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  • 1.
    Alriksson, Björn
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Processum.
    Eskilsson, Martin
    Holmen, Sweden.
    Johansson, Emma
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Processum.
    Lapidot, Shaul
    Melodea, Israel.
    Norström, Markus
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut.
    Schultz-Eklund, Ola
    Holmen, Sweden .
    Shkedi, Yoram
    Melodea, Israel.
    Svedberg, Anna
    MoRe Research, Sweden.
    Svensson, Stefan
    MoRe Research, Sweden.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Europe’s first pilot facility for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)2016In: Annual Surface and Materials Chemistry Symposium and Materials for tomorrow (ASMCS 2016), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 2.
    An, Junxue
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Liu, Xiaoyan
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Dedinaite, Andra
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Korchagina, Evgeniya
    University of Montreal, Canada.
    Winnik, Francoise M.
    University of Montreal, Canada; National Institute for Materials Science, Japan; University of Helsinki, Finland.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Dedinaite, Andra
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Effect of solvent quality and chain density on normal and frictional forces between electrostatically anchored thermoresponsive diblock copolymer layers2017In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 487, p. 88-96Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Equilibration in adsorbing polymer systems can be very slow, leading to different physical properties at a given condition depending on the pathway that was used to reach this state. Here we explore this phenomenon using a diblock copolymer consisting of a cationic anchor block and a thermoresponsive block of poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline), PIPOZ. We find that at a given temperature different polymer chain densities at the silica surface are achieved depending on the previous temperature history. We explore how this affects surface and friction forces between such layers using the atomic force microscope colloidal probe technique. The surface forces are purely repulsive at temperatures <40 °C. A local force minimum at short separation develops at 40 °C and a strong attraction due to capillary condensation of a polymer-rich phase is observed close to the bulk phase separation temperature. The friction forces decrease in the cooling stage due to rehydration of the PIPOZ chain. A consequence of the adsorption hysteresis is that the friction forces measured at 25 °C are significantly lower after exposure to a temperature of 40 °C than prior to heating, which is due to higher polymer chain density on the surface after heating.

  • 3.
    Besharat, Zahra
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wakeham, Deborah
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Johnson, C. Magnus
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Luengo, Gustavo S.
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, France.
    Greaves, Andrew
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, France.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Göthelid, Mats
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Mixed monolayers of alkane thiols with polar terminal group on gold: Investigation of structure dependent surface properties2016In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 484, p. 279-290Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Adsorption of thiols with cationic or anionic terminal group on gold has been studied from mixed solutions of 11-Amino-1-undecanethiol (AUT) and 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) using Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angles. The goal is to probe the nature of such layers, and the additivity or otherwise of the pH responsiveness, with a view to evaluate their suitability as smart materials. For each of the two pure (unmixed) cases, ordered molecular monolayers are formed with sulfur binding to gold and the alkane chain pointing out from the surface as expected. Adsorption from the thiol mixtures, however, leads to a more complex behaviour. The surface concentration of thiols from the mixtures, as determined by QCM-D, is considerably lower than for the pure cases and it reaches a minimum at a 3:1 MPA/AUT relative concentration in the solution. The XPS results confirm a reduction in adsorbed amount in mixtures with the lowest overall intensity for the 3:1 ratio. Monolayers formed from mixtures display a wettability which is much lower and less pH sensitive. Collectively these results confirm that for adsorption from mixed systems, the configuration is completely different. Complex formation in the mixed solutions leads to the adsorption of molecules parallel to the surface in an axially in-plane configuration. This parallel layer of thiols is mechanically relatively robust to nano-shaving based on AFM measurements. These results will have a significant impact on the design of biomimetic surface coatings particularly when mixtures of oppositely charged molecules are present on the surface, as is commonly the case in biological, proteinaceous surfaces (e.g. hair and skin).

  • 4.
    Carrick, Christopher
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Lindström, Stefan B.
    Linköping University, Sweden.
    Larsson, Per Tomas
    RISE, Innventia. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wågberg, Lars Göran
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Lightweight, highly compressible, noncrystalline cellulose capsules2014In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 30, no 26, p. 7635-6744Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We demonstrate how to prepare extraordinarily deformable, gas-filled, spherical capsules from nonmodified cellulose. These capsules have a low nominal density, ranging from 7.6 to 14.2 kg/m3, and can be deformed elastically to 70% deformation at 50% relative humidity. No compressive strain-at-break could be detected for these dry cellulose capsules, since they did not rupture even when compressed into a disk with pockets of highly compressed air. A quantitative constitutive model for the large deformation compression of these capsules is derived, including their high-frequency mechanical response and their low-frequency force relaxation, where the latter is governed by the gas barrier properties of the dry capsule. Mechanical testing corroborated these models with good accuracy. Force relaxation measurements at a constant compression rendered an estimate for the gas permeability of air through the capsule wall, calculated to 0.4 mL μm/m2 days kPa at 50% relative humidity. These properties taken together open up a large application area for the capsules, and they could most likely be used for applications in compressible, lightweight materials and also constitute excellent model materials for adsorption and adhesion studies.

  • 5.
    Charlène, Reverdy
    et al.
    CNRS, France; Grenoble Institute of Technology, France.
    Sedighi Moghaddam, Maziar
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Sundin, Mikael
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Julien, Bras
    CNRS, France; Grenoble Institute of Technology, France.
    Superhydrophobic surfaces manufacturing with nanocellulose2016In: N.I.C.E. 2016 - The 3rd International Conference on Bioinspired and Biobased Chemistry & Materials, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Researchers in natural fibers see opportunities in superhydrophobicity for fabrics or paper. The first challenge with natural fiber is their high hydrophilicity when the second is the perpetual search for water born coating  in papermaking. These challenges were overcome by a one pot formulation comprising a latex binder, precipitated calcium carbonate and  fatty acids to give their hydrophobicity to pigments 1.  In this study, we want to go further by replacing the petro-sourced latex with a new kind of fibers that are cellulose nanofibers (CNF).

    Inspired by the Lotus leaf, superhydrophobic surfaces have been a center of interest in the last decade because of their high potential in industry for a variety of applications.  It is seen as the next generation of surface for anti-fouling and corrosive retardant in navy industry but also  in general  anti corrosive materials industry.  Now widely studied , mechanisms for manufacturing superhydrophobicity are well understood. Born from the alliance of low surface energy chemistry and physical structuration of surface, superhydrophobic materials give a water contact angle above 150° and a slidding angle below 10°.

    Download full text (pdf)
    Poster
  • 6.
    Ejenstam, Lina
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Polymer och fiber. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Toward superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane−silica particle coatings2016In: Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, ISSN 0193-2691, E-ISSN 1532-2351, Vol. 37, no 9, p. 1375-1383Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydrophobized silica nanoparticles of different sizes, from 16 to 500 nm, were used to impart roughness to a hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating with the aim of obtaining superhydrophobic properties. The particle silanization process and the curing process of the PDMS coating were optimized to increase the contact angle (CA) of the particle containing coating. The evaluation of the coatings, by means of water CA measurements and scanning electron microscopy imaging, shows that superhydrophobicity in the adhesive rose state was achieved using combinations of two differently sized particles, with an excess of the small 16 nm ones. Superhydrophobicity in the lotus state was obtained when the filler concentration of 16 nm particles was 40 wt%, but under such conditions the coating was found to partially crack, which is detrimental in barrier applications. The preference for the rose wetting state can be explained by the round shape of the particles, which promotes the superhydrophobic rose wetting state over that of the superhydrophobic lotus state.

  • 7.
    Eneborg, Alexander
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Improvement and Characterization of Aqueous Graphene Dispersions2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Graphene has many outstanding properties which make it a prime candidate for new technology. At the current time it is very difficult and expensive to produce large sheets of graphene, but there are many applications where that is not necessary and smaller flakes of graphene can be used instead. A practical way of handling these graphene flakes is in a dispersion, especially a water-based dispersion have many benefits. Such a stable dispersion of functionalized graphene is produced, improved, and characterized in this project. An aqueous system that was developed in two previous M.Sc. theses, each determining a suitable graphene powder and stabilizer, was used as a starting point with the main purpose being to improve the yield. The method used to produce these dispersions can be described as sonicating graphene powder in a solution of water and stabilizer followed by centrifuging to remove un-dispersed graphene particles. Experiments were carried out examining the possibility of dispersing those previously undispersed graphene flakes, combining the stabilizer with several surfactants, optimizing the centrifuge speed and time, refining the sonication procedure with longer exposure time and cooling, narrowing the size-distribution of the original stabilizer through ultrafiltration, and removing excessive unbound stabilizer through ultrafiltration. Samples were characterized with UV-vis, SEM, TGA, Electrophoretic light scattering, and Laser diffraction spectroscopy. It was discovered that the yield from the graphene powder was heavily dependent on sonication time and centrifugation conditions. The gain from increasing sonication time showed that most, if not all, of the un-dispersed graphene flakes previously considered lost could in fact be dispersed. In an industrial setting any un-dispersed flakes could simply be added to the next batch. Reducing the centrifugation speed as well as time increased the concentration of graphene to more than twice as high, and that gain comes solely from the larger graphene flakes. Thusly the previous problem with a low yield was shown to have been caused by too little sonication and too much centrifugation. The particle size analysis did show a small reduction in flake size as the sonication time was increased, but when those dispersions were characterized in SEM they all formed even films with no discernable difference between them. Purifying the scaled up dispersions by removing excess stabilizer through ultrafiltration was performed to three different degrees, 0 %, 50 % and 95 %, for a total of three dispersions of 100ml. All three dispersions were shown to be highly stable, with no apparent reduction in graphene concentration over 5 weeks and a zeta potential averaging below -50mV. The TGA results reinforce the UV-vis results, proving that the purification worked as intended.

