The homogeneous acetylation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride in triethyl(n-octyl)ammonium chloride (N2228Cl)/molecular solvents (MSs) is investigated. The reaction with both acylating agents shows the expected increase of the degree of substitution (DS) on reaction temperature and time. Under comparable reaction conditions, however, DS is surprisingly little dependent on the MS employed, although the MSs differ in empirical polarity by 7 kcal mol−1 as calculated by use of solvatochromic probes. The empirical polarities of (MCC + N2228Cl + MS) differ only by 0.8 kcal mol−1. The formation a polar electrolyte sheath around cellulose chains presumably contributes to this “leveling-off” of the dependence DS on the polarity of the parent MS employed. N2228Cl recovery and recycling is feasible. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

High voltage equipment will be subjected to several types of electrical stress during operation. A battery of factory tests is defined to ensure that the equipment will perform satisfactorily in service. One of the crucial tests is to apply a simulated lighting impulse as standardised to a double-exponential impulse with at front time of 1.2 µs (± 30 %) and a time to half value of 50 µs (± 20 %). Although this wave-shape only approximates natural lightning, there is a solid body of experience within industry, proving that reliability of equipment in service is adequately proven by the standard waveform. It is however crucial for consistency of results that the both voltage level and wave-shape are correctly measured. This paper discusses the requirements and performance of the recording instruments used, leaving the properties of high voltage impulse dividers outside the discussion. The requirements for the recording instrument – transient recorder – are given in IEC 61083-1. The standard provides requirements for, and/or tests to verify, that the recorder has moderately fast response, fast settling time, high resolution, linearity under dynamic conditions, high accuracy and reasonably low internal noise. This is partly in contrast to major trends in transient recorder development, where fast sampling and fast step response are prioritized ahead of high accuracy and fast settling without creeping response. We have therefore evaluated several commercially available recorders in order to find one with respectively flat and reasonably fast step response. In this campaign, a proprietary step generator based on the use of a mercury reed relay has been used. Evaluation of this device is submitted to ISH 2017. It has been found that the measured flatness of the step response directly after the step is a good first indicator of the performance of the transient recorder. This is identified in IEC 61083-1 clauses 1.5.2 and 1.5.3, as a requirement on stability of the recorded step from 0.5 T1min to T2max. For lightning impulse this means from 0.42 µs to 60 µs. For approved transient recorders the requirement is to be within 1 %. For reference transient recorders, a limit of not more than 0.5 % should be applied. Further proof of the accuracy of the transient recorder can be achieved by convolution of an ideal waveform with the recorded step response and analysing the resulting curve with lightning impulse parameter software. A third possibility is to make direct calibration of the transient recorder, using a calculable impulse calibrator. Several state-of-art transient recorders have been evaluated and the results show that only a few are suited for measurement of lightning impulse. Also, the variation of the performance between the ranges and channels of one instruments are significantly large. Both direct assessment of step response as well as result of convolution with a theoretical 0.84/50 µs impulse will be reported. The agreement with results obtained with a calculable impulse calibrator will be illustrated.

An effort is pursued by several European National Measurement Institutes to lower the uncertainties in calibration of UHV measuring systems for lighting impulse. To this end, several reference dividers are investigated as regards their accuracy both for amplitude and for time parameters. At SP - RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, a 500 kV resistive reference divider has been in use since 2000. Additionally an 800 kV resistive divider is investigated as a possible reference divider for UHV lightning impulse measuring systems. The best uncertainty for the 500 kV reference measuring system is 1 % for voltage amplitude and 3 % for time parameters. The present work aims at lowering these uncertainties by means of better characterisation and evaluation of the possibilities to apply corrections for known errors. The scale factor and dynamic behaviour of a resistive divider can be conveniently determined at low voltage and frequency. Further experiments such as linearity tests and augmented by scientific work is needed to ascertain the performance at high voltage. Step response plays a major role in the characterisation of dividers, and in this work much effort has gone into gathering step responses and evaluating them for various circuit layouts to characterise the variation of the step response due to circuit dimensions and diverse proximity effects. The step applied to the divider is generated by a mercury wetted relay based step generator with an output voltage of 200 V. The step rise-time is a few ns, and thus appreciably faster than the response of the divider. Apart from inspection of the step response itself, evaluation of measurement errors is performed by convolving an ideal curve with the step response of the divider, including its transmission cable. The convolved signal is evaluated with impulse evaluation software and the parameters compared to the ideal input. The difference is a measure of the errors introduced by the divider. This procedure follows IEC 60060-2: 2010.

Lighting impulse measurements are made as a matter of routine in high voltage testing of high-voltage electrical equipment. The test is often decisive for acceptance of the equipment under test, and consequently proper and precise calibration of the measuring system is needed. The present work centres on the need to quantify the errors of reference measuring systems for lightning impulse. Scale factor determination at low frequency (or DC) is the starting point for this determination. The extrapolation from this frequency domain to the domain where microsecond pulses must be faithfully captured requires application either of methods in the frequency domain or in the time domain. Radio frequency measurements are only well defined for coaxial structures and at impedances in the range of 50 O or thereabouts, making them difficult to apply to the large structures of high-voltage measuring systems. The converse method in the time domain is to apply a Dirac impulse to the system and calculate the response to an assumed input signal by convolution. A true Dirac pulse is not readily available and in practice the applied pulse is a step voltage, which is then derived with respect to time and convolved with the applied signal to obtain the response of the measuring system. The step generator used for this purpose should have very fast front without oscillations. The intent is to achieve a close approximation of an ideal step function, which when derived with respect to time, yields the impulse response of a tested system. A necessary prerequisite is that the step is much steeper than the lightning impulse, and is flat after the step on times much longer than the impulse. The ideal switch element in such a step generator should have infinite resistance and zero capacitance in the off-state, very fast switching to on-state and very low resistance in on-state. The mercury wetted reed switch has often been used for this purpose since it has good characteristics in all these respects. Few, if any, electronic components exhibit competitive advantages compared to the reed switch. The relative lack of parasitic effects means that it is close to being an ideal device. Based on earlier experiences by the authors, a new design has been developed with focus on electrical screening and coaxial design in order to realise a step generator that works into a high impedance instrument. Considerable work has been performed to characterise the new device with regard to steepness of step and most importantly, to voltage stability after the step. The most demanding part of this work has been to separate the performance of the switch from that of the oscilloscope. Findings indicate that the step rise-time is less than 0.5 ns, and settling to within 0.5 % within 10 ns.

