the corrections. The LSTM network is then linked to the MoodyMarine LPF model to provide the nonlinear correction force at every time-step, based on the dynamic state of the body and the corresponding forces from the LPF model. The method is illustrated for the case of a heaving sphere in decay, regular and irregular waves – including passive control. The hybrid LPF-model is shown to give significant improvements compared to the baseline LPF model, even though the training is quite generic.

Numerical models used in the design of floating bodies routinely rely on linear hydrodynamics. Extensions for hydrodynamic nonlinearities can be approximated using e.g. Morison type drag and nonlinear Froude-Krylov forces. This paper aims to improve the approximation of nonlinear forces acting on floating bodies by using machine learning (ML). Many ML models are general function approximators and therefore suitable for representing such nonlinear correction terms. A hierarchical modelling approach is used to build mappings between higher-fidelity simulations and the linear method. The ML corrections are built up for FNPF, Euler and RANS simulations. Results for decay tests of a sphere in model scale using recurrent neural networks (RNN) are presented. The RNN algorithm is shown to satisfactory predict the correction terms if the most nonlinear case is used as training data. No difference in the performance of the RNN model is seen for the different hydrodynamic models.

We present a hybrid linear potential flow - machine learning (LPF-ML) model for simulating weakly nonlinear wave-body interaction problems. In this paper we focus on using hierarchical modelling for generating training data to be used with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in order to derive nonlinear correction forces. Three different approaches are investigated: (i) a baseline method where data from a Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model is directly linked to data from a LPF model to generate nonlinear corrections; (ii) an approach in which we start from high-fidelity RANS simulations and build the nonlinear corrections by stepping down in the fidelity hierarchy; and (iii) a method starting from low-fidelity, successively moving up the fidelity staircase. The three approaches are evaluated for the simple test case of a heaving sphere. The results show that the baseline model performs best, as expected for this simple test case. Stepping up in the fidelity hierarchy very easily introduce errors that propagate through the hierarchical modelling via the correction forces. The baseline method was found to accurately predict the motion of the heaving sphere. The hierarchical approaches struggled with the task, with the approach that steps down in fidelity performing somewhat better of the two.

High-fidelity models become more and more used in the wave energy sector. They offer a fully nonlinear simulation tool that in theory should encompass all linear and nonlinear forces acting on a wave energy converter (WEC). The focus on the studies using are usually dealing with validation. However, a validated model does not necessarily give reliable solutions. Solution verification is the methodology to estimate the numerical uncertainties related to a simulation. In this work we test four different approaches: the classical grid convergence index (GCI); a least-square version (LS-GCI), a simplified version of the least-square method (SLS-GCI) and the ITTC rec- ommended practice. The LS-GCI requires four or more solutions whereas the other three methods only need three solutions. We apply these methods to four different high- fidelity models for the case of a heaving sphere. We tested two parameters in the time-domain and two parameters in the frequency domain. It was found that the GCI and ITTC were hard to use on the frequency domain parameters as they require monotonic convergence which sometimes does not happen due to the differences in the solutions being very small. The SLS-GCI performed almost as well as the SL-GCI method and will be further investigated.

We numerically simulate the hydrodynamic response of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) using CFD. The FOWT under consideration is a slack-moored 1:70 scale model of the UMaine VolturnUS-S semi-submersible platform. This set-up has been experimentally tested in the COAST Laboratory Ocean Basin at the University of Plymouth, UK. The test cases under consideration are (i) static equilibrium load cases, (ii) free decay tests and (iii) two focused wave cases with different wave steepness. The FOWT is modelled using a two-phase Navier-Stokes solver inside the OpenFOAM-v2006 framework. The catenary mooring is computed by dynamically solving the equations of motion for an elastic cable using the MoodyCore solver. The results of the static and decay tests are compared to the experimental values with only minor differences in motions and mooring forces. The focused wave cases are also shown to be in good agreement with measurements. The use of a one-way fluid-mooring coupling results in slightly higher mooring forces, but does not influence the motion response of the FOWT significantly.