  • 8.
    Ferraris, M.
    et al.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Perero, S.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Ferraris, S.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Miola, M.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Vernè, E.
    Politecnico di Torino, Italy.
    Skoglund, S.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, I.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Antibacterial silver nanocluster/silica composite coatings on stainless steel2017In: Applied Surface Science, ISSN 0169-4332, E-ISSN 1873-5584, Vol. 396, p. 1546-1555Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A coating made of silver nanocluster/silica composites has been deposited, via a radio frequency (RF) co-sputtering technique, for the first time onto stainless steel (AISI 304L) with the aim to improve its antibacterial properties. Different thermal treatments after coating deposition have been applied in order to optimize the coating adhesion, cohesion and its antibacterial properties. Its applicability has been investigated at realistic conditions in a cheese production plant. The physico-chemical characteristics of the coatings have been analyzed by means of different bulk and surface analytical techniques. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed to assess coating morphology, composition, surface roughness, wetting properties, size and local distribution of the nanoparticles within the coating. Tape tests were used to determine the adhesion/cohesion properties of the coating. The amount and time-dependence of released silver in solutions of acetic acid, artificial water, artificial tap water and artificial milk were determined by means of Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The antibacterial effect of the coating was evaluated at different experimental conditions using a standard bacterial strain of Staphylococcus aureus in compliance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) and AATCC 147 standards. The Ahearn test was performed to measure the adhesion of bacteria to the coated stainless steel surface compared with a control surface. The antibacterial coating retained its antibacterial activity after thermal treatment up to 450 °C and after soaking in common cleaning products for stainless steel surfaces used for e.g. food applications. The antibacterial capacity of the coating remained at high levels for 1-5 days, and showed a good capacity to reduce the adhesion of bacteria up to 30 days. Only a few percent of silver in the coating was released into acetic acid, even after 10 days of exposure at 40 °C. Most silver (> 90%) remained also in the coating even after 240 h of continuous exposure. Similar observations were made after repeated exposure at 100 °C. Very low levels of released silver in solution were observed in artificial milk. No release of silver nanoparticles was observed either in synthetic tap water or in artificial milk at given conditions. The coating further displayed good antibacterial properties also when tested during working conditions in a cheese production plant.

  • 9.
    Gårdebjer, Sofie
    et al.
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Andersson, M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Engström, J.
    AkzoNobel, Sweden.
    Restorp, P.
    AkzoNobel, Sweden.
    Persson, Michael
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; AkzoNobel, Sweden.
    Larsson, Anette
    Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
    Using Hansen solubility parameters to predict the dispersion of nano-particles in polymeric films2016In: Polymer Chemistry, ISSN 1759-9954, E-ISSN 1759-9962, Vol. 7, no 9, p. 1756-1764Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We suggest a rough and straightforward method to predict the dispersibility of modified cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) in nanocomposites using Hansen solubility parameters (HSP). The surface of CNC was modified using a novel approach where Y-shaped substituents with two different carbon chain lengths were attached to the surface. Approximate HSP values were calculated for the modified CNC, and dispersions of unmodified and modified CNC in solvents with varying HSPs were studied. The best dispersibility was observed in dichloromethane, when the CNC surface was modified with longer carbon chains. Dichloromethane has HSP similar to low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Nanocomposites with both unmodified and modified CNC were produced. The materials with modified CNC showed increased adhesion between the filler and the matrix, followed by a decreased water permeability compared to unmodified CNC, suggesting a better dispersibility of modified CNC in LDPE and confirming the usefulness of this approach.

  • 10.
    Hedberg, Jonas
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Hanna L.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Hedberg, Yolanda
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    The importance of extracellular speciation and corrosion of copper nanoparticles on lung cell membrane integrity2016In: Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, ISSN 0927-7765, E-ISSN 1873-4367, Vol. 141, p. 291-300Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) are increasingly used in various biologically relevant applications and products, e.g., due to their antimicrobial and catalytic properties. This inevitably demands for an improved understanding on their interactions and potential toxic effects on humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the corrosion of copper nanoparticles in various biological media and to elucidate the speciation of released copper in solution. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and lung cell (A549 type II) membrane damage induced by Cu NPs in the various media were studied. The used biological media of different complexity are of relevance for nanotoxicological studies: Dulbecco's modified eagle medium (DMEM), DMEM+ (includes fetal bovine serum), phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and PBS + histidine. The results show that both copper release and corrosion are enhanced in DMEM+, DMEM, and PBS + histidine compared with PBS alone. Speciation results show that essentially no free copper ions are present in the released fraction of Cu NPs in neither DMEM+, DMEM nor histidine, while labile Cu complexes form in PBS. The Cu NPs were substantially more membrane reactive in PBS compared to the other media and the NPs caused larger effects compared to the same mass of Cu ions. Similarly, the Cu NPs caused much more ROS generation compared to the released fraction only. Taken together, the results suggest that membrane damage and ROS formation are stronger induced by Cu NPs and by free or labile Cu ions/complexes compared with Cu bound to biomolecules.

  • 11.
    Hedberg, Y. S.
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Pradhan, S.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Cappellini, F.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Karlsson, M. -E
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Karlsson, H. L.
    Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, I.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Hedberg, J. F.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Electrochemical surface oxide characteristics of metal nanoparticles (Mn, Cu and Al) and the relation to toxicity2016In: Electrochimica Acta, ISSN 0013-4686, E-ISSN 1873-3859, Vol. 212, p. 360-371Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Most metal nanoparticles (NPs), except noble metal NPs, rapidly form a thin surface oxide in ambient conditions. The protective properties of these oxides improve or worsen depending on the environment, e.g., the human lung. Several properties, including the chemical/electrochemical stability and defect density, determine the capacity of these surface oxides to hinder the bulk metal from further oxidation (corrosion). The aim of this study was to investigate whether electrochemical surface oxide characterization of non-functionalized base metal NPs of different characteristics (Al, Mn and Cu) can assist in understanding their bioaccessibility (metal release) in cell media (DMEM+) and their cytotoxic properties following exposure in lung epithelial (A549) cells. The composition and valence states of surface oxides of metal NPs and their electrochemical activity were investigated using an electrochemical technique based on a graphite paste electrode to perform cyclic voltammetry in buffer solutions and open circuit potential measurements in DMEM+. The electrochemical surface oxide characterization was complemented and verified by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The open circuit potential trends in DMEM+ correlated well with metal release results in the same solution, and provided information on the kinetics of oxide dissolution in the case of Cu NPs. Extensive particle agglomeration in cell medium (DMEM+) was observed by means of photon-cross correlation spectroscopy for all metal NPs, with sedimentation taking place very quickly. As a consequence, measurements of the real dose of added non-functionalized metal NPs to cell cultures for cytotoxicity testing from a sonicated stock solution were shown necessary. The cytotoxic response was found to be strongly correlated to changes in physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of the surface oxides of the metal NPs, the most potent being Cu NPs, followed by Mn NPs. No cytotoxicity was observed for Al NPs. The electrochemical surface oxide characterization corresponded well with other tools commonly used for nanotoxicological characterization and provided additional information.

  • 12.
    Hedberg, Yolanda S.
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Pettersson, Maria
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Pradhan, Sulena
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Persson, Cecilia
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Can Cobalt(II) and Chromium(III) ions released from joint prostheses influence the friction coefficient?2015In: ACS Biomaterial Science and Engineering, E-ISSN 2373-9878, Vol. 1, no 8, p. 617-620Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys (CoCrMo) are commonly used as articulating components in joint prostheses. In this tribocorrosive environment, wear debris and metal ionic species are released and interact with proteins, possibly resulting in protein aggregation. This study aimed to investigate whether this could have an effect on the friction coefficient in a typical material couple, namely CoCrMo-on-polyethylene. It was confirmed that both Co(II) and Cr(III) ions, and their combination, at concentrations relevant for the metal release situation, resulted in protein aggregation and its concomitant precipitation, which increased the friction coefficient. Future studies should identify the clinical importance of these findings.

