This report presents a new calculation method to calculate the U-value of revolving doors. The calculation method is developed based on EN ISO 10077-1:2017 and EN ISO 10077-2:2017 standards, being used for calculating the U-value of doors and windows. Additionally, the EN 10211:2017 standard is exploited to calculate certain thermal bridges (Psi-values). The calculation method is developed by performing: 1. An analysis to identify the different heat flow paths 2. Frame calculations for the revolving part 3. Psi (ψ) calculations for the revolving part 4. Air cavity calculations 5. Frame calculation for the canopy part 6. Psi (ψ) calculation for the canopy part 7. U-value calculation for the complete door

Three building case studies were chosen with the purpose of demonstrating the BIM4EEB BIM-based toolkit. The selected buildings are both social houses and residential apartments respecting the needs of vulnerable inhabitants. To increase the representativeness of the test case the buildings are located in three different locations with different climatic conditions, specifically Italy, Poland, Finland. For all the case studies analysed, BIM models were created with different levels of detail (LOD), which, thanks to the interaction with the BIMMS, make it possible to create a common environment for the representation and use of the data collected and subsequently shared between the different tools. Among the three demonstration sites, the Italian site is undergoing building envelope renovation interventions such as the realization of the thermal insulation with ETICS technologies and the replacement of external windows. In order to test the different tools, a demonstration procedure has been defined for them, constituted mainly by workshop activities and quantitative and qualitative evaluations. To assess the level of accomplishment with respect to stated objectives and project success a validation methodology based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was delineated. Precisely, two categories of KPIs have been identified: “mandatory” and “secondary” addressing project objectives and in connection with the literature review and project use cases and tools. To calculate the KPIs standard baselines were estimated, such as are currently in an ongoing process to assess the traditional process that can be compared with the actual value associated with the BIM-based process. The chapter will present the methods and the first intermediate results of a demonstration process that is currently not yet completed and will later see a further application of the tools in dedicated demo sites. Environmental monitoring sensors were installed in selected apartments in Polish and Italian demo site, while were installed in common spaces for the Finnish building. Specific sensors set up have been analysed and chosen to fulfil the different needs related to the specific project outcomes. Inhabitants’ availability, technical condition and flat exposition were criteria followed for the choice of apartments. Sensors allowed to improve the occupancy monitoring and to have a historical record of environmental values such as temperature, humidity and light strictly connected to users’ preferences. The mobile application about renovation activities performed and residents’ indoor home conditions—BIM4Occupants—has been installed by the users and specific workshops with inhabitants were carried out for registration purposes. The BIM Management System is currently collecting sensors’ data stream and data stream between tools such as BIM4Occupants and BIMPlanner. Project monitoring and better communication among users were tested in a different workshop by applying the BIMPlanner tool in the plans and progress site operations. The functionalities of the refurbishment scenario simulation tool—BIMeaser—were tested in qualitative and quantitative design workshops respectively with the construction professionals using the two pilot sites in Italy and in Finland and with the aim of assessing the achieved time savings of using this tool compared to the manual data input process of the scenario simulation. © 2022, The Author(s).

The majority of the buildings in Sweden were constructed before national energy codes became effective. Although performing energy renovations and/or energy-related maintenances can significantly improve the energy performance of these buildings, the energy renovation rate is very low in Sweden. The low energy renovation rate is associated with various challenges including lack of technical drawings to specify the position of hidden objects and lack of information about material specifications. An augmented reality (AR) tool was therefore developed to not only locate the position of hidden objects but also create IFC files being used by BIM management systems. The tool was later applied in real practice to evaluate its effectiveness in detecting hidden objects. The analyses of results showed that the application of the AR tool in energy renovations and/or energy efficiency-related maintenances can be beneficial as it could successfully locate hidden objects. However, the application of the AR-tool had different limitations related to the sensitivity of sensors in detecting hidden objects, connections between the software programs and hardware devices to integrate the digital information into the real-life environment, and finally time required for setting up the AR tool. 

