This report explores complex interaction effects between diesel-powered and battery powered heavy trucks, dynamic vehicle charging via electric roads, and static charging via other forms of charging infrastructure. The aim is to identify how these components of the future transport system should be jointly designed to simultaneously minimize the cost to society at the system level and meet society's need for greatly reduced greenhouse gas emissions from heavy road traffic. Focus is on investigating how an expansion of electric roads would affect the system and whether a national investment in electric roads can be assumed to have positive consequences that cannot be achieved at a lower cost using other means. Interaction effects are studied over time (2020–2050), geography (the entire Swedish road network), for four different truck weight classes and four types of charging infrastructure (electric roads, depot charging, destination charging and fast charging at rest stops).

The results are based on analyzes of hundreds of scenarios for the future expansion of charging infrastructure in Sweden. These scenarios have been analyzed using a custom built simulation tool, which simulates freight transport along millions of routes on the Swedish road network. For each individual route, vehicle class and year, battery capacity and charging locations are optimized to ensure sufficient battery capacity and to minimize the business economic cost of freight transport along the route. The capacity and partially placement of charging infrastructure is demand-driven, based on the aggregate demand from all transport routes. User charges for charging are calculated individually for different charging infrastructure sites based on estimated usage, in competition with other charging infrastructure, and are fed back to influence the choice of charging method along transport routes. Driving patterns, used combinations of charging infrastructure, capacity of battery packs in vehicles and changing battery technology over time are used to dynamically calculate the life cycle cost of vehicle batteries. Today's tax revenue from fuel sales is converted into a kilometer tax that is applied equally to both diesel and battery electric vehicles.