  • 13.
    Heydari, Golrokh
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Tyrode, Erik
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Visnevskij, Ceslav
    Vilnius University, Lithuania.
    Makuska, Ricardas
    Vilnius University, Lithuania.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Temperature-dependent deicing properties of electrostatically anchored branched brush layers of poly(ethylene oxide)2016In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 32, no 17, p. 4194-4202Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hydration water of hydrophilic polymers freezes at subzero temperatures. The adsorption of such polymers will result in a hydrophilic surface layer that strongly binds water. Provided this interfacial hydration water remains liquidlike at subzero temperatures, its presence could possibly reduce ice adhesion, in particular, if the liquidlike layer is thicker than or comparable to the surface roughness. To explore this idea, a diblock copolymer, having one branched bottle-brush block of poly(ethylene oxide) and one linear cationic block, was electrostatically anchored on flat silica surfaces. The shear ice adhesion strength on such polymer-coated surfaces was investigated down to -25 °C using a homebuilt device. In addition, the temperature dependence of the ice adhesion on surfaces coated with only the cationic block, only the branched bottle-brush block, and with linear poly(ethylene oxide) was investigated. Significant ice adhesion reduction, in particular, at temperatures above -15 °C, was observed on silica surfaces coated with the electrostatically anchored diblock copolymer. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements on bulk polymer solutions demonstrate different thermal transitions of water interacting with branched and linear poly(ethylene oxide) (with hydration water melting points of about -18 and -10 °C, respectively). This difference is consistent with the low shear ice adhesion strength measured on surfaces carrying branched bottle-brush structured poly(ethylene oxide) at -10 °C, whereas no significant adhesion reduction was obtained with linear poly(ethylene oxide) at this temperature. We propose a lubrication effect of the hydration water bound to the branched bottle-brush structured poly(ethylene oxide), which, in the bulk, does not freeze until -18 °C.

  • 14.
    Hjalmarsson, Nicklas
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Atkin, Rob
    University of Newcastle, Australia.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Effect of Lithium ions on rheology and interfacial forces in Ethylammonium Nitrate and Ethanolammonium Nitrate2016In: The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, ISSN 1932-7447, E-ISSN 1932-7455, Vol. 120, no 47, p. 26960-26967Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effect of added Li+ to two ionic liquids (ILs), ethylammonium nitrate (EAN) and ethanolammonium nitrate (EtAN), has been investigated using rheology and colloidal probe atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rheology data revealed a complex viscosity dependence that can be ascribed to the different bulk nanostructures. AFM force curves revealed steps for the neat ILs, analogous to those in previous studies. The addition of Li+ broadened the steps, which is likely an effect of ion clusters formed. Friction measurements corroborate this data and also showed that the structure of EtAN is much more prone to change as Li+ is added. These results demonstrate the complex behavior of ILs on interfaces and the effect of perturbing such interactions. (Graph Presented).

  • 15.
    Hjalmarsson, Nicklas
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wallinder, Daniel
    Attana AB, Sweden.
    Glavatskih, Sergei
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; Ghent University, Belgium.
    Atkin, Rob
    University of Newcastle, Australia.
    Aastrup, Teodor
    Attana AB, Sweden.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Weighing the surface charge of an ionic liquid2015In: Nanoscale, ISSN 2040-3364, E-ISSN 2040-3372, Vol. 7, no 38, p. 16039-16045Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance has been used to measure changes in the composition of the capacitive electrical double layer for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)-trifluorophosphate, an ionic liquid, in contact with a gold electrode surface as a function of potential. The mass difference between the cation and anion means that the technique can effectively "weigh" the surface charge accurately with high temporal resolution. This reveals quantitatively how changing the potential alters the ratio of cations and anions associated with the electrode surface, and thus the charge per unit area, as well as the kinetics associated with these interfacial processes. The measurements reveal that it is diffusion of co-ions into the interfacial region rather than expulsion of counterions that controls the relaxation. The measured potential dependent double layer capacitance experimentally validates recent theoretical predictions for counterion overscreening (low potentials) and crowding (high potentials) at electrode surfaces. This new capacity to quantitatively measure ion composition is critical for ionic liquid applications ranging from batteries, capacitors and electrodeposition through to boundary layer structure in tribology, and more broadly provides new insight into interfacial processes in concentrated electrolyte solutions.

  • 16.
    Hynynen, Jonna
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Fire and Safety.
    Willstrand, Ola
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Fire and Safety.
    Blomqvist, Per
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Fire and Safety.
    Quant, Maria
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Fire and Safety.
    Investigation of extinguishing water and combustion gases from vehicle fires2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Sales of electric vehicles doubled in 2021 compared to the previous year and nearly 10% of the global new-car sales were electric in 2021. In the recent IEA Global EV Outlook 2022, Norway, Iceland, and Sweden were reported to have the highest electric car shares of the new car market: 86%, 72% and 43%, respectively. Electrification of transport has multiple benefits but has also raised some concerns. For example, the use of rare metals and their sourcing are concerns from an environmental perspective, the capacity of the electricity network and the limited number of charging stations has been raised as an implementation barrier, and the new fire and explosion risks of batteries have caused concerns amongst users, property owners and rescue services alike society.Fires starting in the traction batteries (lithium-ion battery) are rare but if the battery catches fire, it can be difficult to extinguish since the battery packs are generally well protected and difficult to reach. To cool the battery cells, firefighters must prolong the application duration of suppression agent. This generally results in use of large amounts of water/fire extinguishing agent, which could carry pollutants into the environment.In this work, extinguishing water from three vehicle fires as well as from one battery pack fire has been investigated. Large-scale fire tests were performed with both conventional and electric vehicles. Tests were performed indoors at RISE, Borås, which also allowed analysis of combustion gases for both inorganic and organic pollutants in the gas and liquid phase.It was found that nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese and hydrogen fluoride appeared in higher concentrations in the effluents from the battery electric vehicle and lithium-ion battery compared to from the internal combustion engine vehicle. However, lead was found in higher concentrations in the effluents from the internal combustion engine vehicle, both in the combustion gases as well as in the extinguishing water. Ecotoxicity analysis showed that extinguishing water from all vehicle and battery fires analysed in this work were toxic against the tested aquatic species.

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    Investigation of extinguishing water and combustion gases from vehicle fires
  • 17.
    Johansson, Dorota
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Bergenståhl, Björn
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Lundgren, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Sintering of fat crystal networks in oils1995In: Food Macromolecules and Colloids / [ed] Dickinsson, E. & Lorient, D., Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995, p. 418-425Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    1.1 Semisolid Fats Foods like margarine, butter and chocolate consist of semisolid fat, in a continuous phase, which determines the product properties such as consistency and stability. Semisolid fat consists of colloidal fat crystals, with high melting points, dispersed in a liquid oil with a low melting point. Most natural fats demonstrate a broad spectrum of melting points such that small to moderate variations in temperature may start melting or postcrystalization processes of some components. Extensive changes in product character and quality occur as a result. These changes may be especially critical for low fat foods where the amount of fat and/or saturated (solid) fat is close to the necessary limit for creating proper texture and stability. 1.2 Adhesion Sources Crystals in semisolid fat form a network due to mutual adhesion in which adhesion strength determines structure and consistency. Dispersion (van der Waals) forces are not strong enough to account for the network strength observed experimentally [1]. Therefore, other adhesive forces, for example water bridges, must occur [2]. Formation of water bridges results in as an increase in the yield value of semisolid fat upon the addition of small amounts of water (figure 1). 

  • 18.
    Johansson, Dorota
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Bergenståhl, Björn
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Lundgren, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Water-in-triglyceride oil emulsions. Effect of fat crystals on stability1995In: Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, ISSN 0003-021X, E-ISSN 1558-9331, Vol. 72, p. 939-950Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The influence of low concentrations (0.1-5%) of fat crystals on the stability of water-in-soybean oil emulsions was examined by light scattering and sedimentation experiments. Both initial flocculation/coalescence rate and long term stability against water separation were determined. The initial flocculation/coalescence rate increased upon addition of very small amounts of fat crystals. When the crystal concentration was increased over a critical concentration (specific to a system), a decrease in the flocculation/ coalescence rate occurred. The increased flocculation/ coalescence rate is likely the effect of bridgening of water droplets by fat crystals. Fat crystal wetting by water is an important criterion for this phenomenon to occur. Emulsion stabilization for crystal concentrations over critical is caused by a mechanical screening of water droplets. The presence of considerable amounts of crystals in oil also lowered the density difference between droplet and medium, and enhanced viscosity. The degree of increase in viscosity depended upon emulsifier. Both decrease in density difference and increase in viscosity play a role in hindering flocculation/ coalescence of droplets. In long term studies of water separation, all concentrations of fat crystals stabilized the w/o emulsions. The droplet size of these emulsions increased likewise until the critical droplet size was approached, when the screening effect of crystals on droplets stabilized the emulsions. The stabilizing effect for emulsions with monoolein was continuously improved by increasing the amount of crystals up to 5%. For lecithin stabilized emulsions, an optimal effect was achieved for fat crystal concentrations of 1-2%.

