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Lancaster, S. T., Sahlin, E., Oelze, M., Ostermann, M., Vogl, J., Laperche, V., . . . Irrgeher, J. (2024). Evaluation of X-ray fluorescence for analysing critical elements in three electronic waste matrices: A comprehensive comparison of analytical techniques. Waste Management, 190, 496-505
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of X-ray fluorescence for analysing critical elements in three electronic waste matrices: A comprehensive comparison of analytical techniques
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2024 (English)In: Waste Management, ISSN 0956-053X, E-ISSN 1879-2456, Vol. 190, p. 496-505Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As the drive towards recycling electronic waste increases, demand for rapid and reliable analytical methodology to analyse the metal content of the waste is increasing, e.g. to assess the value of the waste and to decide the correct recycling routes. Here, we comprehensively assess the suitability of different x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF)-based techniques as rapid analytical tools for the determination of critical raw materials, such as Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Nb, Pd and Au, in three electronic waste matrices: printed circuit boards (PCB), light emitting diodes (LED), and lithium (Li)-ion batteries. As validated reference methods and materials to establish metrological traceability are lacking, several laboratories measured test samples of each matrix using XRF as well as other independent complementary techniques (instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ICP optical emission spectrometry (OES)) as an inter-laboratory comparison (ILC). Results highlighted key aspects of sample preparation, limits of detection, and spectral interferences that affect the reliability of XRF, while additionally highlighting that XRF can provide more reliable data for certain elements compared to digestion-based approaches followed by ICP-MS analysis (e.g. group 4 and 5 metals). A clear distinction was observed in data processing methodologies for wavelength dispersive XRF, highlighting that considering the metals present as elements (rather than oxides) induces overestimations of the mass fractions when compared to other techniques. Eventually, the effect of sample particle size was studied and indicated that smaller particle size (<200 µm) is essential for reliable determinations. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Effluent treatment; Electrochemical cutting; Electronic Waste; Fluorescence; Fluorescence spectroscopy; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Neutron activation analysis; Battery; Circuit boards; Critical elements; Electronics wastes; Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry; Lightemitting diode; Waste matrices; WEEE; X ray fluorescence; X ray fluorescence spectroscopy; Optical emission spectroscopy
National Category
Other Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76005 (URN)10.1016/j.wasman.2024.10.015 (DOI)2-s2.0-85206630750 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR)
Note

This project (20IND01 MetroCycleEU) has received funding from the EMPIR programme co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. The authors would like to thank Thomas C. Meisel for fruitful discussions and providing existing R code to help process the data.

Available from: 2024-11-14 Created: 2024-11-14 Last updated: 2025-01-24Bibliographically approved
Sahlin, E. & Magnusson, B. (2022). Expression for uncertainty intervals handling skewness when the relative standard uncertainty is independent of the measurand level. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 27(4), 223-233
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Expression for uncertainty intervals handling skewness when the relative standard uncertainty is independent of the measurand level
2022 (English)In: Accreditation and Quality Assurance, ISSN 0949-1775, E-ISSN 1432-0517, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 223-233Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Uncertainty intervals for many measurement results are typically reported as symmetric intervals around the measured value. However, at large standard uncertainties (&gt; approx. 15 %–20 %), it is necessary to consider asymmetry of the uncertainty intervals. Here, an expression for calculating uncertainty intervals handling asymmetry when the relative standard uncertainty is independent of the measurand level is presented. The expression is based on implementation of a power transformation (xB) for transformation of measurement results in order to achieve results that have a symmetric and approximate normal distribution. Uncertainty intervals are then calculated in the transformed space and back-transformed to the original space. The transformation includes a parameter, B, that needs to be optimized, and this can be based on real results, modelling of results, or on judgement. Two important reference points are B equal to 1 that corresponds to an approximate normal distribution of the original measurement results, and B approaching 0 that corresponds to an approximate log-normal distribution of the original measurement results. Comparisons are made with uncertainty intervals calculated using other expressions where it is assumed that measurement results have a normal distribution or a log-normal distribution. Implementation of the approach is demonstrated with several examples from chemical analysis. © 2022, The Author(s).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2022
Keywords
Asymmetry, Log-normal distribution, Measurement uncertainty, Normal distribution, Power transformation, Uncertainty interval
National Category
Reliability and Maintenance
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-59857 (URN)10.1007/s00769-022-01506-x (DOI)2-s2.0-85134477629 (Scopus ID)
Note