Generating energy efficiency through behavioural change requires not only understanding and empathy with user interests and needs but also the fostering of energy saving awareness, a technique and framework that supports operators and ship owners. There is strong potential to make use of different technical solutions to increase energy efficiency, but many cost-efficient solutions relate to carrot-and-stick incentives for operators to minimise energy consumption. These incentives range from voyage planning with weather routing eco-driving bonus, to torque limitations and changes in company policies, all of which demonstrate that the operators’ on-board importance for the energy consumption has been identified. Data collection will allow operators to make better decisions in the lifecycle of the ship from knowledge-driven design to operation, redesign and lifetime extension. Various systems are available for data acquisition, storage and analysis, some of which are delivered by well-known marine suppliers while others are stand-alone systems. The lack of standardization for data capture, transmission and analysis is a challenge, so systematic improvement is required in shipping companies to achieve energy savings. When these are achieved, they will be the result of customer requirements, cost pressure or individual driving forces in the companies. The potential energy savings, brought up in interviews, shows up to 35% on specific routes and up to 60% in specific maneuvers. These savings will be made feasible by operators and crews being involved in the decision-making process. © 2021 by the authors.

This work presents the verification and validation of the freely available simulation tool MoodyMarine, developed to help meet some of the demands for early stage development of MRE devices. MoodyMarine extends the previously released mooring module MoodyCore (Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Elements) with linear radiation-diffraction bodies, integrated pre-processing workflows and a graphical user interface. It is a C++ implementation of finite element mooring dynamics and Cummins equations for floating bodies with weak nonlinear corrections. A newly developed nonlinear Froude-Krylov implementation is verified in the paper, and MoodyMarine is compared to CFD simulations for two complex structures: a slack-moored floating offshore wind turbine and a self-reacting point-absorber with hybrid mooring. 

Wave energy is a renewable energy source with the potential to contribute to the global electricity demand, but a remaining challenge is the survivability of the wave energy converters in harsh offshore conditions. To understand the system dynamics and improve the reliability, experimental and numerical studies are usually conducted. However, these processes are costly and time-consuming. A statistical model able to provide equivalent results is a promising approach. In this study, the digital twin of the CFD solution is developed and implemented for the prediction of the force in the mooring system of a point-absorber wave energy converter during extreme wave conditions. The results show that the digital twin can predict the mooring force with 90.36% average accuracy. Moreover, the digital twin needs only a few seconds to provide the solution, while the CFD code requires up to several days. By creating a digital analog of a wave energy converter and showing that it is able to predict the load in critical components during extreme wave conditions, this work constitutes an innovative approach in the wave energy field. © 2022 by the authors.

The design of wave energy converters should rely on numerical models that are able to estimate accurately the dynamics and loads in extreme wave conditions. A high-fidelity CFD model of a 1:30 scale point-absorber is developed and validated on experimental data. This work constitutes beyond the state-of-the-art validation study as the system is subjected to 50-year return period waves. Additionally, a new methodology that addresses the well-known challenge in CFD codes of mesh deformation is successfully applied and validated. The CFD model is evaluated in different conditions: wave-only, free decay, and wave–structure interaction. The results show that the extreme waves and the experimental setup of the wave energy converter are simulated within an accuracy of 2%. The developed high-fidelity model is able to capture the motion of the system and the force in the mooring line under extreme waves with satisfactory accuracy. The deviation between the numerical and corresponding experimental RAOs is lower than 7% for waves with smaller steepness. In higher waves, the deviation increases up to 10% due to the inevitable wave reflections and complex dynamics. The pitch motion presents a larger deviation, however, the pitch is of secondary importance for a point-absorber wave energy converter. © 2022 The Author(s)

Breather solutions to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation have been put forward as a possible prototype for rouge waves and have been studied both experimentally and numerically. In the present study, we perform high resolution simulations of the evolution of Peregrine breathers in finite depth using a fully non- linear potential flow spectral element model. The spectral ele- ment model can accurately handle very steep waves as illustrated by modelling solitary waves up to limiting steepness. The an- alytic breather solution is introduced through relaxation zones. The numerical solution obtained by the spectral element model is shown to compare in large to the analytic solution as well as to CFD simulations of a Peregrine breather in finite depth pre- sented in literature. We present simulations of breathers over variable bathymetry and 3D simulations of a breather impinging on a mono-pile.

Research communities have an important role in decarbonizing maritime transport by identifying and developing technologies and strategies that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from shipping. The authors of this chapter describe the different types of research available and the related constraints. They point out the need for global research collaboration to satisfy global industry needs and that pilot implementations and demonstrators are necessary to guide the industry in its effort towards maritime decarbonization.

