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Stubbendorff, A., Stern, D., Ericson, U., Sonestedt, E., Hallström, E., Borné, Y., . . . Ibsen, D. B. (2024). A systematic evaluation of seven different scores representing the EAT–Lancet reference diet and mortality, stroke, and greenhouse gas emissions in three cohorts. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8(6), e391
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A systematic evaluation of seven different scores representing the EAT–Lancet reference diet and mortality, stroke, and greenhouse gas emissions in three cohorts
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2024 (English)In: The Lancet Planetary Health, E-ISSN 2542-5196, Vol. 8, no 6, p. e391-Article, review/survey (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

Different approaches have been used for translation of the EAT–Lancet reference diet into dietary scores that can be used to assess health and environmental impact. Our aim was to compare the different EAT–Lancet diet scores, and to estimate their associations with all-cause mortality, stroke incidence, and greenhouse gas emissions. We did a systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42021286597) to identify different scores representing adherence to the EAT–Lancet reference diet. We then qualitatively compared the diet adherence scores, including their ability to group individuals according the EAT–Lancet reference diet recommendations, and quantitatively assessed the associations of the diet scores with health and environmental outcome data in three diverse cohorts: the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health Cohort (DCH; n=52 452), the Swedish Malmö Diet and Cancer Cohort (MDC; n=20 973), and the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort (MTC; n=30 151). The DCH and MTC used food frequency questionnaires and the MDC used a modified diet history method to assess dietary intake, which we used to compute EAT–Lancet diet scores and evaluate the associations of scores with hazard of all-cause mortality and stroke. In the MDC, dietary greenhouse gas emission values were summarised for every participant, which we used to predict greenhouse gas emissions associated with varying diet adherence scores on each scoring system. In our review, seven diet scores were identified (Knuppel et al, 2019; Trijsburg et al, 2020; Cacau et al, 2021; Hanley-Cook et al, 2021; Kesse-Guyot et al, 2021; Stubbendorff et al, 2022; and Colizzi et al, 2023). Two of the seven scores (Stubbendorff and Colizzi) were among the most consistent in grouping participants according to the EAT–Lancet reference diet recommendations across cohorts, and higher scores (greater diet adherence) were associated with decreased risk of mortality (in the DCH and MDC), decreased risk of incident stroke (in the DCH and MDC for the Stubbendorff score; and in the DCH for the Colizzi score), and decreased predicted greenhouse gas emissions in the MDC. We conclude that the seven different scores representing the EAT–Lancet reference diet had differences in construction, interpretation, and relation to disease and climate-related outcomes. Two scores generally performed well in our evaluation. Future studies should carefully consider which diet score to use and preferably use multiple scores to assess the robustness of estimations, given that public health and environmental policy rely on these estimates. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2024
Keywords
Cohort Studies; Denmark; Diet; Female; Greenhouse Gases; Humans; Male; Mexico; Middle Aged; Mortality; Stroke; Sweden; all cause mortality; cerebrovascular accident; climate; diet; dietary compliance; dietary intake; EAT Lancet diet index; EAT Lancet diet score; EAT Lancet diet score with minimum intake value; EAT Lancet index; environment; environmental policy; food frequency questionnaire; greenhouse gas emission; health; Healthy Reference Diet; history; human; incidence; mortality risk; outcomes research; prediction; public health; qualitative research; quantitative study; Review; risk reduction; scoring system; systematic review; The Planetary Heath Diet Index; World Index for Sustainability and Health; adverse event; cohort analysis; Denmark; epidemiology; female; greenhouse gas; male; Mexico; middle aged; mortality; Sweden
National Category
Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74768 (URN)10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00094-9 (DOI)2-s2.0-85195041394 (Scopus ID)
Note

DBI was supported by a research grant from the Independent Research Fund Denmark (grant number 1057-00016B). AS was supported by research grants from The Swedish Heart Lung Foundation (grant number 20200482), Crafoord Foundation (grant number 20210674), and Agenda 2030 Graduate School, Lund University. NGF is supported by the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grant number MC_UU_00006/3) and the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (grant number NIHR203312), and she is an NIHR Senior Investigator.

