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Publications (10 of 31) Show all publications
Fjærestad, J. S., Stølen, R. & Steemann Kristensen, J. (2024). EBOB - Fasadar med solceller eller planter: Eksperimentell studie av brannspreiing i fasadar med solceller (del 1) eller planter (del 2).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>EBOB - Fasadar med solceller eller planter: Eksperimentell studie av brannspreiing i fasadar med solceller (del 1) eller planter (del 2)
2024 (Norwegian)Report (Other academic)
Publisher
p. 83
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:98
Keywords
Photovoltaics, solar cells, PV, living walls, energy efficient buildings, green facades, green walls, green buildings, green facade systems
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76335 (URN)
Note

Funding: Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap (DSB) og Direktoratet forByggkvalitet (DiBK)

Available from: 2025-01-02 Created: 2025-01-02 Last updated: 2025-01-02Bibliographically approved
Sanfeliu Meliá, C., Stølen, R., Garberg Olsø, B. & Steen-Hansen, A. (2024). Energy production and storage in buildings. Fire safety challenges with Photovoltaics and Li-on battery systems.. In: BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Nordic Fire & Safety Days: . Paper presented at 71 Nordic and international contributions presented at the Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2024 in Lund. (pp. 14).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy production and storage in buildings. Fire safety challenges with Photovoltaics and Li-on battery systems.
2024 (English)In: BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Nordic Fire & Safety Days, 2024, p. 14-Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:49
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73646 (URN)10.23699/yns7-3n56 (DOI)978-91-89971-08-0 (ISBN)
Conference
71 Nordic and international contributions presented at the Nordic Fire & Safety Days 2024 in Lund.
Note

This work is supported by the Fire Research and InnovationCentre (FRIC), which is funded by all partners, in addition tofunding from the Research Council of Norway (RCN). Thework is also funded by the SafeBESS project funded by RCN,and by Green2050 - Centre for Green Shift in the BuiltEnvironment at NTNU.

Available from: 2024-06-24 Created: 2024-06-24 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
Stølen, R., Fjærestad, J. S., Fjellgaard Mikalsen, R. & Jomaas, G. (2024). Experimental study of fire propagation on sloped roof with building applied photovoltaics. Paper presented at 4th European Symposium on Fire Safety Science 09/10/2024 - 11/10/2024 Barcelona, Spain. Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 2885(1), Article ID 012047.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental study of fire propagation on sloped roof with building applied photovoltaics
2024 (English)In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 2885, no 1, article id 012047Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [sv]

Photovoltaic modules have been shown to influence how a fire propagates across a flat roof, but the circumstances for which building attached photovoltaic (BAPV) modules promote fire propagation on a sloped roof is not studied in detail. Therefore, a series of small-medium- and large-scale experiments on a sloped roof with a BROOF(t2)-rated bituminous roof membrane on a wood chipboard substrate has been performed. Steel plates mimicking non-combustible photovoltaic (PV) modules were placed at different distances above the roof. Different sized wood cribs placed in the gap between the roof and the PV module were used as the ignition source. Similarly to findings for flat roofs, the experiments showed that the gap distance and the size of the ignition source are key factors for how far the fire propagates from the starting point. This supports that BAPV installations affect the fire dynamics on roofs. As such, the complete system of roof composition and PV installation needs to be considered as a whole to ensure adequate fire safety levels.