An effort is pursued by several European National Measurement Institutes to lower the uncertainties in calibration of UHV measuring systems for lightning impulse. To this end, several reference dividers are investigated as regards their accuracy both for amplitude and for time parameters. During these investigations a deterioration of step response was identified when longer coaxial cables were inserted in the measuring circuit. The measured front time T1 was also affected, in one observed case by 2.5 % elongation of front time as another 25 m cable was inserted. Compared to the intention to calibrate front time measurement to better than 5 % uncertainty for front time, this contribution must be well known, or preferably be eliminated. This paper presents the experimental findings from these investigations. The investigated cables included selected coaxial, tri-axial, and cables with a corrugated screen. The effect of cable length was also studied. The influence was first discovered when applying a very fast step (rise-time < 4 ns) to the high voltage arm of a resistive divider and convolution of this step with the time derivative of an ideal lightning impulse with 0.84/60 µs impulse. The calculated output was analysed with IEC 61083 compliant software to evaluate the front time. Subsequently, these analyses have been augmented by additional comparative measurements where two reference dividers were connected to the same impulse generator, and varying the cable length of one of them. The summarized changes in front time calculated for different combinations of cable and impulse voltage dividers are shown and discussed. It is noted that a change in T1 error depends both on length of cable and its type. The results show that non-negligible front time errors may be introduced when the cable length is increased. To support these findings, further tests have been carried out with two reference impulse dividers connected in standard calibration configuration in accordance with IEC 60060-2. One divider was used as reference, while the cable for the other was varied. In this way, the change of error between configurations could be measured. A theoretical study has also been performed, calculating the distortion of a lightning impulse on a coaxial cable. The results agree qualitatively with experiments, but the detailed results show discrepancies that need further investigation.

Denna kritiska granskning ”LCA av Åsbovägen – KLH baserad bostadshus i fristad” (2013) granskas LCA dokumentation (goal and scope ppt, LCA trainee rapporten, och slutresultat ppt) på överensstämmelser med standarderna ISO 14040/44 och TS 14071:2014 och byggnadsrelevanta standarden EN 15978.

Sedan granskas data och beräkningar inom underlagsmaterial för att säkerställa resultatens riktghet (beräkningsunderlag för energi och klimat beräkningar, jämförelse av konstruktion i betong och trä, jämförelse av fasad i ceder och  betong, samt dominans analyser). Resultaten av granskningen visar att data, modellen och beräningar visar hög kvalitet.

För att säkerställer resultaten ytterligare görs en jämförelse med en likande LCA studie på ett KLH-baserad bostadshus med Cedar-baserad fasad (Strandparken 2016), publicerad av IVL/KTH/Sveriges Byggindustrier. Resultaten visar jämförbara resultat med liknande LCA studier.

Olika aspekter PV: Livslängd 25-30 år, Energi725 kWh/kWp, 

Miljö: 4000 kg CO2/kWp =20-60 g CO2/kWh > vind eller vatten

Resurser: Si-based (mono, multi), Cd Tellurium (tunn film)

SP systemanalys Energistudier bostäder/stad GWP studier (CO2)

Circular economy & LCA & risk kortare livslängd tex 5 år, återvining, reuse, etc 

Session: The built environment and the construction sector have a significant impact on the environment. Buildings are responsible globally for around 30% of energy use and produce around 28% of global CO2 emissions; the construction sector produces around 1/3 of global waste, not to mention air, water, and noise pollution and destruction of natural habitats. At the same time, the built environment, in particular in cities where most of global population lives, are threatened by effects of climate change. These include weather-related disasters that damage water, energy, transport, buildings and telecommunications infrastructure.Thus, it is urgent that an increased focus in placed on both the decarbonization of the built environment (both new and existing) and on the improvement of climate adaptation capacities of cities, buildings and infrastructures.

Session: New governance approaches for a sustainable built environment: (1) Modularized cyber-physical system as an enabler of interoperable and collective approach for responsive cities. (2)Lessons learnt from green public procurement in the Norwegian construction sector. (3) Felleshus and Paradiset in Vallastaden - Care for social sustainability in a new neighbourhood. (4) Development of the Local SDGs Platform for information sharing to contribute to achieving the SDGs.

Topic 03 – SOCIAL INCLUSION FOR LIVABLE SOCIETIES. Half the world’s population lives in cities, with the trend going up. This is accompanied by some predictions that due to the strong urbanization pace, cities will become more violent, unhealthy and socially exclusive.The built environment can play a role in creating more inclusive communities and societies. It can facilitate social inclusion, as well as community building based on mutual respect and solidarity. It can contribute to the creation of livable societies that require equal opportunities, decent living standards and valuable urban health & well-being for all, with diversity being seen as a source of strength.

Session: In a circular society, material consumption should be a circular process where renewable resources and waste streams are used for new bio-based materials. In such a society, bio-based materials are also reused, repaired, recycled, and remanufactured. Not only choices on resources, but also other life cycle choices pertaining to circularity must be done based on technological, environmental and economic basis. In this session we suggest presentations and discussions regarding LCM of bio-based materials. The session welcomes both theoretical and practical examples, relating to a variety of industrial sectors and bio-based materials, such as building materials, textiles, plastics, etc. Examples of questions to address include: What are the opportunities of bio-based materials in a circular economy? What are the challenges of bio-based materials in a circular economy? What are the technological, environmental and economic perspectives?

Session: In order to reach the sustainable development goals in society, both the choices of individuals and the societal structures to allow green and social living must be considered. The design of infrastructure, city management and public organizations set the frame for sustainable lifestyles, including compact living/housing, shared mobility, food and tourism. The design of sustainable lifestyles implies a range of actions, such as behavior change and nudging, business modelling and service design. This session will exemplify and discuss around these actions at different levels, including their environmental and social effects in a life cycle perspective. 

Session: In order to reach sustainability goals in the future, green and social living must be considered. The design of infrastructure and city management set the frame for future sustainable lifestyles, including shared design of mobility and housing, or the need of a circular design for clothing and electronics. The design of sustainable lifestyles implies a range of actions, such as behavior change and nudging, business modelling and service design.  This session encourages using visual examples and digital aids to present future sustainable lifestyles. We will discuss future lifestyles including their environmental and social effects in a life cycle perspective. 

