Thin composite films of the mussel adhesive proteins (Mefp-1) and ceria nanoparticles were deposited on substrate surfaces by alternating immersions. The film formation was studied by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) monitoring. Both the changes in frequency and dissipation recorded by QCM-D demonstrate buildup of a composite film of Mefp-1 and nanoceria. Micro-and nanostructure and composition of the film on carbon steel were characterized by optical and atomic force microscopy (AFM), electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). Optical and EPMA observations of the film show micron-sized aggregates and AFM imaging of the compact and smooth areas reveal the nanostructure. EPMA elemental mapping indicates that the micron-sized aggregates are rich in ceria and Mefp-1, whereas CRM analysis shows the presence of Mefp-1-Fe complexes in the film. Corrosion protection of the composite film on carbon steel was investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization measurements in NaCl solution, and compared with Mefp-1 added in the solution as an inhibitor. The measurements show that the composite film provides a higher corrosion resistance compared with Mefp-1 added as inhibitor. The corrosion resistance increases with exposure time and approaches a high level.