Available from: 2024-09-05 Created: 2024-09-05 Last updated: 2024-09-05Bibliographically approved
Hansson, H., Säll, S., Abouhatab, A., Ahlgren, S., Berggren, Å., Hallström, E., . . . Zhu, L.-h. (2024). An indicator framework to guide food system sustainability transition – The case of Sweden. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 22, Article ID 100403.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An indicator framework to guide food system sustainability transition – The case of Sweden
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2024 (English)In: Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, ISSN 2665-9727, Vol. 22, article id 100403Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Well-aligned food policies are needed at both national and international level to guide food system transformation towards sustainability. Rigorous indicator frameworks are essential in order to facilitate discussion of priorities, enable comparisons, assessment and progress monitoring, and ensure accountability. In this study, we develop a national framework for a sustainable food system, using Sweden as a case. Our framework, the Food System Sustainability House, advances the literature on sustainable food system frameworks in three distinct ways. Firstly, it is tailored to a specific national context (Sweden in our case); secondly, it distinguishes between impacts of domestic production arising within territorial boundaries and impacts related to Swedish consumption independent of country of origin; and thirdly, to facilitate policy priorities, it suggests how different dimensions of sustainability are interlinked at a conceptual level. From a scientific perspective, the Food System Sustainability House postulates the interlinkages between the societal objectives of the food system, the environmental foundations on which production takes place, and the economic system and governance which in the framework are suggested to function as enablers for an overall sustainable system. From a policy perspective, the framework provides a much-needed basis for assessing food system sustainability by suggesting indicators within a comprehensive set of sustainability themes at national level for monitoring distinct perspectives. It also provides the necessary basis for a discussion on how sustainability dimensions are interlinked. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2024
National Category
Social Sciences Interdisciplinary
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73278 (URN)10.1016/j.indic.2024.100403 (DOI)2-s2.0-85192308357 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Mistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, DIA 2018/24 #8
Note

The study was part of Mistra Food Futures (DIA 2018/24 #8), a research programme funded by Mistra (The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research). Research funding is gratefully acknowledged. The funder had no impact on the study.

Available from: 2024-05-27 Created: 2024-05-27 Last updated: 2024-06-07Bibliographically approved
Moshtaghian, H., Hallström, E., Bianchi, M. A. & Bryngelsson, S. (2024). Nutritional profile of plant-based dairy alternatives in the Swedish market. Current Research in Food Science, 8, Article ID 100712.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nutritional profile of plant-based dairy alternatives in the Swedish market
2024 (English)In: Current Research in Food Science, ISSN 2665-9271, Vol. 8, article id 100712Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The market for plant-based dairy alternatives is growing; therefore, focusing on the nutritional quality of these products is important. This study evaluates the nutritional profile of plant-based alternatives to milk, yoghurt, cheese, cream, ice cream and fat spread in the Swedish market and compares them to corresponding dairy products. The nutritional quality of organic vs non-organic and plain vs flavoured plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives was also assessed. Nutritional data for 222 plant-based dairy alternatives were collected from the manufacturers’ websites, and data for corresponding dairy products were obtained from the Swedish Food Composition Database. Plant-based dairy alternatives had higher fibre content than dairy products, while their protein content was lower, except for soy-based products. The saturated fat content of plant-based dairy alternatives was similar to or lower than dairy products, except for coconut-based yoghurt and plant-fat-based cheese. Their energy content was also similar to or lower than dairy products, except for coconut-based yoghurt, plant-based fat spread and plant-based ice cream, which contained higher energy than yoghurt, blended margarine, and ice cream, respectively. The micronutrient fortification was mainly in plant-based milk, yoghurt, and cheese alternatives; thus, compared to dairy, they had similar or higher vitamins D, B2, and B12 (except in plant-based milk alternatives), calcium and iodine content. Furthermore, organic plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives had a lower micronutrient content (e.g., vitamins B2 and B12, iodine and calcium) except for vitamin D than non-organic varieties. Flavoured plant-based milk and yoghurt alternatives were higher in energy and total sugar than plain varieties. In summary, plant-based dairy alternatives have nutritional strengths and weaknesses compared to dairy products that should be considered when replacing dairy. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2024
National Category
Food Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-72916 (URN)10.1016/j.crfs.2024.100712 (DOI)2-s2.0-85189921720 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-02839
Note

This study was part of the FINEST (Food Innovation Enabling Sustainable Transition) project. FINEST is supported by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (FORMAS) [Grant no. 2020-02839].