Session: In order to reach sustainability goals in the future, green and social living must be considered. The design of infrastructure and city management set the frame for future sustainable lifestyles, including shared design of mobility and housing, or the need of a circular design for clothing and electronics. The design of sustainable lifestyles implies a range of actions, such as behavior change and nudging, business modelling and service design.  This session encourages using visual examples and digital aids to present future sustainable lifestyles. We will discuss future lifestyles including their environmental and social effects in a life cycle perspective. 

The goal of this work is to use S-LCA in early process development and value chain creation. In this paper we present the results from using Materiality Assessment and PSILCA database and give some reflections on how stakeholders in the value chain of new bio-based materials understand the results. The materiality assessment builds on reports from the Swedish forest industry, previous S-LCA studies on forestry products, and CSR reports from major investors.The number of times the social topics/indicators appeared in the reports was recorded and analysed in a materiality graph. The S-LCA results are presented in medium risk hours (MRH). Based on the feedback with the stakeholders along the value chain, it was difficult to grasp the meaning of Medium Risk Hours in relation to social impacts. Also, good care has to be taken when communicating results since social LCA is a rather unknown tool to the industries represented here. 

The project aims to increase the knowledge of public organization to increase the circularity of material flows through procurement procedures which benefit saving and sharing. The project is led by the City of Malmö’s Environmental Department together with the Procurement Department and research institute RISE. The purchase and waste flows are mapped and the barriers and possibilities in procedures are analyzed. In addition, the project will look into using the saved resources for well-being of the City’s employees, or ordinary citizen. The results will be presented in a draft roadmap for circular economy for the City of Malmö. 

SINA is expected to contribute to society by increasing the economic, environmental and social sustainability of the City of Malmö’s operations, and inspire and facilitate for other public institutions to follow suit. The effect of circularity is measured in terms of climate change, resource use and social effects for municipalities and inhabitants.

Through SINA, the purchase and waste flows within the City of Malmö’s organization will be mapped and analysed in order to identify possibilities for increased reuse and circular use of resources, focusing on a number of product categories to be chosen within the project. In addition, the project will look into if and how any means saved by improved resource use might be used for measures targeting the well-being of the City’s employees, or even the ordinary citizen. The results will be presented in a draft roadmap for circular economy for the City of Malmö. 

The role of budget procedures for stimulating circular resource use are essential, also with regards to barriers and possibilities in the current system and the possibilities for change. So far the project has shown that central and standardized budget procedures is essential. Also the availability for data and statistics on city level is essential for mapping purchase and waste flows and to identify possibilities for increased reuse and circular use of resources. So far this is in line with our expectations, and the roadmap for circular economy for the city of Malmö will be dependent on statistics and the procedures within the city of Malmö need to be adopted for circular economy. 

The lessons learnt are relevant for city management and practitioners in the circular economy. Also practitioner within the purchasing and waste management department are relevant. 

The collection and recycling of packaging and life cycle assessments have traditionally been developed from a technical perspective, not including the actors in the chain. How recycling should be done depends on who you ask, and whether you look at the issue from an energy, material, legal or user-based perspective. FTI, the Packaging and Newspaper Collection organization is responsible for collecting these fractions and better material recirculation in Sweden's municipalities. They ensure that containers are emptied, that the collection points remain clean, that contents go to the right treatment, and that materials are recycled as much as possible. When recyclable materials end up in the wrong place, it causes problems leading to increased energy use in the life cycle. The ongoing project Tjårven, aims to reduce energy use in connection with packaging collection, as well as potential energy gains in the second stage of the packaging life cycle, by redesigning packaging collection from a user centred perspective. In order to show the energy use in the lifecycle and include the actors in the chain, an actor-based LCA method will be used. In order to redesign packaging collection from a user perspective, the design methods will start from users’ behaviour. The project includes a case study that intends to design a more energy efficient collection infrastructure and allowing for a better circularity and sustainable future lifestyle. The project also includes a literature study that will provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art of collection infrastructures, considering how energy efficient they are and how a circular lifestyle can contribute to future sustainable lifestyles.

In line with current political and industrial ambitions for a transition into a bio-based economy, food waste can be an alternative to agro- and forest-based resources. The amount of food waste generated every year is about 1.3 billion tons globally. The vast amounts cause problems related to climate change and resource depletion, as well as economic challenges related to waste disposal. 

These problems could be solved by transforming food waste into valuable products like bio-based chemicals. Succinic acid (SA) is one such chemical with high market potential in its bio-based version. It is already produced commercially based on cultivated biomass. Several initiatives also exist to examine the use of food waste as feedstock for SA production. Most of these initiatives are limited to homogenous industrial waste streams, but a research project in Sweden is looking also at mixed food waste (MFW) as an alternative feedstock.

The purpose of this project is to evaluate the prospect for transforming mixed food waste into bio-based chemicals, such as SA. As the prospect depends on many factors, the examination is addressed with multiple perspectives: Technical and social system structures are explored, in addition to resource- and environmental implications. Several methods are thus involved in the different types of evaluations, such as the technical evaluation (including laboratory cultivation tests, and mechanical property testing), the social evaluation (including actors analysis, policy analysis, market analysis, and societal acceptance), the resources evaluation (including waste flow analysis and material flow analysis), and the environmental evaluation (including life cycle assessment of current and future valorization techniques for mixed food waste).

The project uses a transdisciplinary approach and offers as such an arena where both research partners and industrial partners meet and discuss possible options for MFW-based SA production in Sweden. Here we present the results of one possible production route, where microbial production of SA from MFW in Sweden is used as a case study.

Results of the case study show that even though, from a technical and resource system perspective, production seems possible, from a social system perspective it lacks institutional support and actor commitment and alignment for realizing development in Sweden. From an environmental and life cycle perspective, the framing of the question is decisive for the results: SA production from MFW is environmentally beneficial if compared with the SA production from corn, but from a pure waste handling perspective, it is environmentally better to produce biogas than SA from MFW.