Correspondence Address: Sahlin, E.; Division Material and Production, Brinellgatan 4, Sweden; email: eskil.sahlin@ri.se; Funding text 1: Vinnova Sweden’s Innovation Agency is greatly acknowledged for financial support. Borealis AB, Stenungsund (Sweden) and Trollhättan Energi, Trollhättan (Sweden), are acknowledged for kindly providing large data sets from control sample measurements.

Available from: 2022-08-02 Created: 2022-08-02 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Sahlin, E., Magnusson, B. & Svensson, T. (2021). Calculation of uncertainty intervals for skewed distributions - Application in chemical analysis with large uncertainties.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Calculation of uncertainty intervals for skewed distributions - Application in chemical analysis with large uncertainties
2021 (English)Report (Other academic)
Publisher
p. 44
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2021:07
Keywords
normal distribution ;log-normal distribution :probability distribution :skewness :asymmetry; power transformation ;measurement uncertainty; uncertainty interval :chemical analysis
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-52153 (URN)978-91-89167-89-6 (ISBN)
Available from: 2021-01-29 Created: 2021-01-29 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Magnusson, B., Krysell, M., Sahlin, E. & Näykki, T. (2020). Uncertainty from sampling: A Nordtest Handbook for sampling planners onsampling quality assurance and uncertainty estimation.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Uncertainty from sampling: A Nordtest Handbook for sampling planners onsampling quality assurance and uncertainty estimation
2020 (English)Report (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This handbook provides practical guidance on sampling uncertainty estimation in theNordtest TR handbook format. The handbook is an extract of, and based on theprinciples, methods and text of the Eurachem Guide Estimation of measurementuncertainty arising from sampling. The Eurachem guide is more extensive and providesdetails on theory and additional examples. In 2019 Eurachem published a revisededition and therefore also the Nordtest handbook is revised.

The major changes in this second edition are:

• the possible use of an unbalanced design is mentioned in Section 6 to estimatesampling uncertainty more cost-effectively;• a detailed discussion in Section 7 on uncertainty contributions included andneglected using the experimental designs in this handbook;• introduction in Section 9.6 using log-transformed data and an uncertainty factor,FU, to handle expanded uncertainties of more than 30 %;• a recommended software, RANOVA (in Excel), to be used for ANOVAcalculations;• updates to definitions and references to reflect current.

The overall purpose of this handbook is to provide a set of tools for calculation andcontrol of the sampling uncertainty of the sampling procedure. It is the intention tomake these tools and the understanding of their use available outside the world ofanalytical chemistry, although the basic principles applied originate from analyticalchemistry. We hope that this is achieved but if not, please recall that statistics generallyseem to be more complicated than it actually is…

Publisher
p. 85
Series
NT Techn Report ; 604
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-48785 (URN)978-91-89167-31-5 (ISBN)
Available from: 2020-09-15 Created: 2020-09-15 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Jones, F., Johansson, I., Dahl, J., Todorovic Olsson, J., Sahlin, E. & Brander, L. (2018). Förekomstformer av bly, koppar och zink i askor från avfallsförbränningsanläggningar. Malmö: Avfall Sverige
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Förekomstformer av bly, koppar och zink i askor från avfallsförbränningsanläggningar
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2018 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Under 2014 reviderades den europeiska lagstiftningen avseende klassning av farligt avfall vilket också påverkar klassificeringen av askor från avfallsförbränning, framförallt bottenaskor. Den klassningsmetodik som främst används för askor i Sverige idag har behov av stöd för att motivera valen av referenssubstanser. Detta föranledde föreliggande projekt med syftet att göra en genomgång av förekomstformer för bly, koppar och zink i flygaskor och bottenaskor, som rapporterats i vetenskaplig litteratur. Till detta kommer också en diskussion om lakning baserad på ett antal rapporter valda i samråd med referensgruppen till projektet.