While the construction sector embraces digitalization, new technologies related to it are spreading benefits. The need of creating a 3D model of a building, a digital copy of something existing, is not new. Mediated by the advent of photographic and laser instrumentation, the construction of a digital model has crossed the fields of surveying with increasing accuracy and precision, imposing standards of capturing the existing first and modelling then ever higher. But while the Building Information Modelling allows a virtual representation of the existing asset enriching its geometry with precious and significant information related to its properties, advanced survey has always faced the impossibility to break the surface of the building, surveying what is inside walls, thus excluding what necessary should be contained within a BIM model. Also, BIM models do not consider the real-time component and do not report the real-time behaviour of the building. In this chapter we will investigate several technologies and instruments exploited till now for the surveying and positioning of existing buildings, plants included, and a new toolkit based on AR that, coupled with sensors and visualisation tools developed by BIM4EEB, offers many advantages when surveying the whole building. © 2022, The Author(s).

Reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases is of utter importance for the mitigation of climate change mitigation. In Sweden, the building and service sector is responsible for 21% of total greenhouse gas. Renovating existing buildings, more specifically those which were constructed before 1980, can significantly contribute to the reduction in energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases. Because the majority of these buildings are in need for renovation. But the energy renovation and energy efficiency-related maintenance rate in Sweden is very low due to lack of technical drawings and documentation of information about material specifications and structure systems. Adoption of augmented reality technologies can be beneficial as these technologies present digital information in the context of the physical environment. However, the level of adoption of these technologies in renovation and maintenance projects is still very low. This paper expands the technology acceptance model to evaluate determinants of users’ acceptance of augmented reality technologies in renovation and maintenance projects.

In the collaborative forum Positive footprint housing® Riksbyggen is building the Viva residential quarter, which is a sustainability project at the very forefront of what is possible with contemporary construction. The idea is that this residential quarter should be fully sustainable in ecological, economic and social terms. Since 2013, a number of pilot studies have been completed under the auspices of the Viva project framework thanks to financing from the Swedish Energy Agency. The various building frame alternatives that have been evaluated are precast concrete, cast in-situ concrete and solid wood, all proposed by leading commercial suppliers. The report includes a specific requirement for equivalent functions during the use phase of the building, B. An interpretation has been provided that investigates the building engineering aspects in detail, as well as an account of the results based on the social community requirements specified in Viva, durability, fire, noise and energy consumption in the Swedish National Board of Building, Planning and Housing building regulations (BBR), plus Riksbyggen’s own requirements, Sweden Green Building Council’s Environmental Building Gold (Miljöbyggnad Guld) and 100-year life cycle. Given that the alternatives have different long-term characteristics (and also that our knowledge of these characteristics itself varies), these functional requirements have been addressed by setting up different scenarios in accordance with the EPD standard EN 15978. Because Riksbyggen has specified a requirement for a 100-year life cycle, we have also opted for an analysis period of 100 years. The results show no significant differences between concrete and timber structures for the same functions during the life cycle, either for climate or for primary energy. The minor differences reported are accordingly less than the degree of uncertainty involved in the study. The available documentation on the composition of the relevant intumescent paint coating on solid wood frames differs from source to source, so it was not possible to fully allow for the significance of this. The LCA has not included functional changes in the building linked to load-bearing characteristics, noise, moisture, health or other problems that may result in increased maintenance and replacement. The concrete houses have been dimensioned for 100 years, for instance, in accordance with tried and tested standards and experience. The solid wood house is not dimensioned in the same way, and this has led to us having to assume various scenarios.

The results also show the following:

• The uncertainties involved in comparing different structures and alternative solutions are very significant. The results are affected by factors such as life cycle, the functional requirements taken into consideration, transportation, design and structural details, etc.

• Variations in the built items and a considerable degree of uncertainty in the assumptions make it difficult to obtain significant results on comparisons. Only actual construction projects with known specific data, declared from a life cycle perspective that takes into account actual building developer requirements and involving different scenarios (best, documented and worst-case) for the user stage can currently be compared.

• In the other hand, comparisons restricted to different concrete structures only, or to different timber structures only, ought to involve a lower degree of uncertainty. These would then provide results that are significant as well as improvement requirements that are relevant.

• There is potential for improving concrete by imposing requirements on the material

• There is potential for improving solid wood frames by developing and guaranteeing well-documented long-term characteristics for all functional requirements.

The LCAs were performed as an iterative process where all parties were given the opportunity to submit their viewpoints and suggestions for changes during the course of the work. This helped ensure that all alternatives have been properly thought through.