The findings thus indicate that different perspectives and different methods contribute with a useful holistic perspective to the evaluation. The case study is not providing a definite answer on whether the prospects for transforming MFW into bio-based chemicals are favorable or not, but gives a nuanced evaluation that offers a more firm foundation for decision than one perspective or method in isolation. The transdisciplinary approach can inform an arena of research and industrial partners with different perspectives to facilitate discussion and more well-informed decisions. 

The case clearly illustrates that an efficient and sustainable transition to a bio-based economy is supported  by assessing multiple perspectives and applying a transdisciplinary approach.

In order to demonstrate the sustainability of new chemicals, a number of analyses were performed within the EU Life projects TRIALKYL and IREPRO, such as the health assessment, socio-economic and life cycle assessment. 

The objective of this Socio-Economic Analysis (SEA) is to determine whether the social and societal benefits the new chemicals outweigh the risk to human health and the environment. 

Socio-economic analysis (SEA) is a methodology developed for chemical risk management and decision making derived from tools like the Cost benefit analysis, based on several social science perspectives, such as economic value of life, the risk of accidents or health care costs.

The socio-economic analyses are based on the latest ECHA guideline, and also include a life cycle perspective. Besides environmental and health issues, the socio-economic analysis also include the risk of fire/explosion and life lost. 

Design thinking (DT) is the application of design practice as an approach to innovate and initiate change. Recently, DT has received increasing attention as an approach to address sustainability challenges. However, this area is less studied. The purpose of this study was to explore how DT could enable small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Swedish wood products industry to create more sustainable offers. Various actors from this industry have identified the need to develop sustainable offers, although few discuss how this is realized. Interviews have been conducted with six SMEs to increase understanding on challenges they perceive with developing sustainable products. Current practice is compared to potential benefits of DT described in literature. Three main benefits of DT for SMEs have been identified. It could enable SMEs [1] to redefine the purpose of their offers, [2] to better address needs and [3] to address conflicting requirements regarding sustainability.

Projektet ”Funktion hos markbaserade reningsanläggningar i fält, komplettering” har haft som syfte att komplettera projektet ”Funktion hos markbaserade renings­anläggningar i fält” som gick ut på att utvärdera funktionen hos markbaserade renings­anläggningar – infiltrationer och markbäddar med och utan biomoduler och/eller fosforavlastning. Med hjälp av fortsättningsprojektet ökade antalet inventerade anläggningar från 101 till 157.

Liksom tidigare projekt ska detta projekt ge en ögonblicksbild över hur markbäddar och infiltrationer fungerar i fält – mot bakgrund av att erfarenheter från flera håll har pekat på att det förekommer funktionsproblem som igensättningar och nedsatt rening hos denna anläggningstyp. Syftet är att komplettera projektet för att göra underlaget mer statistiskt säkert (större antal mätningar) och mer representativt med avseende på de olika förutsättningar som kan finnas i Sverige.

Resultatet visar att 8 % av anläggningarna hade mycket höga nivåer av vatten (≥ 11 cm) och 9 % hade mycket höga nivåer av slam (≥ 5 cm) i spridarrören. Det finns indikationer på samband mellan mycket höga nivåer av vatten i spridarrör och funktionsfel  i form av höga vattennivåer i andra delar av anläggningen, eller funktionsfel som framkommit av kommentarer. Även för mycket höga nivåer av slam finns vissa indikationer på att det är kopplat till olika funktionsfel, dock är dessa samband inte lika tydliga. Något höga nivåer av slam (2–5 cm) och vatten (3–11 cm) verkar inte ha lika starka samband med funktionsfel.

Studien indikerar att större vattenbelastande installationer, t.ex. badkar större än 300 liter eller vattenreningsfilter som backspolar stora mängder vatten, inte bör släppas ut till avloppsanläggningen samt att det är viktigt att anläggningen byggs enligt den storlek som är angiven i tillståndet. Den statistiska analysen som utförts i studien tyder också på att anläggningens ålder kan vara en ”naturlig” orsak till mycket höga vattennivåer.

Enligt SGU:s databas låg grundvattennivåerna under tiden för inspektionerna mycket under det normala eller under det normala (SGU 2018). Utifrån givna kriterier i projektet bedöms andelen anläggningar som inte klarar kraven på en meter till grundvattnet vara 7 %.  För 53 % är det dock osäkert om kraven uppfylls eftersom det saknas kontroll­punkter som bedöms som tillförlitliga eller så ligger kontrollpunkten på för långt avstånd för att bedömas som relevant. Utan en sådan kontrollpunkt är det svårt att följa upp om avståndet till grundvattennivån ligger inom riktlinjen på en meter.

Det är viktigt att komma ihåg att de inspektioner som utförts endast ger en ögonblicks­bild av anläggningen och inte anläggningens funktion över tid. Att följa några anläggningar under en längre period skulle ge en bättre bild av funktionen över tid och en bättre uppfattning om hur slam- och vattennivåer kan variera i olika delar och  vid olika årstider. Det saknas även undersökningar om hur t.ex. olika nivåer av slam och vatten i spridarrör påverkar reningseffekten i anläggningen samt effekten av åtgärder som t.ex. spolning eller ökad ventilation. Detta behöver studeras framöver för att öka kunskapen och ge vägledning när det gäller  vilka åtgärder som kan vidtas vid olika typer av funktionsproblem.

The LASS-C project, "Lightweight construction of a cruise vessel", expanded the concept of making lightweight structures in SOLAS vessels by considering not only superstructures, glass and internal design, but also elements which are part of the hull girder, affecting the ship's global strength. The existing Panamax cruise ship the Norwegian Gem worked as application case in the project where the uppermost five decks were redesigned in lightweight fibre reinforced polymer composite material. Comparing with the previous design, weight savings calculations showed that about 1 200 tons could be saved in load-bearing structures. FEM simulations showed that the weakening of the global strength from using lightweight structures could be compensated by reinforcing the lower decks, still making the residual weight savings economically interesting. Environmental and economic assessments were carried out from a life cycle perspective, proving the lightweight construction has less impact to surroundings and that additional costs would pay back in 2.5 years. The key issue for building ships in plastic composite, namely fire safety, was addressed by performing a risk assessment in line with the method provided for alternative fire safety design and arrangements in SOLAS II-2/17. A preliminary analysis report for the fire safety design was delivered to the Swedish Flag for approval as part of the project.