Available from: 2024-04-26 Created: 2024-04-26 Last updated: 2024-06-20Bibliographically approved
Strid, A., Hallström, E., Lindroos, A. K., Lindahl, B., Johansson, I. & Winkvist, A. (2023). Adherence to the Swedish dietary guidelines and the impact on mortality and climate in a population-based cohort study. Public Health Nutrition, 26, 2333
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adherence to the Swedish dietary guidelines and the impact on mortality and climate in a population-based cohort study
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2023 (English)In: Public Health Nutrition, ISSN 1368-9800, E-ISSN 1475-2727, Vol. 26, p. 2333-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objective: To assess the associations between adherence to the Swedish dietary guidelines and all-cause mortality and thus assessing the index' ability to predict health outcomes, as well as levels of dietary greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs). Design: A longitudinal study 1990-2016 within the population-based cohort Västerbotten Intervention Programme. Dietary data were based on food frequency questionnaires. Diet quality was assessed by the Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adults 2015 (SHEIA15), based on the 2015 Swedish dietary guidelines. Dietary GHGEs were estimated from life cycle assessment data including emissions from farm to industry gate. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of all-cause mortality were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards regression, and differences in median GHGEs were tested using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test, between quintiles of SHEIA15 score. Setting: Northern Sweden. Participants: In total, 49,124 women and 47,651 men, aged 35-65 years. Results: Median follow-up times were 16.0 years for women and 14.7 years for men, during which time 3074 women and 4212 men died. A consistent trend of lower all-cause mortality HRs for both sexes with higher SHEIA15 scores was demonstrated. For women, the all-cause mortality HR was 0.81 [(95% CI 0.71-0.92); p=0.001] and for men 0.90 [(95% CI 0.81-0.996); p=0.041] between the quintile with the highest SHEIA15 score compared with the quintile with the lowest SHEIA15 score. A consistent trend of lower estimated dietary GHGEs among both sexes with higher SHEIA15 scores was also found. Conclusions: Adherence to Swedish dietary guidelines, estimated by SHEIA15, seems to promote longevity and reduce dietary climate impact. © The Authors 2023.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2023
Keywords
diet quality, dietary indices, food-based dietary guidelines, sustainability, sustainable diets, adult, aged, all cause mortality, analysis of variance, article, climate, cohort analysis, controlled study, diet, female, follow up, food frequency questionnaire, greenhouse gas emission, Healthy Eating Index, human, human experiment, life cycle assessment, longevity, longitudinal study, major clinical study, male, mortality, practice guideline, Sweden
National Category
Nutrition and Dietetics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65683 (URN)10.1017/S1368980023001295 (DOI)2-s2.0-85165115881 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding: The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas).

