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Lithium-ion battery recycling: a source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to the environment?
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. Stockholm University, Sweden.
Stockholm University, Sweden.
Stockholm University, Sweden.
SWERIM AB, Sweden.
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2023 (Engelska)Ingår i: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 25, nr 6, s. 1015-Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
Abstract [en]

Recycling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a rapidly growing industry, which is vital to address the increasing demand for metals, and to achieve a sustainable circular economy. Relatively little information is known about the environmental risks posed by LIB recycling, in particular with regards to the emission of persistent (in)organic fluorinated chemicals. Here we present an overview on the use of fluorinated substances - in particular per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) - in state-of-the-art LIBs, along with recycling conditions which may lead to their formation and/or release to the environment. Both organic and inorganic fluorinated substances are widely reported in LIB components, including the electrodes and binder, electrolyte (and additives), and separator. Among the most common substances are LiPF6 (an electrolyte salt), and the polymeric PFAS polyvinylidene fluoride (used as an electrode binder and a separator). Currently the most common LIB recycling process involves pyrometallurgy, which operates at high temperatures (up to 1600 °C), sufficient for PFAS mineralization. However, hydrometallurgy, an increasingly popular alternative recycling approach, operates under milder temperatures (<600 °C), which could favor incomplete degradation and/or formation and release of persistent fluorinated substances. This is supported by the wide range of fluorinated substances detected in bench-scale LIB recycling experiments. Overall, this review highlights the need to further investigate emissions of fluorinated substances during LIB recycling and suggests that substitution of PFAS-based materials (i.e. during manufacturing), or alternatively post-treatments and/or changes in process conditions may be required to avoid formation and emission of persistent fluorinated substances.

Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
Royal Society of Chemistry , 2023. Vol. 25, nr 6, s. 1015-
Nyckelord [en]
Additives, Electrodes, Electrolytes, Fluorine compounds, Lithium compounds, Organic chemicals, Recycling, Separators, Titanium dioxide, Battery recycling, Circular economy, Condition, Electrolyte salts, Environmental risks, Inorganics, Organics, Polyfluoroalkyl substances, Polyvinylidene fluorides, State of the art, Lithium-ion batteries
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Materialkemi
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URN: urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-64949DOI: 10.1039/d2em00511eScopus ID: 2-s2.0-85160524699OAI: oai:DiVA.org:ri-64949DiVA, id: diva2:1764955
Anmärkning

 Correspondence Address: Rensmo, A.; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sweden; email: rensmo.amanda@gmail.com; Funding details: Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas, 2020-01978; Funding details: Energimyndigheten, 48208-1; Funding text 1: Funding for this work was provided by the Swedish Energy Agency (SCOPE-LIBs project 48208-1), the Swedish Research Council FORMAS (grant number 2020-01978), and XPRES (Initiative for Excellence in Production Research). Mats Zackrisson (RISE), Martina Petranikova with Nils Zachmann and Nathalia Vieceli (Chalmers), Annika Ahlberg Tidblad (Volvo Cars) and Björn Hall (Stena Metall) along with colleagues within the SCOPE LIB, POPFREE and BASE industry collaborations are thanked for valuable input and fruitful discussions related to this work. 

Tillgänglig från: 2023-06-09 Skapad: 2023-06-09 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-06-10Bibliografiskt granskad

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Schellenberger, Steffen

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