National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76253 (URN)10.1088/1742-6596/2885/1/012047 (DOI)
Conference
4th European Symposium on Fire Safety Science 09/10/2024 - 11/10/2024 Barcelona, Spain
Available from: 2024-12-03 Created: 2024-12-03 Last updated: 2024-12-03Bibliographically approved
Stølen, R. & Fjærestad, J. S. (2024). Façades with living plants or solar cells : Fire safety of ventilated façades. In: BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Nordic Fire & Safety: . Paper presented at NFSD Nordic Fire & Safety Days. Lund, Sweden. 18-19 June 2024 (pp. 149). RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Façades with living plants or solar cells : Fire safety of ventilated façades
2024 (English)In: BOOK OF ABSTRACTS Nordic Fire & Safety, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden , 2024, p. 149-Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 2024
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:49
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73671 (URN)10.23699/yns7-3n56 (DOI)978-91-89971-08-0 (ISBN)
Conference
NFSD Nordic Fire & Safety Days. Lund, Sweden. 18-19 June 2024
Available from: 2024-06-25 Created: 2024-06-25 Last updated: 2024-06-25Bibliographically approved
Sanfeliu Meliá, C., Stølen, R. & Garberg Olsø, B. (2024). Fire safety challenges with photovoltaics and Li-ion battery system installations in buildings. Paper presented at 4th European Symposium on Fire Safety Science 09/10/2024 - 11/10/2024 Barcelona, Spain. Journal of Physics, Conference Series, 2885(1), Article ID 012110.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fire safety challenges with photovoltaics and Li-ion battery system installations in buildings
2024 (English)In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series, ISSN 1742-6588, E-ISSN 1742-6596, Vol. 2885, no 1, article id 012110Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The growing trend of using lithium-ion batteries as intermediate energy storage for renewable sources like solar panels is expected to increase in this decade, especially in buildings. Photovoltaic and Li-ion battery systems introduce certain fire risks which need to be considered before their implementation in new or existing buildings. Knowledge about the fire behaviour of both these systems, and how this may affect the building is crucial to reduce the consequences from a fire. The purpose of the work is to categorize the main fire safety challenges of PV and Li-ion battery installations for preventing fire and explosion hazardous scenarios in buildings. These are related to the increased risk of ignition, changed fire dynamics and increased fire spread risk, and to installations representing obstructions and hazards for firefighters. The research methodology consists of a combination of mixed methods: previous lessons learned in literature and experimental work and analysis of case studies. PV installations can cause ignition, promote fire spread and obstruct firefighting. A Li-ion battery installation can potentially increase the ignition risk, contribute to a rapid growth and spread of fire, and interfere firefighting and increase explosion hazards. The development of knowledge is important for the inclusion of new regulations and the modification of existing regulations in building codes nationally and internationally.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2024
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76252 (URN)10.1088/1742-6596/2885/1/012110 (DOI)
Conference
4th European Symposium on Fire Safety Science 09/10/2024 - 11/10/2024 Barcelona, Spain
Available from: 2024-12-03 Created: 2024-12-03 Last updated: 2024-12-03Bibliographically approved
Sanfeliu Melia, C. & Stølen, R. (2024). FRIC webinar: Energy production and storage in buildings.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>FRIC webinar: Energy production and storage in buildings
2024 (English)Other (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The webinar presents fire safety challenges with photovoltaics and Li-on battery systems in buildings, based on the presentation given at the Nordic Fire and Safety Days 2024. The abstract from the conference is available here: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Ari%3Adiva-73548. This research has been carried out as part of WP2 (Project 2.3 - Battery energy storage systems ) and WP3 (Project 3.4 - Photovoltaic energy systems) in FRIC, and as part of the SafeBESS project SafeBESS is a Collaborative and Knowledge-building Project funded by the Research Council of Norway, program ENERGIX – Large program for energy research, project number 336592, as well as by the partners.

Series
FRIC webinar ; D.3.4-2024-05
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75999 (URN)
Note

25 October 2024

Available from: 2024-10-27 Created: 2024-10-27 Last updated: 2024-10-28Bibliographically approved
Stølen, R. (2024). Greenhouse gas emissions related to fires in photovoltaic installations. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 45(1), Article ID 2367734.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Greenhouse gas emissions related to fires in photovoltaic installations
2024 (English)In: International Journal of Ambient Energy, ISSN 0143-0750, E-ISSN 2162-8246, Vol. 45, no 1, article id 2367734Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Life cycle assessments, LCA, can be made on all types of materials and products where the total envi-ronmental impact of the production, use and end-of-life is quantified. By including fire as one potentialend-of-life scenario, the emissions related to these, and potential benefits from reducing the risk of firecan be quantified. The question addressed in this article is how fires in photovoltaic (PV) installations affectthe environmental impact in a life cycle perspective. This will be evaluated by using a methodology calledFire-LCA that is based on standard LCA according to ISO 14040. The total emissions from PV-related firesin buildings and the emissions related to rebuilding and replacing the damaged materials normalised overthe amounts of produced electric energy are calculated to 0.3 g CO2eq /kWh. This is two orders of magni-tude lower than the typical 43.6 g CO2eq /kWh for the normal life cycle of PV installations. This comparisonputs the environmental impact of PV-related fires in perspective and underlines that PV installations stillmake a large positive impact on the reduction of CO2eq -emissions from electricity production even thoughthey represent a certain fire hazard.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2024
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73980 (URN)10.1080/01430750.2024.2367734 (DOI)
Funder
The Research Council of Norway
Note