Litteraturstudien har undersökt ca 150 publikationer totalt. Genomgången visar att det för bottenaskor finns väldigt lite publicerat kring förekomstformer av bly, koppar och zink. För flygaskor finns det däremot fler publikationer. De artiklar och rapporter som har identifierats visar stor spridning av olika förekomstformer. Dock är det sällan många forskare/forskargrupper som hittat samma mineral/kemiska föreningar. Om detta beror på skillnad mellan vilka föreningar man letat efter (vilket är en begränsning i analysmetoderna) eller om det beror på skillnader i askans sammansättning är svårt att svara på. Det finns heller ingen enighet om hur de resultat som finns rapporteras; detta gäller både för val/användande av analysmetod och på vilken bas koncentrationer rapporteras. Nästan varje ny, för projektet relevant referens, rapporterar om en eller flera mineralformer som inte fanns i tidigare referenser. Detta har gjort att antalet förekomstformer rapporterade i denna litteraturstudie är relativt stort men att det oftast är en eller ett par olika askor som de rapporteras för. Även detaljnivån på bakgrundsdata som från vilket bränsle eller panntyp som askorna härstammar skiljer sig mycket åt mellan publikationerna. Det gör det svårt att bedöma relevansen av resultaten i de olika publikationerna. De kvantifierade förekomster som finns är nästan helt uteslutande framtagna på olika typer av flygaskor.

Vid en jämförelse mellan resultaten av projektet och de referenssubstanser som används i den tidigare nämnda beräkningsmodellen rekommenderar projektet:

• Ett tillägg av metalliskt bly som referenssubstans för blyföreningar

• att koppar(II)oxid byts mot koppar(II)hydroxid för flygaska (kvarstår som koppar(II)oxid för bottenaska)

• att zink(II)oxid byts mot zink(II)klorid för flygaskor (kvarstår som zink (II)oxid för bottenaskor)

Däremot anser projektet inte att det finns tillräckligt underlag för att rekommendera en generell fördelning mellan referenssubstanserna.

Projektet visar alltså att det finns relativt lite material i litteraturen kring förekomstformerna i aska. För att öka kunskapen inom området och komma framåt avseende klassificeringsfrågan finns det olika vägar att gå. Generellt är det ett väldigt komplext område och rekommendationen är att gå vidare med en kombination av lakningsstudier, beräkningsmetoder och analyser av förekomstformer med specialiserade tekniker, som till exempel kan göras vid Max IV i Lund.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Avfall Sverige, 2018. p. 33
Series
Avfall Sveriges utvecklingssatsning, ISSN 1103-4092 ; 2018:22
Keywords
Aska, förekomstformer, avfallsklassning, avfallsklassificering, bly, zink, koppar
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-38200 (URN)
Available from: 2019-03-25 Created: 2019-03-25 Last updated: 2023-12-27Bibliographically approved
Magnusson, B., Näykki,, T., Hovind, H., Krysell, M. & Sahlin, E. (2017). Handbok för beräkning av mätosäkerhet vid miljölaboratorier: Utgåva 4.  Översättning av Nordtest TR537,.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Handbok för beräkning av mätosäkerhet vid miljölaboratorier: Utgåva 4.  Översättning av Nordtest TR537,
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2017 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Det är nu vanligt att använda data från kvalitetskontroll och validering för att beräkna mätosäkerhet för rutinanalyser. Nordtest handbok, TR537 som beskriver detta, finns nu tillgänglig på flera språk på www.nordtest.info. Första utgåvan kom 2003 och denna reviderade utgåva 4, baseras på erfarenhet från många laboratorier som använt detta sätt att beräkna mätosäkerhet. Viktiga uppdateringar är: • Osäkerhet över hela mätområdet – ett separat kapitel har lagts till som behandlar mätosäkerhet över mätområdet, antingen absolut eller relativ mätosäkerhet. • Beräkning av standardavvikelse från duplikat – en sammanvägd standardavvikelse används istället för en faktor gånger medelvärdet av variationsvidden. • Harmonisering med ISO11352

Water quality – Estimation of measurement uncertainty based on validation and quality control data. Terminologin har harmoniserats med denna ISO standard som beskriver detta sätt att beräkna mätosäkerhet.