Stricter emission requirements have led to ship operation on low flashpoint fuels, such as liquefied natural gas and methanol. These differ in many ways from traditional fuels (e.g. heavy fuel oil and marine gas oil), but requirements and guidelines for fire detection and extinguishment have been sparse. This was addressed in the proFLASH project, first theoretically and then experimentally. This report documents the experimental part of the project, focusing on methanol, and gives technical guidance for fire detection and extinguishing systems. It was for example concluded that methanol flames exhibit similar radiation to ethanol in the IR spectrum, despite limited observability in the visual spectrum. Approved IR flame detectors (tested against ethanol) are thereby likely suitable to detect methanol fire; tested detectors could even detect fully obstructed methanol fire. The design concentration of carbon dioxide gas fire-extinguishing systems should be increased from 40 % to 55 % to achieve the same safety margin for methanol as for traditional fuels. The primary extinguishing mechanism of a water-based fire-extinguishing system used against methanol is dilution, but almost 90 % water may be necessary for extinguishment. Furthermore, dilution makes the methanol flames increasingly invisible. It is recommended to use alcohol resistant foam injection with fixed water-based extinguishing systems, since this significantly reduces the time required for extinguishment. The effectiveness of the system depends on the foam/water application rate. Hence, a higher discharge rate is more effective and a concealed pool is difficult to extinguish. In different compartment fire test scenarios, water-spray with foam injection was more effective against methanol than water-spray without foam against standardized fuels. High and low pressure water mist performed better than water spray against standardized fuels but worse against methanol (with foam injection).

This paper presents a procedure for how to relate fire performance of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composite structures to the fire safety regulations in SOLAS II-2. It can be used as basis when performing a fire risk assessment to demonstrate that the degree of safety is at least equivalent to that provided by prescriptive requirements. A key issue is that requirements and test methods are based on a use of steel structures, which requires seeking the safety level implied by the regulations. This was demonstrated for the regulations and introduced hazards affecting the growth stage of a fire. The safety implied by regulations was related to fire performance of FRP composite by reference to fire tests involving typical materials and some relevant safety measures. Ignition was described as uncritical whilst the fire growth on an FRP composite surface can be rapid. Flammability requirements are generally not achieved by an untreated panel but different means can be used for protection. A fire protective coating can be used to prevent ignition and sprinkler is effective both for fire prevention and extinguishment on interior and external surfaces. For interior spaces it can be relevant with a coating or thermal insulation also to hinder increased generation of smoke and toxic gases during fire evacuation. In total it is shown that fire hazards during the fire growth stage are manageable and a foundation is lain out for a well-structured fire risk assessment.

Smoldering fires represent domestic, environmental and industrial hazards. This flameless form of combustion is more easily initiated than flaming, and is also more persistent and difficult to extinguish. The growing demand for non-fossil fuels has increased the use of solid biofuels such as biomass. This represents a safety challenge, as biomass self-ignition can cause smoldering fires, flaming fires or explosions.

Smoldering and extinguishment in granular biomass was studied experimentally. The set-up consisted of a cylindrical fuel container of steel with thermally insulated side walls. The container was closed at the bottom, open at the top and heated from below by a hot surface. Two types of wood pellets were used as fuel, with 0.75-1.5 kg samples.

Logistic regression was used to determine the transition region between non-smoldering and self-sustained smoldering experiments, and to determine the influence of parameters. Duration of external heating was most important for initiation of smoldering. Sample height was also significant, while the type of wood pellet was near-significant and fuel container height was not.

The susceptibility of smoldering to changes in air supply was studied. With a small gap at the bottom of the fuel bed, the increased air flow in the same direction as the initial smoldering front (forward air flow) caused a significantly more intense combustion compared to the normal set-up with opposed air flow.

Heat extraction from the combustion was studied using a water-cooled copper pipe. Challenges with direct fuel-water contact (fuel swelling, water channeling and runoff) were thus avoided. Smoldering was extinguished in 7 of 15 cases where heat extraction was in the same range as the heat production from combustion. This is the first experimental proof-of-concept of cooling as an extinguishment method for smoldering fires.

Marginal differences in heating and cooling separated smoldering from extinguished cases; the fuel bed was at a heating-cooling balance point. Lower cooling levels did not lead to extinguishment, but cooling caused more predictable smoldering, possibly delaying the most intense combustion. Also observed at the balance point were pulsating temperatures; a form of long-lived (hours), macroscopic synchronization not previously observed in smoldering fires.

For practical applications, cooling could be feasible for prevention of temperature escalation from self-heating in industrial storage units. This study provides a first step towards improved fuel storage safety for biomass. 

Synchronized, pulsating temperatures are observed experimentally in smoldering fires.The entire sample volume (1.8 l) participates in the pulsations (pulse period 2–4 h). The synchronylasts up to 25 h and is followed by a spontaneous transition to either disordered combustion orself-extinguishment. The synchronization is obtained when the fuel bed is cooled to the brink ofextinguishment. Calculations for adiabatic conditions, including heat generation from combustion(nonlinear in temperature) and heat storage in sample (linear in temperature), predict divergingsample temperature. Experimentally, heat losses to surroundings (linear in temperature) preventtemperatures to increase without bounds and lead to pulsations.

This report is about ley for ethanol production, with focus on the cultivation and handling, and is part of the project " Biofuel from agricultural side streams and straw in a system perspective " financed by the Swedish Energy Agency. The project is a continuation of the issue of secure raw material supply from the EU project AGROinLOG, which is about producing ethanol from straw.

In order to be cost effective, ethanol is usually produced in large-scale plants, and with straw as a feedstock a secure supply of large quantities of straw is required. Producing ethanol from ley broadens the raw material base and is an opportunity to secure the supply of raw materials, especially during years with low cereal yields or with difficult harvest conditions for the straw. Introducing ley to a cereal-dominated crop rotation gives many positive effects on the cultivation system and to subsequent crops. There need to be a market and a buyer of the crop for the grain producers to be interested in ley cultivation. This report focuses on how a concept for ley to ethanol could look from the farmer's perspective.