The work on this article is funded by the Fire Research and Innovation Centre,FRIC, as a part of the PhD by Reidar Stølen on fire safety of PV installations.FRIC is funded by the partners in addition to funding from the ResearchCouncil of Norway under the program BRANNSIKKERHET [project number294649]. A substantial part of the funding from the Research Council is givenby the Gjensidige Foundation. Further information can be found on fric.no.

Available from: 2024-07-01 Created: 2024-07-01 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
Stølen, R., Li, T., Wingdahl, T. & Steen-Hansen, A. (2024). Large- and small-scale fire test of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) facade system. Fire safety journal, 144, Article ID 104083.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Large- and small-scale fire test of a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) facade system
2024 (English)In: Fire safety journal, ISSN 0379-7112, E-ISSN 1873-7226, Vol. 144, article id 104083Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The number of installed photovoltaic (PV) modules has increased significantly over the last years, and using available building surfaces to generate electricity by integrating PV modules in the construction is an attractive option. Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) or other vented claddings can spread fires rapidly to large parts of a building if the fire is allowed to propagate. To investigate this hazard, a large-scale SP FIRE 105 façade fire test was conducted. A façade measuring 4000 mm × 6000 mm covered with BIPV modules was exposed to flames that represent the fire plume from a window in a room at flashover. The results from the test show that critical failures, like falling objects and vertical flame propagation, can be expected in such constructions. These results highlight the importance of details in mounting of BIPV-façades and to require proper documentation from relevant fire tests of such systems. Small-scale cone calorimeter tests were conducted on the studied BIPV module to provide material properties of the combustible parts of the installation. These aspects should be considered when planning new or when retrofitting façades, to prevent escalation of fires. The results presented are, however, only valid for the configuration that was tested. Other BIPV-façades should also be investigated to study how these constructions can be built safely in the future with regard to critical details.

Keywords
Facade, BIPV, Full-scale fire test, Reaction to fire, Cavity, Cone calorimeter
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-69351 (URN)10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.104083 (DOI)
Funder
The Research Council of Norway, 294649
Note

This research is supported by the Fire Research and Innovation Centre (FRIC), funded by the Research Council of Norway (Project no. 294649) and project partners. The authors would also thank the C40 Urban Village project led by OBOS with support from Multiconsult, Hunton and Innovation Norway for initiating, planning and financing the test and sharing data. 

Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-10 Last updated: 2024-07-28Bibliographically approved
Reitan, N. K., Fjærestad, J. S., Stølen, R. & Skilbred, E. S. (2024). RISE Fire Research sitt høst-webinar 2024 ble arrangert 29. november, kl 9-11.. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>RISE Fire Research sitt høst-webinar 2024 ble arrangert 29. november, kl 9-11.
2024 (Norwegian)Other (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, pages
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 2024
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76262 (URN)
Note

RISE Fire Research sitt høst-webinar 2024 ble arrangert 29. november, kl 9-11.

Forskningen er finansiert av Direktoratet for samfunnsikkerhet og beredskap (DSB) og Direktoratet for byggkvalitet (DiBK).

Viktige tidspunkt i videofila:

00:00:00 Velkommen - Nina Kristine Reitan, adm.dir. RISE Fire Research

00:03:20 Kunnskapsbehovet innen brannfaget - Ann Christin Rognmo Olsen, seksjonssjef, DSB

00:10:02 Brann i fasader med solceller eller planter - Janne Siren Fjærestad, RISE Fire Research og Reidar Stølen, NTNU / FRIC / RISE Fire Research

00:59:57 Analyse av dødsbranner - Ellen Synnøve Skilbred, RISE Fire Research

01:24:48 Forebygging av kroppsnære branner - Ellen Synnøve Skilbred, RISE Fire Research

---

RISE Fire Research’s autumn webinar was held 29th November at 9-11.

The webinar was held in Norwegian and this is the recording of the webinar.