  • 19.
    Johansson, Dorota
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Bergenståhl, Björn
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Lundgren, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Sveriges tekniska forskningsinstitut, YKI – Ytkemiska institutet.
    Wetting of fat crystals by triglyceride oil and water. 1. The effect of additives1995In: Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society, ISSN 0003-021X, E-ISSN 1558-9331, Vol. 72, p. 921-931Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wetting of fat crystals has been extensively examined in this work by contact angle (0) measurements of fat crystal, oil, and water in three-phase contact. Contact angle was measured in oil. The crystals were nonpolar and wetted by oil for a contact angle equal to 0°, and polar and wetted by water for an angle equal to 180°. Fat crystals are expected to contribute to the stability of margarine emulsions if they are preferentially wetted by the oil phase (0° c 0 < 90°), but result in instability if they are preferentially wetted by the water phase (90°

  • 20.
    Kronberg, Bengt
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    The hydrophobic effect2016In: Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, ISSN 1359-0294, E-ISSN 1879-0399, Vol. 22, p. 14-22Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract This review is a brief discussion on the development of the understanding of hydrophobicity, or the hydrophobic effect. The hydrophobic effect is primarily discussed in terms of partitioning of hydrocarbons between a hydrophobic environment and water as well as solubility of hydrocarbons in water. Micellization of surfactants is only briefly reviewed. It is emphasized that (i) the cause of the hydrophobic effect, e.g. the low solubility of a hydrocarbon in water, is to be found in the high internal energy of water resulting in a high energy to create a cavity in order to accommodate the hydrophobe, (ii) the “structuring” of water molecules around a hydrophobic compound increases the solubility of the hydrophobe. The “structuring” of water molecules around hydrophobic compounds is discussed in terms of recent spectroscopic findings. It is also emphasized that (iii) the lowering of entropy due to a structuring process must be accompanied by an enthalpy that is of the same order of magnitude as the TΔS for the process. Hence, there is an entropy–enthalpy compensation leading to a low free energy change for the structuring process. The assumption of a rapid decay of the entropy with temperature provides an explanation of the enthalpy–entropy compensation so often found in aqueous systems. It is also emphasized (iv) that the free energy obtained from partitioning, or solubility limits, needs to be corrected for molecular size differences between the solute and the solvent. The Flory–Huggins expression is a good first approximation for obtaining this correction. If the effect of different molecular sizes is not corrected for, this leads to erroneous conclusions regarding the thermodynamics of the hydrophobic effect. Finally, (v) micellization and adsorption of surfactants, as well as protein unfolding, are briefly discussed in terms of the hydrophobic effect.

  • 21.
    Larsson, Per Tomas
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Lindström, Tom S. C.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Materials and Production, Applied Mechanics.
    Glad-Nordmark, Gunborg
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.
    Ankerfors, Caroline
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Pulp, Paper and Packaging.
    Bulking method for chemical pulps and its effect on cellulose structure - A CP/MAS 13C-NMR Study2021In: TAPPICon LIVE, TAPPI Press , 2021, p. 460-464Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cellulose-rich never-dried acetate grade Eucalyptus dissolving pulp was used to study the effects on the supramolecular structure of cellulose due to the addition of AlCl3 during drying from acidic conditions (pH 3.5). CP/MAS 13C-NMR was the analytical technique used for taking measures of the cellulose supramolecular structure. In this study AlCl3 was used as source of Al3+, but Al2(SO4)3 has been shown to give the same effect and it is believed that any salt of Al3+ will give the same effect. The presence of AlCl3 increased the average lateral fibril aggregate dimensions some 25% above that reached by the pulp dried without addition of AlCl3. The observed changes in cellulose supramolecular structure due to the addition of AlCl3 are large considering the low AlCl3 concentration that was used. No change in degree of crystallinity was observed as the result of drying, either with or without AlCl3 addition. Although the mechanism of action for AlCl3, causing the observed effects on the cellulose supramolecular structure, is currently not fully understood, the interpretation made was that the presence of AlCl3 increased the agglomeration of the cellulose that always take place during the first drying of cellulosic fibres. This can be seen as an increased degree of physical cross-linking in the cellulose network. 

  • 22.
    Li, Hua
    et al.
    University of Newcastle, Australia.
    Somers, Anthony E.
    Deakin University, Australia.
    Howlett, Patrick C.
    Deakin University, Australia.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Forsyth, Maria
    Deakin University, Australia.
    Atkin, Rob
    University of Newcastle, Australia.
    Addition of low concentrations of an ionic liquid to a base oil reduces friction over multiple length scales: A combined nano- and macrotribology investigation2016In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 18, no 9, p. 6541-6547Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The efficacy of ionic liquids (ILs) as lubricant additives to a model base oil has been probed at the nanoscale and macroscale as a function of IL concentration using the same materials. Silica surfaces lubricated with mixtures of the IL trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate and hexadecane are probed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) (nanoscale) and ball-on-disc tribometer (macroscale). At both length scales the pure IL is a much more effective lubricant than hexadecane. At the nanoscale, 2.0 mol% IL (and above) in hexadecane lubricates the silica as well as the pure IL due to the formation of a robust IL boundary layer that separates the sliding surfaces. At the macroscale the lubrication is highly load dependent; at low loads all the mixtures lubricate as effectively as the pure IL, whereas at higher loads rather high concentrations are required to provide IL like lubrication. Wear is also pronounced at high loads, for all cases except the pure IL, and a tribofilm is formed. Together, the nano- and macroscales results reveal that the IL is an effective lubricant additive - it reduces friction - in both the boundary regime at the nanoscale and mixed regime at the macroscale.

  • 23.
    Li, Shanghua
    et al.
    ABB, Sweden.
    Karlsson, Mattias
    ABB, Sweden.
    Liu, Rongsheng
    ABB, Sweden.
    Ahniyaz, Anwar
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Fornara, Andrea
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Johansson Salazar-Sandoval, Eric
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    The effect of ceria nanoparticles on the breakdown strength of transformer oil2015In: 2015 IEEE 11th International Conference on the Properties and Applications of Dielectric Materials (ICPADM), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2015, p. 289-292Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nanotechnologies have potential to be used in transformer industry in enhancing material properties which may lead to a compact design of transformer and reduced manufacturing cost. Effect of adding different nanoparticles such as titania, silica, nano-diamond, etc. has been studied in literatures. In this paper, nano-ceria particles have been successfully added into transformer mineral oil with different content. The suspension is very stable and no segmentation can be observed over several months. The ceria nanoparticles are commercially available, which have a quite narrow size distribution. UV-Vis, TGA and FT-IR are used to characterize the ceria nanofluids. The water content of the ceria nanofluids has been measured by Karl Fisher titration, which is important for the breakdown strength of transformer oil. AC voltage breakdown and lightning impulse voltage breakdown measurements have been performed on the ceria nanofluids. An enhancement of 15% on AC breakdown voltage has been observed on ceria nanofluids with some content compared to reference transformer oil. On the other hand, no clear difference on the lightning impulse breakdown voltage is observed between the ceria nanofluids and reference transformer oil.

  • 24.
    Liu, Xiaoyan
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Yun, Sang Ho
    Sungkyunkwan University, South Korea.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Frictional behavior of micro-patterned silicon surface2015In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 456, p. 76-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A micro-patterned silicon surface, consisting of depressions with walls having a tilt angle of 30°, was created by photolithography followed by etching. The friction forces in single asperity contact acting between such a surface and an AFM tip was measured in air. This allowed elucidation of the validity of some common friction rules for this particular situation where a small tip traces a surface having roughness features that are significantly larger than the tip itself. The rules that was compared with our data were Amontons' first rule of friction stating that the friction force should be proportional to the load; Amontons' third rule stating that the friction force should be independent of sliding speed, and Euler's rule providing a relation between slope angle and friction coefficient. We found that both nanoscale surface heterogeneities and the μm-sized depressions affect friction forces, and considerable reproducible variations were found along a particular scan line. Nevertheless Amontons' first rule described average friction forces well. Amontons' third rule and Euler's rule were found to be less applicable to our system.