Available from: 2023-08-10 Created: 2023-08-10 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Åkesson, A., Donat-Vargas, C., Hallström, E., Sonesson, U., Widenfalk, A. & Wolk, A. (2023). Associations between dietary pesticide residue mixture exposure and mortality in a population-based prospective cohort of men and women. Environment International, 182, Article ID 108346.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Associations between dietary pesticide residue mixture exposure and mortality in a population-based prospective cohort of men and women
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2023 (English)In: Environment International, ISSN 0160-4120, E-ISSN 1873-6750, Vol. 182, article id 108346Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: There is a concern that pesticide residues, regularly detected in foods, might pose a health risk to the consumer, but epidemiological evidence is limited. We assessed the associations between dietary exposure to a mixture of pesticide residues and mortality. Methods: Food consumption was assessed in 68,844 participants from the Swedish Mammography Cohort and the Cohort of Swedish Men, 45–83 years at baseline (1997). Concentrations of pesticide residues detected in foods on the Swedish market (1996–1998), mainly fruits and vegetables, were obtained via monitoring programs. To assess mixture effects, we summed per food item the ratios of each single pesticide mean residue concentration divided by its acceptable daily intake to create for each participant a Dietary Pesticide Hazard Index (adjusted for energy intake and expressed per kilogram of body weight). Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CI). Results: During 15 years of follow-up (1998–2014), a total of 16,527 deaths occurred, of which 6,238 were caused by cardiovascular disease (CVD) and 5,364 by cancer. Comparing extreme quintiles of Dietary Pesticide Hazard Index, the highest category was inversely associated with CVD mortality HR, 0.82 (95 % CI, 0.75–0.90) and with cancer mortality HR 0.82 (95 % CI 0.75–0.91). In analyses stratified by high/low Dietary Pesticide Hazard Index, similar inverse associations were observed by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Conclusions: We observed no indications that dietary exposure to pesticide residue mixtures was associated with increased mortality, nor any clear indications that the benefits of fruit and vegetable consumption on mortality was compromised. Yet, our results need to be interpreted with caution. © 2023 The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2023
Keywords
Cardiovascular Diseases; Diet; Dietary Exposure; Female; Fruit; Humans; Male; Neoplasms; Pesticide Residues; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Vegetables; Sweden; Chemical contamination; Diseases; Food supply; Fruits; Hazards; Health risks; Nutrition; Vegetables; dietary pesticide residue; pesticide residue; unclassified drug; pesticide residue; All-cause mortality; Dietary exposure; Dietary pesticide residue exposure; Fruit and vegetables; Hazard indices; Hazard ratio; Nutritional epidemiology; Pesticide residue; Specific-mortality; Swedishs; cohort analysis; consumption behavior; dietary intake; health risk; mortality; pesticide residue; pollution exposure; risk assessment; adult; all cause mortality; Article; caloric intake; cancer mortality; cardiovascular disease; cardiovascular mortality; cohort analysis; controlled study; dietary exposure; female; follow up; food intake; fruit; fruit consumption; human; male; malignant neoplasm; middle aged; population research; prospective study; vegetable; vegetable consumption; analysis; cardiovascular disease; chemistry; diet; dietary exposure; neoplasm; risk factor; Pesticides
National Category
Occupational Health and Environmental Health
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68806 (URN)10.1016/j.envint.2023.108346 (DOI)2-s2.0-85179717765 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2016-00308Swedish Research Council, 2017-00822Swedish Research Council, 2017-00644
Note

The Swedish Research Council, Formas grant no 2016-00308, and the Swedish Research Council no 2017-00822 and 2017-00644 (SIMPLER) supported the study.

Available from: 2024-01-09 Created: 2024-01-09 Last updated: 2024-01-15Bibliographically approved
Shanmugam, K., Bryngelsson, S., Östergren, K. & Hallström, E. (2023). Climate Impact of Plant-based Meat Analogues: A Review of Life Cycle Assessments. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 36, 328-337
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Climate Impact of Plant-based Meat Analogues: A Review of Life Cycle Assessments
2023 (English)In: Sustainable Production and Consumption, ISSN 2352-5509, Vol. 36, p. 328-337Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The transition towards more plant-based diets is identified as an important measure for limiting dietary climate impact. Plant-based meat analogues (PBMAs) have been proposed as a viable lower carbon alternative to meat, and its market is rapidly growing globally. However, knowledge about the climate impact of PBMAs in relation to other foods is currently limited due to the challenge of comparing life cycle assessments (LCAs) using different methods. The aim of this study was to review the climate impact of PBMAs based on LCAs published up to 2021. Original LCA data were recalculated to harmonize differences in method choices among studies and presented as the climate impact of final products at factory gate. The median climate impact of PBMAs was estimated at 1.7 kg CO2 eq./kg of product with a more than fourfold variation in impact (0.5–2.4 kg CO2 eq./kg product). Climate impact per protein content of the final product varied from 0.4 to 1.2 kg CO2 eq./100 g protein with a median impact of 0.8 kg CO2 eq./100 g protein. Cultivation of raw materials and manufacturing were identified to be responsible for a large proportion of GHG emissions up to factory gate. However, the assessment of climate impact in the production chain was challenged by the level of detail of data provided. A transparent reporting strategy regarding the specific stages in the supply chain, method choices and product information is recommended to facilitate identification of hot spots to target for improved climate performance of future PBMAs and to enable accurate comparisons between studies. It could further be concluded that current scientific knowledge on the climate impact of PBMAs is based on a limited number of LCAs that often rely on a combination of secondary data and collected data at production scale or from pilot-scale production facilities. Future LCAs of PBMAs would benefit from additional assessments of commercial production using region- and site-specific data. © 2023 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2023
Keywords
Climate, GHG emissions, Life cycle assessment (LCA), Meat analogue, Plant-based, Protein, Carbon dioxide, Cultivation, Greenhouse gases, Meats, Proteins, Supply chains, Climate impacts, G protein, GHG emission, GHGs emissions, Life cycle assessment, Low carbon, Meat analog, Plant-based diets, Life cycle
National Category
Climate Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-63976 (URN)10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.014 (DOI)2-s2.0-85147324932 (Scopus ID)
Note

