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Long-term stability of molecular doped epigraphene quantum Hall standards: single elements and large arrays (R K/236 ≈ 109 Ω)
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2330-9898
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Safety and Transport, Measurement Technology.ORCID iD: 0009-0001-8772-6722
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden; NPL, UK.
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2023 (English)In: Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, E-ISSN 1681-7575, Vol. 60, no 5, article id 055009Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this work we investigate the long-term stability of epitaxial graphene (epigraphene) quantum Hall resistance standards, including single devices and an array device composed of 236 elements providing (R K/236 ≈ 109 Ω) , with R K the von Klitzing constant. All devices utilize the established technique of chemical doping via molecular dopants to achieve homogenous doping and control over carrier density. However, optimal storage conditions and the long-term stability of molecular dopants for metrological applications have not been widely studied. In this work we aim to identify simple storage techniques that use readily available and cost-effective materials which provide long-term stability for devices without the need for advanced laboratory equipment. The devices are stored in glass bottles with four different environments: ambient, oxygen absorber, silica gel desiccant, and oxygen absorber/desiccant mixture. We have tracked the carrier densities, mobilities, and quantization accuracies of eight different epigraphene quantum Hall chips for over two years. We observe the highest stability (i.e. lowest change in carrier density) for samples stored in oxygen absorber/desiccant mixture, with a relative change in carrier density below 0.01% per day and no discernable degradation of quantization accuracy at the part-per-billion level. This storage technique yields a comparable stability to the currently established best storage method of inert nitrogen atmosphere, but it is much easier to realize in practice. It is possible to further optimize the mixture of oxygen absorber/desiccant for even greater stability performance in the future. We foresee that this technique can allow for simple and stable long-term storage of polymer-encapsulated molecular doped epigraphene quantum Hall standards, removing another barrier for their wide-spread use in practical metrology. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics , 2023. Vol. 60, no 5, article id 055009
Keywords [en]
Carrier concentration; Cost effectiveness; Oxygen; Quantum Hall effect; Quantum theory; Silica gel; Stability; Storage (materials); Element array; Epitaxial graphene; Long term stability; Oxygen absorbers; Quantization accuracy; Quantum hall; Resistance; Simple++; Single element; Storage technique; Graphene
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Physical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67655DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/acf3ecScopus ID: 2-s2.0-85173065852OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-67655DiVA, id: diva2:1814998
Note

This work was jointly supported by the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) (Nos. GMT14-0077, RMA15-0024 and FFL21-0129), Chalmers Area of Advance Nano, 2D TECH VINNOVA competence Center (Ref. 2019-00068), VINNOVA (Ref. 2020-04311 and 2021-04177), Marie Sklodowska-Curie Grant QUESTech No. 766025, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (2019.0140), and the Swedish Research Council VR (Contract Nos. 2021-05252 and 2018-04962). 

Available from: 2023-11-27 Created: 2023-11-27 Last updated: 2024-05-21Bibliographically approved

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Bergsten, TobiasEklund, GunnarHe, Hans

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