  • 25.
    Lobov, Gleb S.
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Zhao, Yichen
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Marinins, Aleksandrs
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Yan, Min
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Li, Jiantong
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Sugunan, Abhilash
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Thylén, Lars
    Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, US; KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wosinski, Lech
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Östling, Mikael
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Toprak, Muhammet S.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Popov, Sergei
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Size impact of ordered P3HT nanofibers on optical anisotropy2016In: Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics, ISSN 1022-1352, E-ISSN 1521-3935, Vol. 217, no 9, p. 1089-1095Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) nanofibers are 1D crystalline structures with semiconductor properties. When P3HT nanofibers are dispersed in nonconducting solvent, they react to external alternate electric field by aligning along the field lines. This can be used to create layers of ordered nanofibers and is referred to as alternating current poling method. P3HT nanofibers with three different size distributions are fabricated, using self-assembly mechanism in marginal solvents, and used for the alignment studies. Anisotropic absorption of oriented 2 μm long nanofibers exponentially increases with the magnitude of applied field to a certain asymptotic limit at 0.8 V μm-1, while 100-500 nm long nanofibers respond to electric field negligibly. Effective optical birefringence of oriented 2 μm long nanofibers is calculated, based on the phase shift at 633 nm and the average layer thickness, to be 0.41. These results combined with further studies on real-time control over orientation of P3HT nanofibers in liquid solution or host system are promising in terms of exploiting them in electroabsorptive and electrorefractive applications.

  • 26.
    Lu, Xiaohu
    et al.
    Nynas AB, Sweden.
    Sjövall, Peter
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Chemistry and Materials.
    Soenen, Hilde
    Nynas NV, Belgium.
    Andersson, Martin
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioscience and Materials, Surface, Process and Formulation.
    Microstructures of bitumen observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and chemical analysis using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS)2018In: Fuel, ISSN 0016-2361, E-ISSN 1873-7153, Vol. 229, p. 198-208Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study is to characterize structures induced on bitumen surfaces under analysis by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and to examine possible contributing factors to the formation of their formation. Various bitumen samples are investigated, including soft and hard, as well as polymer modified bitumen. Chemical characterization is carried out by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), combined with principle component analysis (PCA). The study shows that, for soft bitumen, a tube pattern or worm structure is rapidly formed during ESEM analysis, but for hard bitumen, a longer exposure time is needed to develop a structure. The structures on the hard bitumen are also denser as compared to those on the soft bitumen. When sample specimens are deformed or stretched, the orientation of the created deformation is clearly reflected in the structures formed under ESEM, and for soft bitumen, the structure disappears overnight in vacuum but reappears with the same pattern upon repeated ESEM analysis. TOF-SIMS shows small but consistent chemical differences, indicating higher aliphatic and lower aromatic contents on the surface of the structured area compared to the unstructured area. Based on an estimated temperature increase on the bitumen surface due to the electron-beam irradiation, it is speculated that the ESEM-induced worm structure may be attributed to evaporation of volatiles, surface hardening and local expansion. In addition, under the electron-beam exposure, certain chemical reactions (e.g. breaking of chemical bonds, chain scission and crosslinking) may take place, possibly resulting in the observed chemical differences between the structured and unstructured areas.

  • 27.
    Matougui, Nada
    et al.
    Inserm, France.
    Boge, Lukas
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Groo, Anne-Claire
    Inserm, France.
    Umerska, Anita
    Inserm, France.
    Ringstad, Lovisa
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Bysell, Helena
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Saulnier, Patrick
    Inserm, France; CHU Angers, France.
    Lipid-based nanoformulations for peptide delivery2016In: International Journal of Pharmaceutics, ISSN 0378-5173, E-ISSN 1873-3476, Vol. 502, no 1-2, p. 80-97Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nanoformulations have attracted a lot of attention because of their size-dependent properties. Among the array of nanoformulations, lipid nanoformulations (LNFs) have evoked increasing interest because of the advantages of their high degree of biocompatibility and versatility. The performance of lipid nanoformulations is greatly influenced by their composition and structure. Therapeutic peptides represent a growing share of the pharmaceutical market. However, the main challenge for their development into commercial products is their inherent physicochemical and biological instability. Important peptides such as insulin, calcitonin and cyclosporin A have been incorporated into LNFs. The association or encapsulation of peptides within lipid-based carriers has shown to protect the labile molecules against enzymatic degradation. This review describes strategies used for the formulation of peptides and some methods used for the assessment of association efficiency. The advantages and drawbacks of such carriers are also described.

  • 28.
    Nuzzo, Marine
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. Lund University, Sweden.
    Sloth, Jakob
    GEA Process Engineering A/S, Denmark.
    Bergenstahl, Björn
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Millqvist-Fureby, Anna
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Phase segregation in individually dried particles composed of biopolymers2015In: Langmuir, ISSN 0743-7463, E-ISSN 1520-5827, Vol. 31, no 40, p. 10946-10954Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Mixing of two biopolymers can results in phase separation due to their thermodynamically incompatibility under certain conditions. This phenomenon was first reported when the solution was allowed to equilibrate, but it has later been observed also as a consequence of drying. The challenges of this study were to observe phase segregation by confocal Raman microscopy and LV-SEM on dried film, individually dried particles, and spray dried particles. The influence of the solid content and the phase ratio (composition) of a HPMC/maltodextrin mixture on the localization of the ingredients in the individually dried particles was investigated. We observed that phase segregation of HPMC and maltodextrin is induced by solvent evaporation in film drying, single particle drying, as well as spray drying. The phase ratio is an important parameter that influences the localization of the HPMC-enriched phase and maltodextrin-enriched phase, i.e., to the particle surface, to the core, or in a more or less bicontinuous pattern. The drying time, affected by the solids content, was found to control the level of advancement of the phase segregation.

  • 29.
    Nyström, Lina
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Nordström, Randi
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Bramhill, Jane
    University of Manchester, UK.
    Saunders, Brian R.
    University of Manchester, UK.
    Álvarez-Asencio, Rubén
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; IMDEA Nanoscience, Spain.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Malmsten, Martin
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Factors affecting peptide interactions with surface-bound microgels2016In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 17, no 2, p. 669-678Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Effects of electrostatics and peptide size on peptide interactions with surface-bound microgels were investigated with ellipsometry, confocal microscopy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Results show that binding of cationic poly-l-lysine (pLys) to anionic, covalently immobilized, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methacrylic acid) microgels increased with increasing peptide net charge and microgel charge density. Furthermore, peptide release was facilitated by decreasing either microgel or peptide charge density. Analogously, increasing ionic strength facilitated peptide release for short peptides. As a result of peptide binding, the surface-bound microgels displayed pronounced deswelling and increased mechanical rigidity, the latter quantified by quantitative nanomechanical mapping. While short pLys was found to penetrate the entire microgel network and to result in almost complete charge neutralization, larger peptides were partially excluded from the microgel network, forming an outer peptide layer on the microgels. As a result of this difference, microgel flattening was more influenced by the lower Mw peptide than the higher. Peptide-induced deswelling was found to be lower for higher Mw pLys, the latter effect not observed for the corresponding microgels in the dispersed state. While the effects of electrostatics on peptide loading and release were similar to those observed for dispersed microgels, there were thus considerable effects of the underlying surface on peptide-induced microgel deswelling, which need to be considered in the design of surface-bound microgels as carriers of peptide loads, for example, in drug delivery or in functionalized biomaterials.

  • 30.
    Oko, Asaf
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Polymer och fiber.
    Brandner, Birgit
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Bugner, Douglas E.
    Eastman Kodak Company, USA.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor. Eastman Kodak Company, USA.
    Claesson, Per
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Aggregation of inkjet ink components by Ca and Mg ions in relation to colorant pigment distribution in paper2014In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, ISSN 0927-7757, E-ISSN 1873-4359, Vol. 456, no 1, p. 92-99Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Papers coated with salts containing divalent cations exhibit superior inkjet print quality, which has been suggested to be due to fast aggregation of the colorant pigments close to, or even on, the surface of the paper. In this work we show the pivotal role of the carboxylic acid containing dispersing polymer. We report a series of aggregation and sedimentation experiments with commercial inks, generic ink formulations and specific ingredients comprising these formulations, and find differences in their response to the presence of MgCl2 or CaCl2. In particular, flocs and sediments formed in the presence of MgCl2 are denser than those formed in the presence of CaCl2. These differences are not predicted by the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory. We suggest that ion specific interactions occurring between Mg2+ or Ca2+, and charged carboxylate groups residing on the dispersing polymers, provoke the observed behavior.