One question in the project was if the choice of grass and legumes variety is important. Four varieties of grass, as well as red clover and alfalfa, were harvested and collected in the project, in pure stand from Lantmännen's variety trials in Lännäs and Svalöv. The interviews with farmers conducted in the project showed that nitrogen fixating legumes such as clover and alfalfa are interesting from a farmer’s perspective for the positive effects, they have on the cultivation system. They should preferably be cultivated in combination with a fast-growing grass variety. The analyses that were done to investigate how the different ley species work as substrates for ethanol and bio-oil production showed that all the tested varieties work in these processes.

In order to supply an ethanol plant with substrate all year round, the possibility to deliver both fresh and ensiled grass was studied. Fresh ley can be supplied to the plant from late May to late October. Depending on the extent of the fresh ley supply, it is complemented with silage or straw to cover the daily feedstock need.

In order to avoid losses and heating of the material before entering the plant, the fresh ley should be harvested continuously every or every second day. Also, the ley should be physically damaged or cut as little as possible during harvesting and handling. The harvesting of fresh grass can be done in two steps. First the grass is mowed and left in swaths on the field. After that a forage wagon picks up the ley followed by transport to the plant. The other option is a direct-harvesting system using a tractor with a direct cut forage wagon and a mower in the front. The grass is cut and directly put in the wagon for transport to the plant. Which system to choose depends on how much grass is to be delivered per occasion and what degree of damage to the structure that is desired before delivery. For the ensiled ley the same kind of large-scale, cost-effective harvesting system usually used for harvesting of ley for animal production is suggested, typically consisting of a mower followed by a self -propelled precision chopper with separate wagons for transport to the plant.

Essentially, three actors are involved in the delivery of ley to the ethanol plant, the farmer, the ethanol producer and a contractor who performs one or more steps in the harvesting and handling chain. Depending on the interests and conditions of the actors, two alternatives can be used to describe who is doing what. In option 1, the farmer establishes the ley and sells it on root. Then it is the buyer, or a contractor hired by the buyer, who handles harvesting, transport and storage. Depending on conditions on farm and plant, storage can be done on farm, on an intermediate storage or on plant. Option 2 means that the farmer has a more active role in cultivation, harvesting and transport and delivers the ley to the plant, either fresh at harvest or ensiled during the rest of the year.

Two alternative concepts have been identified for delivering ley to ethanol production, where the proximity to the ethanol plant is what distinguishes the concepts. The concept "close" is aimed at farms located a short distance from Agroetanol. Fresh ley grass can be delivered with tractor to the plant during the growing season and ensiled ley grass is delivered by truck from the farm. The short distance makes it more interesting to receive, primarily, liquid residual streams that are produced at the ethanol plant. For the farm "further away" it is primarily silage that can be delivered because the silage has a lower water content compared to fresh ley, which means that it has lower transport costs.

Lightning impulse measurements can be highly influenced by measurement arrangement, characteristics of high voltage divider, digitizer (transient recorder) performance, and algorithms used for parameter evaluation. The main sources of measurement errors are the non-ideal step responses of digitizer and voltage divider. This paper discusses the use of deconvolution to correct for the non-ideal step response of a digitizer, and of a large mixed divider. Correcting the step response of the complete measuring system by one part at a time is desirable because it allows to evaluate the effectiveness of the correction with trustworthy methods. Step response describes the output of a system as function of time when its input changes between two levels infinitely fast. Real life impulse digitizers and impulse voltage dividers have a finite rise time, and the response does not immediately settle to final value. Slow rise time is often the cause of error for front time parameter. Creeping response is often the cause of error for time to half-value parameter. Step response of an instrument can be determined by applying a stable, known direct voltage, which is then shorted to ground by a mercury-wetted relay. The mercury-wetted relay is assumed nearly an ideal switch, which creates almost an ideal voltage step for input of the instrument. Convolving the derivative of the measured step response with an ideal input gives a measure of distortion caused by the non-perfect step response, and conversely deconvolving the measured step response with the measured signal gives the original input signal. This paper presents an FFT-based method for step response correction using deconvolution. Deconvolution is a mathematical process, which is used to reverse the non-ideal effects of measuring instrument on recorded data. Effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by two examples. In the first example, the non-ideal step responses of the different ranges of an impulse digitizer are corrected. Functionality of the step response correction is evaluated by comparing the results against a calculable impulse voltage calibrator. Results showed that the step response correction reduced errors in lightning impulse parameters. Stability of the step response correction was analysed by studying several impulse calibration results that have been performed for the instrument within a year. The second example corrects the response of a 2400 kV impulse voltage divider. The effectiveness of the correction is evaluated by comparing its results to a 400 kV reference divider.

Lately, concerns regarding fires in electric vehicles in enclosed spaces such as in road tunnels and parking garages have been raised and there are indications that parking of electric vehicles may be prohibited in some spaces. For the success of electromobility and the transition from fossil to renewable fuels, it is important to understand the risks and consequences of fires in electric vehicles and to provide technical solutions if necessary, so as not to hinder the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.

In this work, a literature review on fires in vehicles has been conducted. The focus was on fires in enclosed spaces involving electric vehicles. A comprehensive risk assessment of electric vehicle fires was performed using systematic hazard identification. In addition, a workshop with representatives from three Swedish fire and rescue services was carried out to evaluate the emergency rescue sheets/response guides.

The main conclusions are; That statistics regarding vehicle fires need to be improved, as of today the root causes of fires are missing in the data, which could potentially result in non-fact based regulations; The data studied in this work does not imply that fires in electric vehicles are more common than fires in internal combustion engine vehicles; Fires in electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles are similar in regards to the fire intensity and peak heat release rates. 

The most effective risk reductions measures on vehicle level, to decrease the number of fires in EVs, could not be defined based on that relevant data on the root causes of fires in EVs are currently not publicly accessible. The most effective risk reduction measures, to limit fire spread, on infrastructure level were the use of fire sprinkler systems, fire detection systems (early detection) and increased distance between parked vehicles.

Sammanfattning:Det här dokumentet har tagits fram i ett utvecklingsprojekt tillsammans med Mashie Foodtech Solutions (tidigare DKAB) och RISE och förutom den här rapporten så har projektet även innefattat framtagande av beräkningsmetodik samt implementering i Hantera.