The paper discusses the use of CFD simulations to analyse the parametric excitation of moored, full scale wave energy converters in six degrees of freedom. We present results of VOF- RANS and VOF-Euler simulations in Open FOAM® for two body shapes: (i) a truncated cylinder; and (ii) a cylinder with a smooth hemispherical bottom. Flow characteristics show large differences in smoothness of flow between the hull shapes, where the smoother shape results in a larger heave response. However the increased amplitude makes it unstable and parametric pitch excitation occurs with amplitudes up to 30°. The responses in surge, heave and pitch (including the transition to parametric motion) are found to be insensitive to the viscous effects. This is notable as the converters are working in resonance. The effect of viscous damping was visible in the roll motion, where the RANS simulations showed a smaller roll. However, the roll motion was found to be triggered not by wave-body interaction with the incident wave, but by reflections from the side walls. This highlights the importance of controlling the reflections in numerical wave tanks for simulations with WEC motion in six degrees of freedom.

<p>High-fidelity simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for wave-body interaction are becoming increasingly common and important for wave energy converter (WEC) design. The open source finite volume toolbox OpenFOAM is one of the most frequently used platforms for wave energy. There are currently two ways to account for moving bodies in OpenFOAM: (i) mesh morphing, where the mesh deforms around the body; and (ii) an overset mesh method where a separate body mesh moves on top of a background mesh. Mesh morphing is computationally efficient but may introduce highly deformed cells for combinations of large translational and rotational motions. The overset method allows for arbitrarily large body motions and retains the quality of the mesh. However, it comes with a substantial increase in computational cost and possible loss of energy conservation due to the interpolation. In this paper we present a straightforward extension of the spherical linear interpolation (SLERP) based mesh morphing algorithm that increase the stability range of the method. The mesh deformation is allowed to be interpolated independently for different modes of motion, which facilitates tailored mesh motion simulations. The paper details the implementation of the method and evaluates its performance with computational examples of a cylinder with a moonpool. The examples show that the modified mesh morphing approach handles large motions well and provides a cost effective alternative to overset mesh for survival conditions.

High-fidelity simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for wave-body interaction are becoming increasingly common and important for wave energy converter (WEC) design. The open source finite volume toolbox OpenFOAM® is one of the most frequently used platforms for wave energy. There are currently two ways to account for moving bodies in OpenFOAM: (i) mesh morphing, where mesh deforms around the body; and (ii) an overset mesh method where a separate body mesh moves on top of a background mesh. Mesh morphing is computationally efficient but may introduce highly deformed cells for combinations of large translational and rotational motion. The overset method allows for arbitrarily large body motions (in certain conditions) and retains the quality of the mesh. However, it comes with a substantial increase in computational cost and possible loss of energy conservation due to the interpolation. In this paper we present a straightforward extension of the spherical linear interpolation (SLERP) based mesh morphing algorithm that increase the stability range of the method. The mesh deformation is allowed to be interpolated independently for different modes of motion, which facilitates tailored mesh motion simulations. The paper details the implementation of the method and evaluates its performance with computational examples of a cylinder with a moonpool. The examples show that the modified mesh morphing approach handles large motions well and provides a cost effective alternative to overset mesh for survival conditions.

The power output from many wave energy converters (WECs) is limited by a finite stroke length in the power take-off (PTO) mechanism. As the PTO approaches its maximum stroke length, an end-stop system needs to be engaged to avoid damage to the machinery. Still the on-set of the end-stop is a nonlinear trigger force, a stiff point in the system. In this respect it is similar to how snap loads in the mooring cables affect the system after a period of cable slack. This paper presents a detailed study into the dynamics of end-stop events and snap loads for a WEC. The WEC is a bottom-mounted linear generator connected to a surface buoy via a steel wire. By comparing a linear spring model with three dynamic mooring line models we conclude that large differences are observed in the low-tension and slack regions of the cable during moderate wave loads, while minor differences are seen in the estimated peak tension. By further varying end-stop parameters we observe that the peak tension in the line changes mildly with the axial stiffness for moderate wave heights. The peak tension is surprisingly unaffected by the introduction of a critical damping level to the end-stop system, despite the significant increase in end-stop force which causes the translator to come to a sudden stop. We discuss how the connection between maximum line force and end-stop parameters is highly dependent on the buoy position in the wave at the instant of end-stop onset.