  • 31.
    Oko, Asaf
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Medicinteknik.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Infiltration and dimensional scaling of picoliter inkjet drops on nano- and microporous materials – isotropic porous glass and anisotropic paper2016In: Annual Surface and Materials Chemistry Symposium and Materials for tomorrow (ASMCS 2016), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Ovaska, Sami-Seppo
    et al.
    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland.
    Hiltunen, Salla
    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland.
    Ernstsson, Marie
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Schuster, Erich
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Food and Bioscience, Structure Design.
    Altskär, Annika
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Food and Bioscience, Structure Design.
    Backfolk, Kaj
    Lappeenranta University of Technology, Finland.
    Characterization of rapeseed oil/coconut oil mixtures and their penetration into hydroxypropylated-starch-based barrier coatings containing an oleophilic mineral2016In: Progress in organic coatings, ISSN 0300-9440, E-ISSN 1873-331X, Vol. 101, p. 569-576Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A study was conducted that demonstrated that the blending of edible oils leads to changes in surface tension, thermal properties, viscosity, and oil penetration times through a barrier-coated paperboard. The results emphasize the significance of testing the oil and grease resistance (OGR) oil blends in order-to verify the suitability of the packaging material for real-life end-use applications. The results of the OGR determinations suggest that hydroxypropylated-starch-based composite coatings containing an oleophilic high aspect ratio mineral can be tailored for food shaving different fatty acid compositions by varying the pigmentation level. Compared to standard OGR tests, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)-based techniques make it possible to evaluate the oil penetration time and its diffusion behavior very accurately, both inside the coating layer and in the bulk matrix. It was found that, at room temperature, coconut oil tends to crystallize inside the substrate, inducing swelling of the coating layer, which probably has an influence on the physicomechanical properties of the packaging material.

  • 33.
    Pradhan, Sulena
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Hedberg, Jonas
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wold, Susanna
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Effect of sonication on particle dispersion, administered dose and metal release of non-functionalized, non-inert metal nanoparticles2016In: Journal of nanoparticle research, ISSN 1388-0764, E-ISSN 1572-896X, Vol. 18, no 9, article id 285Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study, we elucidate the effect of different sonication techniques to efficiently prepare particle dispersions from selected non-functionalized NPs (Cu, Al, Mn, ZnO), and corresponding consequences on the particle dose, surface charge and release of metals. Probe sonication was shown to be the preferred method for dispersing non-inert, non-functionalized metal NPs (Cu, Mn, Al). However, rapid sedimentation during sonication resulted in differences between the real and the administered doses in the order of 30–80 % when sonicating in 1 and 2.56 g/L NP stock solutions. After sonication, extensive agglomeration of the metal NPs resulted in rapid sedimentation of all particles. DLVO calculations supported these findings, showing the strong van der Waals forces of the metal NPs to result in significant NP agglomeration. Metal release from the metal NPs was slightly increased by increased sonication. The addition of a stabilizing agent (bovine serum albumin) had an accelerating effect on the release of metals in sonicated solutions. For Cu and Mn NPs, the extent of particle dissolution increased from <1.6 to ~5 % after sonication for 15 min. A prolonged sonication time (3–15 min) had negligible effects on the zeta potential of the studied NPs. In all, it is shown that it is of utmost importance to carefully investigate how sonication influences the physico-chemical properties of dispersed metal NPs. This should be considered in nanotoxicology investigations of metal NPs. Graphical Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]

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  • 34.
    Salminen, Kristian
    et al.
    VTT, Finland.
    Lappalainen, Timo
    VTT, Finland.
    Kinnunen-Raudaskoski, Karita
    VTT, Finland.
    Andersson, Martin P.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut.
    Carlsson, Gilbert
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Polymer och fiber.
    Mira, Isabel
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Foam forming-the effects of surfactant type on characteristics of fiber-foam suspension and properties of formed fiber network2014In: Paper Conference and Trade Show, PaperCon 2014, TAPPI Press, 2014, p. 758-765, article id A3572Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The properties and behavior of pure aqueous foams have been quite extensively studied. On the other hand, very little is known about the chemical interactions between foaming agents and paper/board making raw materials in aqueous fiber-foam suspensions. The objective of this examination was to increase the understanding of basic mechanisms affecting fiber-foam suspension. In particular, gaining understanding of the chemical interactions between foaming agents and paper/board making raw materials was of great interest. The foaming behavior of pulp formulations in the presence of three anionic and four non-ionic foaming aids was tested with a tailor-made foaming test environment. Foaming aids for testing were chosen based on their reported good foaming properties, environmental safety, and availability as bulk chemicals, as well as their insensitivity to changes in temperature and pH within limits relevant to the foam forming process. Foam formed hand sheets with different furnish recipes were made and tested to evaluate the effect of the three selected foaming agents (selected based on their foaming characteristics) on the formation and retention processes, the technical properties of the hand sheets, and the performance of other chemicals used in paper/board manufacturing in the presence of the foaming aids. Additionally, the potential of utilizing the selected foaming aids in practical foam forming of paper or board was verified in a small-scale pilot trial. The results obtained in these laboratory and pilot-scale studies showed that the type and amount of foaming aids used have significant effects on foam properties, filler retention, sizing, dewatering, bulk, and mechanical properties of the fiber network. In fact, the selection of the foaming aid and its interaction with other wet end additives seems to be one of the key factors affecting the processability and quality of foam formed products.

  • 35.
    Schellenberger, Steffen
    et al.
    Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Gillgard, Philip
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Materials and Production, IVF.
    Stare, Ann
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Materials and Production, IVF.
    Hanning, Anne-Charlotte
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Materials and Production, IVF.
    Levenstam, O.
    University of Borås, Sweden.
    Roos, Sandra
    RISE - Research Institutes of Sweden (2017-2019), Materials and Production, IVF.
    Cousins, I. T.
    Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Facing the rain after the phase out: Performance evaluation of alternative fluorinated and non-fluorinated durable water repellents for outdoor fabrics2018In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 193, p. 675-684Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fluorinated durable water repellent (DWR) agents are used to obtain water and stain repellent textiles. Due to the on-going phase-out of DWRs based on side-chain fluorinated polymers (SFP) with “long” perfluoroalkyl chains, the textile industry lacks suitable alternatives with comparable material characteristics. The constant development and optimization of SFPs for textile applications initiated more than half a century ago has resulted in a robust and very efficient DWR-technology and textiles with exceptional hydro- and oleo-phobic properties. The industry is now in the predicament that the long-chain SFPs with the best technical performance have undesirable toxicological and environmental behaviour. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the technical performance of presently available fluorinated and non-fluorinated DWRs as part of a chemical alternatives assessment (CAA). The results are based on a study with synthetic outdoor fabrics treated with alternative DWRs and tested for repellency using industrial standard and complementary methods. Using this approach, the complex structure-property relationships of DWR-polymers could be explained on a molecular level. Both short-chain SFPs and non-fluorinated DWRs showed excellent water repellency and durability in some cases while short-chain SFPs were the more robust of the alternatives to long-chain SFPs. A strong decline in oil repellency and durability with perfluoroalkyl chain length was shown for SFP DWRs. Non-fluorinated alternatives were unable to repel oil, which might limit their potential for substitution in textile application that require repellency towards non-polar liquids.

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  • 36.
    Sedighi Moghaddam, Maziar
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wålinder, Magnus E. P.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wettability and swelling of acetylated and furfurylated wood analyzed by multicycle Wilhelmy plate method2016In: Holzforschung, ISSN 0018-3830, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 70, no 1, p. 69-77Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The wetting, dimensional stability and sorption properties of a range of modified wood samples obtained either by acetylation or furfurylation were compared with those of unmodified samples of the same wood species via a multicycle Wilhelmy plate method. Wettability measurements were performed with water and octane as the swelling and non-swelling liquids, respectively. It was found that acetylation reduces water uptake mainly by reducing the swelling. In comparison, furfurylation reduces both swelling and the void volume in the sample. To quantify the effect of the modification process of the wood properties, the parameters "liquid up-take reduction" and the "perimeter change reduction" were introduced, which were determined from multicycle Wilhelmy plate measurements. Compared with the acetylated wood, the furfurylated wood with a higher level of weight percent gain exhibited larger property changes on the surface and in terms of swelling and sorption properties.