Correspondence Address: Hallström, E.; Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), P.O. Box 5401, Sweden; Funding details: 2020-02839; Funding text 1: This article was performed with financial support by the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (Formas) within the national center FINEST – Food Innovation Enabling Sustainable Transition [Grant no. 2020-02839 ]. The funder and industrial partners had no role in the design of the study, analysis or interpretation of data or in the writing of the manuscript.

Available from: 2023-02-22 Created: 2023-02-22 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
Röös, E., Wood, A., Säll, S., Abu Hatab, A., Ahlgren, S., Hallström, E., . . . Hansson, H. (2023). Diagnostic, regenerative or fossil-free - exploring stakeholder perceptions of Swedish food system sustainability. Ecological Economics, 203, Article ID 107623.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Diagnostic, regenerative or fossil-free - exploring stakeholder perceptions of Swedish food system sustainability
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2023 (English)In: Ecological Economics, ISSN 0921-8009, E-ISSN 1873-6106, Vol. 203, article id 107623Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In an analysis of food system sustainability challenges and solutions among Swedish food system actors using Q-methodology, five perspectives were identified. One of the main three perspectives placed the highest priority on reduced meat consumption, food waste, and climate impact in agriculture, but downplayed strategies highlighted in the national food strategy and social aspects, and can be interpreted as a diagnostic climate mitigation-oriented perspective that does not reflect current negotiated policy processes or ‘softer’ values of food. In an alternative regenerative perspective, industrialized large-scale farming and lack of internalization of external costs were regarded as the main problems, and diversity, soil health, and organic farming as the main solutions. Proponents of a third perspective regarded phasing out fossil fuels, increased profitability of companies, increased meat production, and self-sufficiency as high priorities. These contrasting views can be a major barrier to transforming the Swedish food system. However, a number of entry points for change (i.e. aspects highly important for some and neutral for others) were identified, including focusing on healthy diets and increased production of fruit and vegetables. Focusing on these can build trust among stakeholders before moving to discussions about the larger and more sensitive systemic changes needed. © 2022 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2023
Keywords
Agriculture, Change agents, Climate change, Food production, Stakeholders, alternative agriculture, climate effect, organic farming, perception, stakeholder, sustainability, Sweden
National Category
Food Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-61193 (URN)10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107623 (DOI)2-s2.0-85139395870 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: DIA 2018/24 #8; Funding details: Stiftelsen för Miljöstrategisk Forskning; Funding details: Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas, 2019-01579; Funding text 1: The study was part of Mistra Food Futures ( DIA 2018/24 #8 ), a research program funded by Mistra (The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research). All authors were funded by this program except A. Wood, who was supported by funding from Formas (grant number 2019-01579 ). All funding is gratefully acknowledged. Our thanks also go to all stakeholders who participated in workshops and in the sorting exercise.