Anticorrosive coatings are widely used to protect steel against corrosion. Different standards exist to access the corrosion performance of anticorrosive paints. Among them, the so-called neutral salt spray test (NSST-ISO 9227) or cycling corrosion tests ISO 12944-6, ISO 12944-9, NACE TM0304, or NACE TM0404 can be named. It is well-known that some accelerated corrosion tests are not fully representative of the field exposure results. However, a lack in the literature exists correlating accelerated tests to field exposure, especially when long-term durations are considered. In this study, 11 different organic coatings have been investigated in terms of coating resistance to corrosion creep in two types of field exposure sites, namely a stationary site and an operating ship, and their performance was compared to two accelerated tests (ISO 12944-9 and modified ASTM D5894 standard). The results showed differences in the sites’ corrosivity and the coating systems’ performance as a function of the exposure sites. A lack of correlation exists between the ISO 12944-9 standard and the stationary site, due to the latter’s high corrosivity, while, to the contrary, a satisfying correlation with the operating ship was demonstrated; whereas, the modified ASTM D5894 standard showed a satisfying correlation with both types of sites.

This paper presents the methods developed and key findings of the IWEC project performed by Ocean Harvesting Technologies AB (OHT). It aimed to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCoE) of OHT’s wave energy converter InfinityWEC, by analysing how different key parameters impact cost and annual output using a model of a 100-MW array installation. Component-level cost functions were developed and mapped to key parameters and constraints of the system. A large number of system configurations were then evaluated with a numerically efficient 3 degree-of-freedom (DoF) nonlinear radiationdiffraction model in WEC-Sim along with OHT’s sea statetuned polynomial reactive control (PRC). The most promising configurations were identified and investigated in more detail. The configuration with the best LCoE were finally identified and analysed further, including estimation of the effect of changing the PRC to model predictive control, which resulted in 17-34% higher annual output and 12-23% lower LCoE. The final LCoE was found to be 93 – 162 EUR / MWh at 100 MW installed capacity. An important finding from the study is that using simplified metrics such as CAPEX/ton was found to be irrelevant. Numerical wave tank testing, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD), were used to tune the viscous drag of the 3 DoF WEC-Sim model. Applying verification and validation (V&V) techniques the CFD simulations showed a relatively large numerical uncertainty, but the average power and the motion responses were found to be sufficiently accurate.

The production of renewable energy is key to satisfying the increasing demand for energy without further increasing pollution. Harnessing ocean energy from waves has attracted attention due to its high energy density. This study compares two generations of floating heaving point absorber WEC, WaveEL 3.0 and WaveEL 4.0, regarding their power performance and mooring line fatigue characteristics, which are essential in, e.g., LCoE calculations. The main differences between the two WECs are the principal dimensions and minor differences in their geometries. The DNV software SESAM was used for simulations and analyses of these WECs in terms of buoy heave motion resonances for maximising energy harvesting, motion characteristics, mooring line forces, fatigue of mooring lines, and hydrodynamic power production. The first part of the study presents results from simulations of unit WEC in the frequency domain and in the time domain for regular wave and irregular sea state conditions. A verification of the two WECs’ motion responses and axial mooring line forces is made against measurement data from a full-scale installation. In the second part of the study, the influence of interaction effects is investigated when the WECs are installed in wave parks. The wave park simulations used a fully-coupled non-linear method in SESAM that calculates the motions of the WECs and the mooring line forces simultaneously in the time domain. The amount of fatigue damage accumulated in the mooring lines was calculated using a relative tension-based fatigue analysis method and the rainflow counting method. Several factors that influence the power performance of the wave park and the accumulated fatigue damage of the mooring lines, for example, the WEC distance of the wave park, the sea state conditions, and the direction of incoming waves, are simulated and discussed. The study's main conclusion is that WaveEL 4.0, which has a longer tube than WaveEL 3.0, absorbs more hydrodynamic energy due to larger heave motions and more efficient power production. At the same time, the accumulated fatigue damage in the moorings is lower compared to WaveEL 3.0 if the distance between the WECs in the wave park is not too short. Its motions in the horizontal plane are larger, which may require a larger distance between the WEC units in a wave park to avoid losing efficiency due to hydrodynamic interaction effects.