  • 37.
    Skedung, Lisa
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Buraczewska-Norin, Izabela
    Omega Pharma Nordic, Sweden.
    Dawood, Nagum
    Omega Pharma Nordic, Sweden; Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Ringstad, Lovisa
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Tactile friction of topical formulations2016In: Skin research and technology, ISSN 0909-752X, E-ISSN 1600-0846, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 46-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The tactile perception is essential for all types of topical formulations (cosmetic, pharmaceutical, medical device) and the possibility to predict the sensorial response by using instrumental methods instead of sensory testing would save time and cost at an early stage product development. Here, we report on an instrumental evaluation method using tactile friction measurements to estimate perceptual attributes of topical formulations. Methods: Friction was measured between an index finger and an artificial skin substrate after application of formulations using a force sensor. Both model formulations of liquid crystalline phase structures with significantly different tactile properties, as well as commercial pharmaceutical moisturizing creams being more tactile-similar, were investigated. Friction coefficients were calculated as the ratio of the friction force to the applied load. The structures of the model formulations and phase transitions as a result of water evaporation were identified using optical microscopy. Results: The friction device could distinguish friction coefficients between the phase structures, as well as the commercial creams after spreading and absorption into the substrate. In addition, phase transitions resulting in alterations in the feel of the formulations could be detected. A correlation was established between skin hydration and friction coefficient, where hydrated skin gave rise to higher friction. Also a link between skin smoothening and finger friction was established for the commercial moisturizing creams, although further investigations are needed to analyse this and correlations with other sensorial attributes in more detail. Conclusion: The present investigation shows that tactile friction measurements have potential as an alternative or complement in the evaluation of perception of topical formulations.

  • 38.
    Svensson, C. R.
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Ameer, S. S.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Ludvigsson, L.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Ali, N.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Alhamdow, A.
    Lund University, Sweden; Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Messing, M. E.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Pagels, J.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Gudmundsson, A.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Bohgard, M.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Sanfins, E.
    Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, France.
    Kåredal, M.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Broberg, K.
    Lund University, Sweden; Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
    Rissler, Jenny
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor. Lund University, Sweden.
    Validation of an air–liquid interface toxicological set-up using Cu, Pd, and Ag well-characterized nanostructured aggregates and spheres2016In: Journal of nanoparticle research, ISSN 1388-0764, E-ISSN 1572-896X, Vol. 18, no 4, article id 86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Systems for studying the toxicity of metal aggregates on the airways are normally not suited for evaluating the effects of individual particle characteristics. This study validates a set-up for toxicological studies of metal aggregates using an air–liquid interface approach. The set-up used a spark discharge generator capable of generating aerosol metal aggregate particles and sintered near spheres. The set-up also contained an exposure chamber, The Nano Aerosol Chamber for In Vitro Toxicity (NACIVT). The system facilitates online characterization capabilities of mass mobility, mass concentration, and number size distribution to determine the exposure. By dilution, the desired exposure level was controlled. Primary and cancerous airway cells were exposed to copper (Cu), palladium (Pd), and silver (Ag) aggregates, 50–150 nm in median diameter. The aggregates were composed of primary particles &lt;10 nm in diameter. For Cu and Pd, an exposure of sintered aerosol particles was also produced. The doses of the particles were expressed as particle numbers, masses, and surface areas. For the Cu, Pd, and Ag aerosol particles, a range of mass surface concentrations on the air–liquid interface of 0.4–10.7, 0.9–46.6, and 0.1–1.4 µg/cm2, respectively, were achieved. Viability was measured by WST-1 assay, cytokines (Il-6, Il-8, TNF-a, MCP) by Luminex technology. Statistically significant effects and dose response on cytokine expression were observed for SAEC cells after exposure to Cu, Pd, or Ag particles. Also, a positive dose response was observed for SAEC viability after Cu exposure. For A549 cells, statistically significant effects on viability were observed after exposure to Cu and Pd particles. The set-up produced a stable flow of aerosol particles with an exposure and dose expressed in terms of number, mass, and surface area. Exposure-related effects on the airway cellular models could be asserted.

  • 39.
    Swerin, Agne
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Sundin, Mikael
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Wåhlander, Martin
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Formulation of a pigmented foam aimed for superhydrophobic coatings2015In: Paper Conference and Trade Show (PaperCon 2015), 2015Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fundamental studies of superhydrophobicity have evolved toward several industrial applications. The present study concerns the formulation of pigmented foam aimed for water-borne superhydrophobic surface layers. An industrially viable process for a one-step water-borne superhydrophobic coating was developed in collaboration with industrial partners. A typical formulation contained calcium carbonate (preferably aragonite type), sodium oleate and carboxylic latex binder. The pigmented foam was laboratory rod coated onto paperboard substrates. During the drying the foamed structure collapses into a pigmented coating. The contact and rolling-off angles, droplet stain size and Cobb value were evaluated for different amounts of the added ingredients. The frictional resistance and water vapour permeability was measured for some of the samples.

    More recent results show that through careful reformulation of the coating dispersions these pigmented foams can be prepared at considerably higher solids content, which is of utmost relevance to decrease drying time if implemented in an industrial process. It was also shown that the hydrostatic water resistance (Cobb value) and the mechanical robustness could be substantially improved compared to previous results. Surface spectroscopy data provided an explanation for the increased water resistance.

  • 40.
    Swerin, Agne
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Sundin, Mikael
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Wåhlander, Martin
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Formulation of superhydrophobic pigment coatings2015In: Paper Conference and Trade Show (PaperCon 2015), TAPPI Press, 2015, Vol. 2, p. 1410-1424Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 41.
    Swerin, Agne
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Sundin, Mikael
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Wåhlander, Martin
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    One-pot waterborne superhydrophobic pigment coatings at high solids with improved scratch and water resistance2016In: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, ISSN 0927-7757, E-ISSN 1873-4359, Vol. 495, p. 79-86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A pigment coating was developed to achieve superhydrophobicity in one step from a waterborne formulation containing aragonite calcium carbonate, hydrophobized using sodium oleate, latex binder and cross-linker. Coatings formulated ≤50 mass% and applied to polyethylene coated paperboard substrates displayed typical superhydrophobic features: water contact angles ≥150°, low roll-off angle and low stain sizes, but poor scratch and water resistance as well as foaming issues during preparation. Reformulation at higher solids content significantly improved scratch and water resistance properties. Water rinsing of the dried coatings further increased the water barrier capacity due to reduced surfactant-assisted wetting; findings were corroborated by detailed surface chemistry analyses showing the removal of surface-active components after water rinsing of the dried coatings. A plausible cause for the improved durability is the fact that capillary forces increase exponentially with increasing pigment volume fraction (power law exponent of 2.2) leading to efficient binder coverage during the early stage of pigment coating consolidation.

  • 42.
    Tuominen, Mikko
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Teisala, Hannu
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Haapanen, Janne
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Aromaa, Mikko
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Mäkelä, Jyrki M.
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Stepien, Milena
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Saarinen, Jarkko J.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor. Åbo Akademi University, Finland .
    Toivakka, Martti
    Åbo Akademi University, Finland .
    Kuusipalo, Jurkka
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Adjustable wetting of liquid flame spray (LFS) TiO2-nanoparticle coated board: Batch-type versus roll-to-roll stimulation methods2014In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal, ISSN 0283-2631, E-ISSN 2000-0669, Vol. 29, no 2, p. 271-279Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Superhydrophobic nanoparticle coating was created on the surface of board using liquid flame spray (LFS). The LFS coating was carried out continuously in ambient conditions without any additional hydrophobization steps. The contact angle of water (CAW) of ZrO2, Al2O3 and TiO2 coating was adjusted reversibly from &gt;150° down to ~10-20° using different stimulation methods. From industrial point of view, the controlled surface wetting has been in focus for a long time because it defines the liquid-solid contact area, and furthermore can enhance the mechanical and chemical bonding on the interface between the liquid and the solid. The used stimulation methods included batch-type methods: artificial daylight illumination and heat treatment and roll-to-roll methods: corona, argon plasma, IR (infra red)- and UV (ultra violet)-treatments. On the contrary to batch-type methods, the adjustment and switching of wetting was done only in seconds or fraction of seconds using roll-to-roll stimulation methods. This is significant in the converting processes of board since they are usually continuous, high volume operations. In addition, the creation of microfluidic patterns on the surface of TiO2 coated board using simple photomasking and surface stimulation was demonstrated. This provides new advantages and possibilities, especially in the field of intelligent printing. Limited durability and poor repellency against low surface tension liquids are presently the main limitations of LFS coatings.

  • 43.
    Tuominen, Mikko
    et al.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Teisala, Hannu
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Haapanen, Janne
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Mäkelä, Jyrki M.
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Honkanen, Mari
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Vippola, Minnamari
    Tampere University of Technology, Finland.
    Bardage, Stig
    Wålinder, Magnus E. P.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Swerin, Agne
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Superamphiphobic overhang coating on a biobased material2016In: Annual Surface and Materials Chemistry Symposium and Materials for tomorrow (ASMCS 2016), 2016Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Wakeham, Deborah
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Crivoi, Dana G.
    Rovira i Virgili University, Spain.
    Medina, Francesc
    Rovira i Virgili University, Spain.
    Segarra, Anna M.
    Rovira i Virgili University, Spain.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    In-situ study of substrate - catalyst interactions in a Juliá-Colonna epoxidation using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation2016In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 469, p. 263-268Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) analysis of the hexa-l-Leucine (PLL)-catalyzed epoxidation of chalcone gives in-situ experimental evidences which demonstrate that the reaction proceeds mainly via the formation of a PLL-bound hydroperoxide complex followed by the reversible addition of chalcone. The observations offer an alternative rationalization for the viability of the preferred catalytic pathway.