Available from: 2022-12-06 Created: 2022-12-06 Last updated: 2024-04-10Bibliographically approved
Lindroos, A. K., Hallström, E., Moraeus, L., Strid, A. & Winkvist, A. (2023). Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 118(5), 956-965
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dietary Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Diet Quality in a Cross-Sectional Study of Swedish Adolescents
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2023 (English)In: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, ISSN 0002-9165, E-ISSN 1938-3207, Vol. 118, no 5, p. 956-965Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Interventions to improve dietary intake and reduce dietary greenhouse gas emissions (dGHGE) are urgently needed. Adolescence presents a unique time in life to promote sustainable diets. Detailed dietary data are needed to inform public health strategies aiming at improving adolescents’ diet quality and reducing dGHGE. Objective: This study aimed to describe dGHGE in Swedish adolescents’ diets by socio-demographic characteristics, evaluate how food groups contribute to dGHGE, and examine dGHGE in relation to diet quality. Methods: Data come from the national, school-based, cross-sectional dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents 2016-17 of 3099 females and males attending school grades 5 (11–12 y old), 8 (14–15 y old) and 11 (17–18 y old). Participants completed 2 web-based 24-h recalls and questionnaires on lifestyle factors. dGHGE was estimated based on life cycle assessment data. Diet quality was estimated using NRF11.3 (Nutrient Rich Food Index) and SHEIA15 (Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015). Results: dGHGE were higher in males than females (medians 4.2 versus 3.8 kg CO2e/10 MJ, P < 0.001). In females, dGHGE were highest in grade 5 (4.0 kg CO2e/10MJ), whereas in males, emissions were highest in grade 11 (4.4 kg CO2e/10MJ), P < 0.001 for the sex/grade interaction. Overweight/obesity was positively associated with CO2e/10MJ, but parental education, birthplace, and degree of urbanization were not. In females, the proportion of dGHGE from animal-based foods was lowest in grade 11, whereas the proportions from plant-based foods and sweet foods/beverages were highest. In males, these proportions were similar across grades. NRF11.3 was not associated with CO2e/10MJ, whereas healthier eating, according to SHEIA15, was inversely associated with CO2e/10MJ. Conclusions: Food choices and dGHGE per calorie differ by sex in adolescents. Thus, intervention strategies to improve dietary sustainability need to be tailored differently to females and males. Diet quality should also be considered when promoting reduced GHGE diets.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2023
Keywords
adolescent; adolescent nutrition; adolescent obesity; adult; animal food; Article; caloric intake; carbon dioxide emission; child; climate change; controlled study; cross-sectional study; diet quality; dietary intake; educational status; environmental impact; female; food intake; food preference; greenhouse gas emission; Healthy Eating Index 2015; human; life cycle assessment; major clinical study; male; Nutrient Rich Food Index; nutritional parameters; Nutritional Risk Index; parent; place of birth; school child; sex difference; sociodemographics; Sweden; Swedish citizen; Swedish Healthy Eating Index for Adolescents 2015; sweetened beverage; urbanization; vegetarian diet
National Category
Nutrition and Dietetics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67698 (URN)10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.09.001 (DOI)2-s2.0-85173270399 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2019-00590
Note