Because, during the project, Riksbyggen opted to procure a concrete frame, in the final stage the researchers involved focused on ensuring the procurement process would result in the concrete frame as built meeting the requirements set out above. As things currently stand, the material requirements for the concrete are limited by the production options open to the suppliers, and this is therefore being investigated in the manufacture of precast concrete frames for the Viva cooperative housing association.

Arbetet omfattar uppföljning av ställda kriterier för låg klimatpåverkan från betong vid upphandlingav betongstomme för brf. Viva i Göteborg. Kriterierna följdes upp dels genom att LCA studien somgenomförts under programskedet uppdaterades med data för den färdigupphandlade byggnaden ochdels genom att interljuva ett urval av aktörer för att få en inblick över hur branschen ser på de ställdakraven. Arbetet innehåller även en avslutande del angående känsligheten i beräkningarna samtosäkerheter och hur de kan behandlas.Byggnaderna som är tänkta att stå i 100 år kommer utsättas för klimatförändringar. Därförgenomfördes parallellt med LCA studien också energisimuleringar för att se hur den termiskakomforten och uppvärmningsbehovet förändras över tiden.Resultaten av LCA-uppföljningen och de ställda kriterierna visar att kraven uppfylldes för både denprefabricerade betongen och den platsgjutna betongen. Att jämföra den totala klimatpåverkan mellanprogramskedet och upphandlad byggnad visar sig inte vara möjligt då konstruktionen har förändratsalltför mycket, bland annat har den uppvärmda ytan ökat med ca 50% samtidigt som mer material haranvänts för de prefabricerade väggarna och bjälklagen. En känslighetsanalys har istället genomförtssom visar att den upphandlade konstruktionen har 30% lägre klimatpåverkan per BOA jämfört motom den byggts med traditionell betong. Hade de ursprungliga konstruktionsdetaljerna frånprogramskedet använts för väggar och bjälklag hade klimatpåverkan istället varit ca 40% lägre.Vid framtida kravställning bör man därför ta hänsyn även till konstruktionerna, betongkvaliteternaoch dess materialmängder och inte bara ställa krav på betongrecepten som i det här fallet.Klimatsimuleringarna visar att det troligen finns ett stort mörkertal med lågenergilägenheter som harförhöjd temperatur inomhus sommartid redan vid dagens klimat

Minska klimatpåverkan under byggprocessen genom att ställa tydliga krav. Att ställa krav på materialleverantörer har stor potential till minskad klimatpåverkan under byggprocessen och triggar utvecklingen av mer klimatsmarta produkter. I pilotprojektet Brf. Viva har Riksbyggen ställt krav på sammansättningen och produktionen av betong. Kraven har sitt ursprung i LCA analyser som utförts som beslutsunderlag för valet av stomme.

Brf Viva is an apartment building, housing society, planned for Gothenburg where one alternative for the façade and house structure is based on wood. The buildings have 6-8 floors with balconies on one or more sides, according to images in the prospectus from Riksbyggen 2014.

By utilizing Report TVBK-3066 [1] (ISSN 0349-4969, ISBN 978-91-87993-01-5) from Lund Technical University and from there in published data, lifetimes of different wooden details of planned buildings, and their maintenance intervals, have been estimated and summed in this report.

Details calculated consists of:

 Protected wood panel and topographically sheltered position and protection by buildings (A1)

 Protected wooden panel and unprotected position (A2)

 Wooden panel without roof overhang with topographically sheltered position and protection by buildings (B1)

 Wooden panel without roof overhang and unprotected position (B2)

 Protected wooden exterior corridor and balcony plate decking (C1). This detail is missing in the guide [1] and its results are therefore considered much more uncertain. Exposed wooden railings on the balcony with topographically sheltered position and protection by buildings (D1)

 Exposed wooden railings on balcony with unprotected position (D2)

The calculated estimates of wooden details life expectancy varied between 12 and 38 years.

Calculating other than those in the report TVBK-3066 [1] described facade panels should be seen more as an attempt to calculate and appears to yield unreasonably short life spans. Calculations on the exterior corridor (C1) is here only to illustrate the inability of the calculation model for the specific example above.