  • 45.
    Wang, Shule
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Wen, Yuming
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Hammarström, Henry
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Jönsson, Pär
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Yang, Weihong
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Pyrolysis behaviour, kinetics and thermodynamic data of hydrothermal carbonization–Treated pulp and paper mill sludge2021In: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 177, p. 1282-1292Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Organic-rich pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) has the potential to become a renewable carbon source for producing alternatives to fossil-based product. In this work, PPMS treated by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was investigated based on its pyrolysis properties. The pyrolytic mechanism, kinetics data and product of the sample were studied using TG as well as pyrolysis tests in Py-GC/MS and a bench-scale reactor at 450, 550, and 650 °C. The results show that the thermal decomposition of feedstock is a two-stage reaction. The mean activation energy of the pyrolysis of HTC treated PPMS was estimated as 233.08 kJ/mol, which is higher than that of the pyrolysis of paper sludge reported before. The changes in enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs free energies from the reactants to the activated complex were estimated. The concentration of monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the derived organic liquid fraction shows a positive correlation with the pyrolysis temperature. At 550 °C, the organic liquid fraction reached its highest yield at 13.7% with an oxygen level of 10.7 wt% and a higher heating value of 35.9 MJ/kg. The pyrolytic chars show that a molar ratio of O:C is less than 0.2, which shows potential for use as a carbon sink. © 2021 The Author(s)

  • 46.
    Wang, Xuying
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Herting, Gunilla
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Odnevall Wallinder, Inger
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Blomberg, Eva
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on silver surfaces enhances the release of silver at pH neutral conditions2015In: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP, ISSN 1463-9076, E-ISSN 1463-9084, Vol. 17, no 28, p. 18524-18534Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Metallic biomaterials are widely used to replace and/or restore the function of damaged bodily parts. The use of silver as antibacterial coatings onto implants has recently gained large interest in medical applications. The extent of silver that can be released into different biological fluids from such coatings is, except for the surface characteristics of the coating, governed by parameters such as protein characteristics, adsorbed layer properties, formation of silver-protein complexes as well as concentrations of proteins in the solution. This study aims to relate the structure of adsorbed net negatively charged bovine serum albumin (BSA), which is the most abundant protein in serum, to the release of silver from metallic silver surfaces in order to elucidate if the net charge of the protein has any effect of the silver release. Simultaneous adsorption measurements were performed in real time on the very same surface using combined ellipsometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) measurements to provide a more comprehensive understanding on adsorption kinetics and layer structures. The amount of released silver into solution was measured by means of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). The structure of the adsorbed BSA layer largely influenced the amount of released silver, an enhancement that increased with BSA concentration. These observations are in complete contrast to the effect of net positively charged lysozyme (LSZ) adsorbed on silver, previously studied by the authors, for which a complete surface coverage suppressed the possibility for silver release. The underlying mechanisms behind the enhanced release of silver in the presence of BSA were mainly attributed to surface complexation between BSA and silver followed by an enhanced exchange rate of these surface complexes with BSA molecules in the solution, which in turn increase the amount of released silver in solution.

  • 47.
    Wieland, D. C. Florian
    et al.
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany.
    Degen, Patrick
    Technical University of Dortmund, Germany.
    Zander, Thomas
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany.
    Gayer, Sören
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany.
    Raj, Akanksha
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    An, Junxue
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Dédinaité, Andra A.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Willumeit-Römer, Regine
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Germany.
    Structure of DPPC-hyaluronan interfacial layers-effects of molecular weight and ion composition2016In: Soft Matter, ISSN 1744-683X, E-ISSN 1744-6848, Vol. 12, no 3, p. 729-740Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hyaluronan and phospholipids play an important role in lubrication in articular joints and provide in combination with glycoproteins exceptionally low friction coefficients. We have investigated the structural organization of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) Langmuir layers at the solution-air interface at different length scales with respect to the adsorption of hyaluronan (HA). This allows us to assemble a comprehensive picture of the adsorption and the resulting structures, and how they are affected by the molecular weight of HA and the presence of calcium ions. Brewster angle microscopy and grazing incident diffraction were used to determine the lateral structure at the micro- and macro scale. The data reveals an influence of HA on both the macro and micro structure of the DPPC Langmuir layer, and that the strength of this effect increases with decreasing molecular weight of HA and in presence of calcium ions. Furthermore, from X-ray reflectivity measurements we conclude that HA adsorbs to the hydrophilic part of DPPC, but data also suggest that two types of interfacial structures are formed at the interface. We argue that hydrophobic forces and electrostatic interactions play important rules for the association between DPPC and HA. Surface pressure area isotherms were used to determine the influence of HA on the phase behavior of DPPC while electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to gain insight into the binding of calcium ions to DPPC vesicles and hyaluronan.

  • 48.
    Wieland, D. C. Florian
    et al.
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Germany.
    Garamus, Vasil M.
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Germany.
    Zander, Thomas
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Germany.
    Krywka, C.
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Germany.
    Wang, M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Dédinaité, Andra A.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Claesson, Per M.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Willumeit-Römera, Regine
    Helmholtz-Zentrum Geestacht, Germany.
    Studying solutions at high shear rates: A dedicated microfluidics setup2016In: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, ISSN 0909-0495, E-ISSN 1600-5775, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 480-486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The development of a dedicated small-angle X-ray scattering setup for the investigation of complex fluids at different controlled shear conditions is reported. The setup utilizes a microfluidics chip with a narrowing channel. As a consequence, a shear gradient is generated within the channel and the effect of shear rate on structure and interactions is mapped spatially. In a first experiment small-angle X-ray scattering is utilized to investigate highly concentrated protein solutions up to a shear rate of 300000 s-1. These data demonstrate that equilibrium clusters of lysozyme are destabilized at high shear rates.

  • 49.
    Yang, Hanmin
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Han, Tong
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Yang, Weihong
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Sandström, Linda
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Bioeconomy and Health, Biorefinery and Energy.
    Jönsson, Pär G
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Influence of the porosity and acidic properties of aluminosilicate catalysts on coke formation during the catalytic pyrolysis of lignin2022In: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, ISSN 0165-2370, E-ISSN 1873-250X, Vol. 165, article id 105536Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Five aluminosilicate catalysts with different textural and acidic properties are used to study the influence of their acidic and porous properties on the coke formation during the fast catalytic pyrolysis of lignin. The competition between coke formation and target product (hydrocarbons) formation in regard to different pore sizes and Si/Al ratios is classified via performing X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), nitrogen adsorption-desorption, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS), kinetic calculations, and thermogravimetric (TG)/temperature programmed oxidation (TPO) measurements. The results indicated that a pore size consistent with the critical diameters of the pyrolysis products of lignin is a prerequisite for a catalyst to reach a high selectivity for the desired products with less coke formation. A relatively large pore size can cause severe coke formation; however, large pores are favorable for increasing the reaction rate by increasing the diffusion efficiency. A catalyst with sufficient acidity is also essential for high selectivity towards target products. © 2022 The Authors

  • 50.
    Álvarez-Asencio, Rubén
    et al.
    KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden; IMDEA Nanoscience, Spain.
    Wallqvist, Viveca
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Kjellin, Mikael
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science.
    Rutland, Mark W.
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Life Science. KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
    Camacho, Alejandra
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, US.
    Niklas, Nordgren
    RISE, SP – Sveriges Tekniska Forskningsinstitut, SP Kemi Material och Ytor, Material och ytteknik.
    Luengo, Gustavo S.
    L’Oréal Research and Innovation, France.
    Nanomechanical properties of human skin and introduction of a novel hair indenter2016In: Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, ISSN 1751-6161, E-ISSN 1878-0180, Vol. 54, p. 185-193Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The mechanical resistance of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of skin, to deformation has been evaluated at different length scales using Atomic Force Microscopy. Nanomechanical surface mapping was first conducted using a sharp silicon tip and revealed that Young’s modulus of the stratum corneum varied over the surface with a mean value of about 0.4 GPa. Force indentation measurements showed permanent deformation of the skin surface only at high applied loads (above 4 μN). The latter effect was further demonstrated using nanomechanical imaging in which the obtained depth profiles clearly illustrate the effects of increased normal force on the elastic/plastic surface deformation. Force measurements utilizing the single hair fiber probe supported the nanoindentation results of the stratum corneum being highly elastic at the nanoscale, but revealed that the lateral scale of the deformation determines the effective elastic modulus.This result resolves the fact that the reported values in the literature vary greatly and will help to understand the biophysics of the interaction of razor cut hairs that curl back during growth and interact with the skin.

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