The research is funded by the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB) and the Norwegian Building Authority (DIBK

Available from: 2024-12-10 Created: 2024-12-10 Last updated: 2024-12-11Bibliographically approved
Fjærestad, J. S., Meraner, C., Jiang, L. & Stølen, R. (2023). Brannsikkerhet ved oppføring og rehabilitering av bygg.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Brannsikkerhet ved oppføring og rehabilitering av bygg
2023 (Norwegian)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fire safety during construction and rehabilitation of buildings. This study deals with how the covering of buildings during the construction or rehabilitation of buildings affects fire safety and to what extent the regulations take this into account. The main focus has been mapping relevant requirements, recommendations, and performances related to the covering of buildings, mapping available materials, investigating the material’s fire properties, and modelling the spread of smoke within the covering. A mapping of the relevant laws and regulations applied for constructing and rehabilitating buildings has been carried out. The mapping has shown that demands are placed on owners, users, project owners, builders, businesses, employers, planners and contractors through many different laws and regulations. The people involved can have several roles, and similar roles have different names in the various regulations. For buildings in use, fire safety must be ensured for both the users and workers. It also applies that both the owner and the users are responsible for ensuring fire safety. It requires good communication and cooperation between different actors to ensure that fire safety is maintained for all involved, during the construction and rehabilitation of buildings. When covered scaffolding is used, the Regulations concerning the performance of work, use of work equipment and related technical requirements [10] require that the covering satisfy the fire requirements for materials used in escape routes (§17-20). The guideline to the Norwegian Regulations on technical requirements for construction works, TEK10, (Veiledningen til TEK10) §11-9, provides pre-accepted performance levels. For escape routes, class B-s1,d0 (In 1) is specified for walls and ceilings. There is no requirement for fire classification of the walkways in the scaffolding under the applicable laws and regulations. We believe there should be requirements for fire classification of the walkways, in the same way as for the covering, i.e., B-s1,d0 (In 1) for surfaces on walls and ceilings and Dfl-s1 (G) for surfaces on floors. The simulations of the spread of smoke from a fire inside a building during construction or rehabilitation show that the spread of smoke is affected when the scaffolding around the building is covered. Covering around the sides leads to a greater horizontal spread of smoke in the scaffolding than without covering. When the cover also has a roof, the smoke first accumulates underneath the cover's roof before it eventually also fills up with smoke down the floors of the scaffolding. The simulations showed that establishing an open field in the upper part of the cover would ventilate the smoke gases effectively, and the spread of smoke was essentially the same as for a cover without a roof. In addition, the simulation indicated that the air flow through the walkways in the scaffold could be an important factor in reducing the covering's negative effect on the spread of smoke. Of the 64 different products used for covering found in the survey, 35% had full classification according to EN 13501-1 (such as B,s1-d0). About 6% stated that the product was not flame retardant. Of the remainder, it was evenly distributed between those who stated a fire classification according to other test methods, those who did not provide any information on the fire properties and those who stated that the product was flame retardant without further specification. The mapping also indicates that the products from market leaders used by large general contractors provide products with documented fire properties. Conversations with two of Norway’s largest fire and rescue services shed light on several challenges connected to covering scaffolding and construction during firefighting activities. They pointed out that the covering could cause challenges and delays throughout their efforts. The covering gives a reduced visual overview of the spread of smoke and the location of doors and windows. This information is important for planning both extinguishing and smoke diver efforts. In addition, the covering can be an obstacle to the actual extinguishing effort, the use of an extinguishing agent and smoke divers and rescue efforts.

Publisher
p. 96
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2023:130
Keywords
Smoke spread, CFD simulation, review of regulations, scaffolding, covering, construction, fire safety, construction site, fire and rescue service., Røykspredning, CFD-simulering, gjennomgang av regelverk, stillas, tildekking, konstruksjon, brannsikkerhet, byggeplass, brann- og redningstjeneste
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68680 (URN)978-91-89896-17-8 (ISBN)
Note

Finansiert av: Direktoratet for samfunnssikkerhet og beredskap (DSB) og Direktoratet forbyggkvalitet (DiBK)

Available from: 2023-12-27 Created: 2023-12-27 Last updated: 2023-12-27Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2164-940x

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