Syftet med projektet är att hjälpa organisationer, främst kommuner och regioner, att ta att ta ett bredare grepp kring hållbarhetsfrågor och relaterade frågeställningar. Mer specifikt syftar projektet till att hjälpa till med att ta fram målsättningar och att nå målen med ett holistiskt angreppsätt, där samtliga frågeställningar beaktas och där uppfyllandet av ett eller några mål inte sker på bekostnad av andra målsättningar.

De frågeställningar eller områden som har inkluderats i det här projektet är klimatavtryck från livsmedelsinköp, andel ekologiska livsmedel av totala inköp, andel svenska livsmedel av de totala inköpen och matsvinn.

Dessa områden beskrivs i rapporten och det ges nationella riktlinjer för vart och ett av områdena. Även nuläget för respektive område presenteras, d.v.s. var de som använder Hantera befinner sig just nu. Eventuella målavvägningar mellan områden, d.v.s. om det föreligger konflikter gås igenom. Det ges också råd om hur arbetet kan bedrivas för att kunna nå målen.

Implementeringen av projektets resultat i Hantera har resulterat i en ny modul, där projektets områden visualiseras på ett innovativt och användarvänligt sätt. En av de nya funktionerna möjliggör jämförelser emellan organisationer!

Minska klimatpåverkan under byggprocessen genom att ställa tydliga krav. Att ställa krav på materialleverantörer har stor potential till minskad klimatpåverkan under byggprocessen och triggar utvecklingen av mer klimatsmarta produkter. I pilotprojektet Brf. Viva har Riksbyggen ställt krav på sammansättningen och produktionen av betong. Kraven har sitt ursprung i LCA analyser som utförts som beslutsunderlag för valet av stomme.

Denna rapport belyser på vilket sätt den miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska hållbarheten för offentliga möbler ändras när man går från linjära till mer cirkulära affärsmodeller. Analyserna utgår ifrån fallstudier av en trästol med stoppad sits, en stol med metallben och stoppad sits, en kontorsstol samt ett möblemangbestående av skrivbord och stol. De miljömässiga effekterna av att sälja dessa produkter i en cirkulär affärsmodell har beräknats med hjälp av livscykelanalys (LCA). Resultaten diskuteras även i förhållande till cirkulära affärsmodellers inverkan på sociala aspekter och ekonomisk hållbarhet.

Studien visar att miljönyttan med cirkulära affärsmodeller varierar med produkt men också med typ av miljöpåverkan som studeras. Livscykelanalysberäkningar på produkter som studerats inom projektet visar till exempel på minskningar av klimatpåverkan med runt 20-40% när en möbel tillhandahålls med en cirkulär affärsmodell istället för en traditionell linjär. Samtidigt minskade behovet av ingående materialresurser (trä, stål mm) med runt 50%. Utöver livscykelanalyser bör miljöbedömningen av en cirkulär affärsmodell också särskilt beakta användingen av toxiska ämnen. För att kunna arbeta praktiskt med dessa frågor är dokumentation och spårbarhet för möbler och material en viktigt fråga.  

En cirkulär affärsmodell ger inte med automatik en lägre total miljöpåverkan. Det som spelar störst roll är affärsmodellens förmåga att öka den faktiska livslängden på produkten. Det är också viktigt att möbler fortsatt designas för att materialen ska kunna återvinnas när möbeln inte längre är i bruk, oavsett om de är gjorda för återbruk eller ej. Ökade transporter och lagerhållning som konsekvens av cirkulära affärskoncept har i våra fallstudier liten inverkan på miljöprestandan.   

Uppskattningsvis finns en potential till besparing om ca 45 000 ton koldioxidekvivalenter årligen – om alla kontorsmöbler som produceras i Sverige i stället skulle säljas enligt cirkulär modell. Detta motsvarar ungefär nytillverkning av 450 000 kontorsstolar (NEPD-467-327-EN, 2016). Det finns dock mycket lite statistik över hur möbler används och när de de facto slängs vilket gör det svårt att säga något om faktiska miljöförbättringar i större skala.

Hållbarhet är inte bara miljö, utan även ekonomiska och sociala aspekter, såsom livscykelkostnad för kunden eller påverkan på arbetsmiljö och arbetstillfällen. Om cirkulära affärsmodeller blir mer eller mindre ekonomiskt hållbara beror på det aktuella fallet och ur vems perspektiv ekonomin utvärderas. Viktigt att tänka på när man utvärderar cirkulära affärsmodeller är att ta ett livscykelperspektiv på kostnaderna, t.ex. att en kund inte bara beaktar inköpspris utan alla kostnader att införskaffa, inneha, hantera och avyttra sina möbler. Dessa kostnader kommer att påverka om affärsmodellen är lönsam eller inte för de olika aktörerna. Här saknas dock ofta data när det gäller indirekta kostnader och hanteringskostnader.

Det är troligt att de största miljöeffekterna av cirkulära affärsmodeller kommer av ändrade beteenden kring möbler och möbelköp på sikt - såsom nya kundgrupper för möbler med lång livslängd - samt inspirationseffekt till andra branscher hur cirkulära affärsmodeller kan genomföras i praktiken.

För att beräkna eller bedöma hållbarheteffekter krävs en mängd data och metodmässiga val. För att miljö- och hållbarhetsanalyser ska kunna användas mer utbrett i möbelbranschen inom tex marknadskommunikation, upphandling eller som underlag för styrmedel, behöver branschen komma överens om gemensamma riktlinjer för hur man ska beräkna och kommunicera effekterna av cirkularitet.  

Measurement units have historically been defined as quantities (i.e., specific properties) of objects, such as the mass of a particular piece of metal or the length of a particular rod. While the current International System of Units (SI) Brochure endorses this position, the draft 9th SI Brochure proposes to change it, and instead define measurement units as values of quantities. The reason for this proposed change is not provided, but it does not seem plausible that it is related to the redefinition of the SI units in terms of fundamental constants of nature: the very concept of what a unit is does not depend on the concrete way any given unit is defined. This paper is intended to open a discussion of whether measurement units should be defined as quantities or as quantity values, and provides our rationale for maintaining the definition of units as quantities.

