Within the thermal wave model (TWM) description, an investigation was made of the longitudinal instability properties of a coasting high energy charged particle beam, where the interaction between the beam and its surroundings is characterized in terms of a complex impedance. The analysis is shown to correctly reproduce the characteristic features of the coherent instability as obtained previously by conventional techniques based on the Vlasov equation for the beam distribution. The results further validate the TWM approach as a consistent alternative description for analyzing the dynamics of high energy charged particle beams.
This review is a first attempt at bringing together various concepts from research on wall- and magnetically-bounded turbulent flows. Brief reviews of both fields are provided: The main similarities identified are coherent (turbulent) structures, flow generation, and transport barriers. Examples are provided and discussed.
Wendelstein 7-X, the world’s largest superconducting stellarator in Greifswald (Germany), started plasma experiments with a water-cooled plasma-facing wall in 2022, allowing for long pulse operation. In parallel, a project was launched in 2021 to develop a W based divertor, replacing the current CFC divertor, to demonstrate plasma performance of a stellarator with a reactor relevant plasma facing materials with low tritium retention. The project consists of two tasks: Based on experience from the previous experimental campaigns and improved physics modelling, the geometry of the plasma-facing surface of the divertor and baffles is optimized to prevent overloads and to improve exhaust. In parallel, the manufacturing technology for a W based target module is qualified. This paper gives a status update of project. It focusses on the conceptual design of a W based target module, the manufacturing technology and its qualification, which is conducted in the framework of the EUROfusion funded WPDIV program. A flat tile design in which a target module is made of a single target element is pursued. The technology must allow for moderate curvatures of the plasma-facing surface to follow the magnetic field lines. The target element is designed for steady state heat loads of 10 MW/m2 (as for the CFC divertor). Target modules of a similar size and weight as for the CFC divertor are assumed (approx. < 0.25 m2 and < 60 kg) using the existing water cooling infrastructure providing 5 l/s and roughly maximum 15 bar pressure drop per module. The main technology under qualification is based on a CuCrZr heat sink made either by additive manufacturing using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) or by uniaxial diffusion welding of pre-machined forged CuCrZr plates. After heat treatment, the plasma-facing side of the heat sink is covered by W or if feasible by the more ductile WNiFe, preferably by coating or alternatively by hot isostatic pressing W based tiles with a soft OFE-Cu interlayer. Last step is a final machining of the plasma-exposed surface and the interfaces to the water supply lines and supports to correct manufacturing deformations.
The consortium of the European project 16NRM05 designed a novel ionisation vacuum gauge in which the electrons take a straight path from the emitting cathode through the ionisation space into a Faraday cup. Compared to existing ionisation vacuum gauges, this has the advantage that the electron path length is well defined. It is independent of the point and angle of emission and is not affected by space charge around the collector. In addition, the electrons do not hit the anode where they can be reflected, generate secondary electrons or cause desorption of neutrals or ions. This design was chosen in order to develop a more stable ionisation vacuum gauge suitable as reference standard in the range of 10−6 Pa to 10−2 Pa for calibration purposes of other vacuum gauges and quadrupole mass spectrometers. Prototype gauges were produced by two different manufacturers and showed predictable sensitivities with a very small spread (<1.5%), very good short-term repeatability (<0.05%) and reproducibility (<1%), even after changing the emission cathode and drop-down tests. These characteristics make the gauge also attractive for industrial applications, because a gauge exchange does not require calibration or re-adjustment of a process.
We consider solutions to the second-harmonic generation equations in two- and three-dimensional dispersive media in the form of solitons localized in space and time. As is known, collapse does not take place in these models, which is why the solitons may be stable. The general solution is obtained in an approximate analytical form by means of a variational approach, which also allows the stability of the solutions to be predicted. Then, we directly simulate the two-dimensional case, taking the initial configuration as suggested by the variational approximation. We thus demonstrate that spatiotemporal solitons indeed exist and are stable. Furthermore, they are not, in the general case, equivalent to the previously known cylindrical spatial solitons. Direct simulations generate solitons with some internal oscillations. However, these oscillations neither grow nor do they exhibit any significant radiative damping. Numerical solutions of the stationary version of the equations produce the same solitons in their unperturbed form, i.e., without internal oscillations. Strictly stable solitons exist only if the system has anomalous dispersion at both the fundamental harmonic and second harmonic (SH), including the case of zero dispersion at SH. Quasistationary solitons, decaying extremely slowly into radiation, are found in the presence of weak normal dispersion at the second-harmonic frequency
The precise control of bio-based combustion is challenging due to the varying composition and moisture content of the fuels, difficulties in achieving stable fuel feeding, and complex underlying thermochemical processes. We present simultaneous online diagnostics of two combustion parameters, the equivalence ratio and fuel moisture content, in a pilot-scale environment. The parameters were evaluated by analysing the H2O and CO2 concentrations. These were measured using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer (exhaust) and tuneable diode laser (TDL) absorption spectroscopy (combustion chamber) in pilot-scale diesel and pulverized biomass combustion. Liquid H2O was added into the combustion chamber to represent fuel moisture. The equivalence ratio of diesel and wood combustion was varied by adjusting the flows of combustion air in a staged manner or by using rapid periodic variations (on the order of seconds). The moisture fuel levels calculated using the measured fuel and water flow rates (flow method) and the FTIR and TDL H2O and CO2 concentrations agree within 3% (absolute) for both fuels. The TDL and FTIR equivalence ratios agreed quantitatively for both diesel and biomass combustion. However, close to stoichiometry, the TDL values for biomass are up to 15% lower than the FTIR values, indicating ongoing combustion at the location of the TDL measurements. © 2022 The Authors
The aim of this project is to provide the basis for risk assessments relating to the risk of lithium leaks in the DONES project. This report firstly summarizes the current knowledge of risks and reaction features at different scales with liquid lithium. Note that the review is limited to fire behaviour of lithium in its liquid state and does not consider additional risks connected with breeding tritium or corrosive effects of impurities. Some of the questions important for this project are to limit the lithium reaction with water, limit the spread of fire started by a reaction with lithium and extinguish flame of lithium induced fires. The second part of the report consists discussion of some initial small-scale experiments, undertaken to provide a basis for limiting the extent for further larger tests, and a proposal for an experimental device where lithium reactions can be studied in a controlled environment, i.e. with controlled amount of oxygen, nitrogen or humidity in the experiment. This will then be the basis for risk assessment for liquid lithium loop in the DONES facility.