The study was funded by the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Formas (dnr 2019-00590). The funding body was not involved in the study design collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Available from: 2023-11-06 Created: 2023-11-06 Last updated: 2025-02-11Bibliographically approved
Hornborg, S., Bianchi, M. A., Thomas, J.-B., Wocken, Y., Axelsson, A. F., Sanders, C., . . . Ziegler, F. (2023). Environmental and nutritional perspectives of algae.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Environmental and nutritional perspectives of algae
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2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Algae have gained increasing attention as promising food from both an environmental and nutritional perspective. However, current understanding is still limited. This report summarizes the status of knowledge for this emerging sector, focusing on micro- and macroalgae species most relevant for Europe (particularly Sweden). Environmental impacts, with focus on climate, are evaluated through literature reviews and analysis of existing life cycle assessments (LCAs), and nutritional potential in the form of data compilation and calculation of nutrient density scores. Overall, findings reveal that current data is incomplete and of poor representativeness. Most LCAs are not performed on commercial production, but at pilot or experimental scale, why often only indicative drivers for greenhouse gas emissions may be identified. For microalgae, there is a wide diversity of production systems in different conditions across the globe. Based on the data at hand, energy use is a key hotspot across most studies for this production, driven by the requirements of different types of systems and species, and to location. For macroalgae production, despite poor representativeness of especially green and red macroalgae, key aspects for minimizing greenhouse gas emissions are associated with energy consumption and use of materials for farming such as ropes. No LCA exists on wild harvested macroalgae, representing the largest production volume in Europe (>95%); large-scale wild harvest may also be associated with risks to ecosystems unless suitable management is enforced. Significant data gaps also exist in food composition databases regarding nutrient and heavy metal content in algae (e.g., vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids). When available, nutrient content was found to be highly variable within and across species, but overall, the evaluation of nutritional quality indicated that algae may be a considerable source of minerals and vitamin B12. The contribution of fiber and protein is generally minimal in a 5 g dry weight portion of macroalgae; microalgae may have higher protein content, and also fat. However, excessive amounts of iodine and several heavy metals may be represented even in very small amounts of unprocessed macroalgae. In summary, the suggested potential of farmed algae as a sustainable food resource is overall strengthened by its generally low carbon footprint during production compared to other food raw materials. However, more input data are needed to fill data gaps regarding both environmental impacts and nutrient quality, and effects from different processing, as well as improved understanding of nutrient and contaminant bioavailability. Pending further research, careful considerations of risks and benefits associated with algae production and consumption should be applied.

Publisher
p. 54
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2023:84
Keywords
algae, carbon footprint, environmental impact, nutrition, contaminants
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-66707 (URN)978-91-89821-57-6 (ISBN)
Note

This report represents an output of the research project ‘The role of algae in sustainable food systems- a knowledge synthesis of the nutritional quality and environmental impact’, funded by the Swedish Research Council Formas (grant 2020-03113).

Available from: 2023-09-11 Created: 2023-09-11 Last updated: 2024-03-26Bibliographically approved
Jacobsen, M., Bianchi, M. A., Trigo, J. P., Undeland, I., Hallström, E. & Bryngelsson, S. (2023). Nutritional and toxicological characteristics of Saccharina latissima, Ulva fenestrata, Ulva intestinalis, and Ulva rigida: a review. International journal of food properties, 26(1), 2349-2378
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Nutritional and toxicological characteristics of Saccharina latissima, Ulva fenestrata, Ulva intestinalis, and Ulva rigida: a review
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2023 (English)In: International journal of food properties, ISSN 1094-2912, E-ISSN 1532-2386, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 2349-2378Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [sv]

Nutrient and toxicant levels as well as their bioavailability in S. latissima and Ulva species (fenestrata, intestinalis, rigida) were reviewed. Nutritional quality was assessed by nutrient contribution to daily reference intake (DRI) per portion (5 g dry weight), nutrient density score NRF21.3, and comparisons to reference foods. Toxicological assessments comprised tolerable daily intake (TDI)-levels. Based on mean %DRI per portion, S. latissima and Ulva species were good sources (%DRI >15) of calcium, magnesium, iron, selenium, and vitamin B12. Mean %DRI was <10% for fiber, sodium, and protein. Toxicological concerns were mainly due to iodine (mean %TDI per portion: 3160% for S. latissima and 41–91% for Ulva species). Mean %TDIs for inorganic arsenic, cadmium, and lead were <20% for S. latissima and 9–97%, 6–15%, and 21–46%, for the selected Ulva species, respectively. Bioavailability data were scarce and is, together with nutritional impact of processing, an important aspect to address in future studies.

National Category
Food Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-66100 (URN)10.1080/10942912.2023.2246677 (DOI)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-03113
Note

This work was performed with financial support by the Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (Formas) [Grants 2020-03113; 2018-01839 (CirkAlg); 2021-02340 (BlueGreen)].

Available from: 2023-08-25 Created: 2023-08-25 Last updated: 2024-03-26Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-0522-3591

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