Publisher
p. 60
Series
SP Rapport, ISSN 0284-5172 ; 2017:45
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-44969 (URN)
Note

Senare upplaga finns

Available from: 2020-05-08 Created: 2020-05-08 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Johansson, I., Sahlin, E., von Bahr, B., Björkmalm, J. & Todorovic Olsson, J. (2014). Kritiska metaller i Svenska avfallsaskor (ed.).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Kritiska metaller i Svenska avfallsaskor
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2014 (Swedish)Report (Refereed)
Series
Avfall Sverige E2014:02
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-5604 (URN)16287 (Local ID)16287 (Archive number)16287 (OAI)
Note

WR56.

Available from: 2016-09-08 Created: 2016-09-08 Last updated: 2023-11-03Bibliographically approved
Strömberg, N. & Sahlin, E. (2012). Determination of the short-chain fatty acid pattern in biodiesel using high throughput syringe solvent extraction and ion exclusion chromatography (ed.). Fuel, 97, 531-535
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Determination of the short-chain fatty acid pattern in biodiesel using high throughput syringe solvent extraction and ion exclusion chromatography
2012 (English)In: Fuel, ISSN 0016-2361, E-ISSN 1873-7153, Vol. 97, p. 531-535Article in journal (Refereed) Published
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-6402 (URN)23927 (Local ID)23927 (Archive number)23927 (OAI)
Available from: 2016-09-08 Created: 2016-09-08 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Amon, F., Andersson, P., Karlson, I. & Sahlin, E. (2012). Fire risks associated with batteries (ed.).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fire risks associated with batteries
2012 (English)Report (Refereed)
Publisher
p. 1-51
Series
SP Rapport, ISSN 0284-5172 ; 2012:66
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-5087 (URN)14098 (Local ID)978-91-87017-82-7 (ISBN)14098 (Archive number)14098 (OAI)
Available from: 2016-09-07 Created: 2016-09-07 Last updated: 2023-06-05Bibliographically approved
Sahlin, E. & Magnusson, B. (2012). Survey analysis and chemical characterization of solid inhomogeneous samples using a general homogenization procedure including acid digestion, drying, grinding and briquetting together with X-ray fluorescence (ed.). Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry, 97, 63-72
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Survey analysis and chemical characterization of solid inhomogeneous samples using a general homogenization procedure including acid digestion, drying, grinding and briquetting together with X-ray fluorescence
2012 (English)In: Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0039-9140, E-ISSN 1873-3573, Vol. 97, p. 63-72Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A survey analysis and chemical characterization methodology for inhomogeneous solid waste samples of relatively large samples (typically up to 100 g) using X-ray fluorescence following a general homogenization procedure is presented. By using a combination of acid digestion and grinding various materials can be homogenized e.g. pure metals, alloys, salts, ores, plastics, organics. In the homogenization step, solid material is fully or partly digested in a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in an open vessel. The resulting mixture is then dried, grinded, and finally pressed to a wax briquette. The briquette is analyzed using wave-length dispersive X-ray fluorescence with fundamental parameters evaluation. The recovery of 55 elements were tested by preparing samples with known compositions using different alloys, pure metals or elements, oxides, salts and solutions of dissolved compounds. It was found that the methodology was applicable to 49 elements including Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, Bi, and Th, that all had recoveries >0.8. 6 elements were lost by volatilization, including Br, I, Os, and Hg that were completely lost, and S and Ge that were partly lost. Since all lanthanides are chemically similar to La and Ce, all actinides are chemically similar to Th, and Hf is chemically similar to Zr, it is likely that the method is applicable to 77 elements. By using an internal standard such as strontium, added as strontium nitrate, samples containing relatively high concentrations of elements not measured by XRF (hydrogen to fluorine), e.g. samples containing plastics, can be analyzed.

Keywords
Chemical characterization, Digestion, Homogenization, Survey analysis, X-ray fluorescence
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-6404 (URN)10.1016/j.talanta.2012.03.063 (DOI)2-s2.0-84864338697 (Scopus ID)23931 (Local ID)23931 (Archive number)23931 (OAI)
Available from: 2016-09-08 Created: 2016-09-08 Last updated: 2023-05-16Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-7928-9817

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