Lightweight structures become increasingly important to reduce environmental impact and to improve payload/deadweight ratio of ships. Significant weight savings can be accomplished by replacing steel with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sandwich panels. An assessment is then necessary to ensure that equivalent fire safety is provided, since the structures are combustible. To support such assessments, this paper presents results from vertically loaded fire resistance tests of two structures: (1) a “conventional” FRP sandwich bulkhead with thermal insulation (providing load carrying fire resistance for 60 minutes) and (2) a multiple core FRP sandwich bulkhead without insulation. Both bulkheads were constructed for and tested with the same design load. The multiple core sandwich bulkhead demonstrated structural fire integrity performance well beyond 60 minutes whilst having a significantly lower structural weight and thickness. The new type of multiple core sandwich structure thus provides great potential, both from a weight-savings and a fire safety perspective.

One of the major environmental challenges of the textile industry is the emissions of toxic substances during the production of textiles. It is therefore vital that toxicity impact potential is included when calculating the environmental impact of textile products with life cycle assessment (LCA). Generally, toxicity is considered a weak point in LCA, and specifically for LCA of textile products there is a lack of guidance in the literature. This paper shares the experiences from using USEtox 2.0 for calculating the toxicity footprint of Swedish clothing consumption. The most commonly occurring garments, production processes and related toxic emissions were inventoried for the Swedish clothing consumption. The selected case offered the possibility to compare a variety of bio-based as well as synthetic materials and their production processes. The inventoried substances were matched against existing databases for USEtox characterization factors (CF): the USEtox databases and COSMEDE. For the substances that did not have any CF, USEtox 2.0 was used to calculate new CF. The potential contribution to freshwater ecotoxicity from the Swedish clothing consumption was calculated to 7.9 billion CTUe which can be interpreted as 7.9 cubic kilometres of freshwater where 50% of the species in the ecosystem are exposed daily to a concentration above their EC50. It was found that background processes in the life cycle (exhaust gases from fuel combustion, leakage of substances from mining waste etc.) accounted for 5.5 billion CTUe, or 70%. Direct emissions of toxic substances from the foreground processes (dyestuff, solvents, pesticides etc.) accounted for 2.4 billion CTUe, or 30%. It is important to note that there is a considerable amount of uncertainty in these values. An interesting discovery was that the wet treatment (dyeing and finishing) had the largest contribution to freshwater ecotoxicity impact, both regarding background and foreground processes. The cotton fibre production, infamous for its use of pesticides, had only the second largest contribution, followed by the yarn production. The paper concludes that emissions of toxic substances from textile production are an important environmental aspect to include in LCA studies of textile products. The results also contribute to the understanding of the order of magnitude that use and emissions from textile chemicals have in relation to a nations total clothing consumption. Sharing the experiences from the study can facilitate the inclusion of toxic substances in future LCA studies of textiles and other products.

During machining the material removal releases residual stresses introduced by previous process steps. This causes geometric machining distortions and thereby high rejection rates and costs. By simulating the process chain it is possible to predict this type of distortions. However, this requires advanced material models and accurate process- and material data for the individual processes. In order to simplify the modelling efforts a methodology that combines the contour method with machining simulation is proposed. The methodology is validated for an aerospace component using deep layer removal X-ray diffraction and CMM measurements. The methodology will improve possibilities to reduce machining distortions. © 2018 The Authors.

Den svenska sjömatsmarknaden har kartlagts i syfte att identifiera och kvantifiera de vanligaste arterna av fisk och skaldjur, eller "sjömat", som säljs och konsumeras i Sverige. Offentlig statistik kring volym av import, export och produktion i fiske och vattenbruk för 2015 har utgjort grunden för analysen och kombinerats till att ge en översiktsbild av vad som säljs och konsumeras i Sverige. Merparten företag i fiskbranschen kontaktades och har levererat både kvantitativa och kvalitativa uppgifter.

Biodiversiteten i den svenska sjömatsimporten visade sig vara hög och omfatta ett hundratal arter eller artgrupper. Volym och viktigaste ursprungsländer presenteras för dessa. Svensk konsumtion av sjömat domineras inte oväntat av lax, torsk och sill. Mer överraskande var att en kategori bestående av oidentifierade torskfiskar, bl a från tropiska vatten, hamnar så högt som på plats 13. Av varje kategori av sjömat (torskfisk, laxfisk, plattfisk, räka, krabba, musslor, tonfisk) redovisas en del ospecifikt tillhörande "Övrigt". Längre ner på listan hamnar nya importerade, odlade arter som guldsparid, havsabborre, men även fiskade arter som nilabborre, tandnoting och ett antal arter av tonfisk, varav flera är kraftigt överfiskade. Exempelvis konsumerades fyra ton av den akut hotade blåfenade tonfisken i Sverige. De här arterna har etablerat sig på den svenska sjömatsmarknaden på senare år. Runt 15 ton ål konsumeras per år i Sverige, både från svenskt fiske och från import, och även den är akut hotad.

Den totala svenska sjömatskonsumtionen för 2015 är 109 000 ton filé och skaldjur utan skal, vilket motsvarar 11 kg per person eller runt 25 kg hel fisk per person. Av detta är 60 % vildfångat och 40 % odlat. Cirka en fjärdedel av den totala volymen är certifierad av antingen MSC eller ASC. Närmare 75 % av det vi äter är importerat, medan svenskt fiske står för drygt 20 % och svenskt vattenbruk står för runt 6 %. På grund av osäkerheter i rapporteringen av import och export så är dock dessa siffror något osäkra. Den totala konsumtionen har mellan 2011 och 2015 ökat. Kartläggningen har gett nya insikter om diversiteten i den svenska sjömatskonsumtionen och fördelningen mellan arter, trots de osäkerheter som finns.

Sjömat har en stor potential som både hälsosam och hållbart producerad mat, och Livsmedelsverket rekommenderar att vi äter fisk och skaldjur 2-3 gånger per vecka. För stora grupper betyder detta att de bör äta mer sjömat. Det har dock stor betydelse vilken typ av sjömat man väljer att äta både för hälsa och miljö. Därför är det viktigt med bra kunskap om vad som konsumeras och var och hur det har producerats.

Genomgången har gett insyn i vad statistiken kan användas till och vilka osäkerheter som finns. Rapporten ger även en rad förslag på hur statistiken skulle kunna förbättras, både genom att ställa krav på att nuvarande rutiner för datainsamling om handel och konsumtion av sjömat i större utsträckning följs och genom att mer långsiktigt arbeta för att förbättra dessa rutiner.