Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Publications (10 of 27) Show all publications
Gonzalez de Vega, R., Plassmann, M., Clases, D., Zangger, K., Müller, V., Rosenberg, E., . . . Feldmann, J. (2024). A multi-platform approach for the comprehensive analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and fluorine mass balance in commercial ski wax products. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1314, Article ID 342754.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A multi-platform approach for the comprehensive analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and fluorine mass balance in commercial ski wax products
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Analytica Chimica Acta, ISSN 0003-2670, E-ISSN 1873-4324, Vol. 1314, article id 342754Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The unique properties of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have led to their extensive use in consumer products, including ski wax. Based on the risks associated with PFAS, and to align with PFAS regulations, the international ski federation (FIS) implemented a ban on products containing “C8 fluorocarbons/perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)” at all FIS events from the 2021/2022 season, leading manufactures to shift their formulations towards short-chain PFAS chemistries. To date, most studies characterising PFAS in ski waxes have measured a suite of individual substances using targeted analytical approaches. However, the fraction of total fluorine (TF) in the wax accounted for by these substances remains unclear. In this study, we sought to address this question by applying a multi-platform, fluorine mass balance approach to a total of 10 commercially available ski wax products. Analysis of TF by combustion ion chromatography (CIC) revealed concentrations of 1040–51700 μg F g−1 for the different fluorinated waxes. In comparison, extractable organic fluorine (EOF) determined in methanol extracts by CIC (and later confirmed by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and 19F- nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) ranged from 92 to 3160 μg g−1, accounting for only 3–8.8 % of total fluorine (TF). Further characterisation of extracts by cyclic ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMS) revealed 15 individual PFAS with perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid concentrations up to 33 μg F g−1, and 3 products exceeding the regulatory limit for PFOA (0.025 μg g−1) by a factor of up to 100. The sum of all PFAS accounted for only 0.01–1.0 % of EOF, implying a high percentage of unidentified PFAS, thus, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to provide evidence of the nature of the non-extractable fluorine present in the ski wax products. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2024
Keywords
Consumer products; Gas chromatography; Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; Ion chromatography; Mass spectrometers; Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Pyrolysis; fluorine; fluorine derivative; per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance; ski wax; unclassified drug; wax; 19F NMR; Combustion ion chromatography; Fluorine mass balance; ICP-MS; Mass balance; Polyfluoroalkyl substances; Pyrolysis-gc-ms; Ski wax; Target polyfluoroalkyl substance; Total fluorine; Article; chemical composition; combustion ion chromatography; electrospray; flow rate; fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance; high performance liquid chromatography; inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; ion chromatography; limit of detection; limit of quantitation; mass fragmentography; mass spectrometry; pyrolysis; pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry; Fluorine
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73586 (URN)10.1016/j.aca.2024.342754 (DOI)2-s2.0-85194895736 (Scopus ID)
Note

 RGV thanks Faculty of Science Uni Graz and the NAWI visiting program, VM thanks Macaulay Development Trust, LS thanks the project “POPFREE Industry – Towards a PFAS-free and circular industry” with funding from VINNOVA (grant number 2021-04200). Funding by the Land Steiermark Zukunftsfonds (project grand 1109 “Frontier NMR”) is also gratefully acknowledge. The authors acknowledge the financial support by the University of Graz. 

Available from: 2024-06-18 Created: 2024-06-18 Last updated: 2024-06-18Bibliographically approved
Vestergren, R., Appelblom, A., Bălan, S. A., Brandsma, S. H., Bruton, T. A., Cousins, I. T., . . . Benskin, J. P. (2024). A Systematic Workflow for Compliance Testing of Emerging International Classwide Restrictions on PFAS. Environmental Science and Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Systematic Workflow for Compliance Testing of Emerging International Classwide Restrictions on PFAS
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Environmental Science and Technology, ISSN 0013-936X, E-ISSN 1520-5851Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society, 2024
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74947 (URN)10.1021/acs.est.4c06570 (DOI)2-s2.0-85201430309 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-08-28 Created: 2024-08-28 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
Skedung, L. & Almgren Stenberg, E. (2024). Bio-based ski wax: Prototype develoment, hydrophobicity, hardness, biodegradation and glide performance on snow.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bio-based ski wax: Prototype develoment, hydrophobicity, hardness, biodegradation and glide performance on snow
Show others...
2024 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Replacing petroleum-based with bio-based ingredients in articles and chemical products is one important step towards reducing the environmental impact, and promoting circular economy practices, aligning with the goal “Responsible Consumption and Production” within United Nations’ Agenda 2030. The aim of the project was to develop bio-based prototype ski waxes and to evaluate and benchmark them with commercial petroleum-based PFAS-free ski waxes, in terms of hydrophobicity, glide performance and biodegradation.

Bio-based ski wax prototypes were blended using a mixture of ingredients approved for either topical application or ingestion by humans. Which ingredients and relative ratios to mix were based on melting points, general hydrophobic properties and generated knowledge from testing of earlier prototypes. It should be noted that only Vallakokerskan has the information about the exact content in the ski wax prototypes.

The hypothesis is that more hydrophobic, i.e. more water repellent, ski wax allows better transportation of the water film away from the ski/snow interface, providing lower friction and better glide. The hydrophobicity of ski waxes and ingredients was quantified from contact angle measurements using water and ethylene glycol as the liquid in a climate-controlled room (23°C and 50% relative humidity). To measure contact angles at sub-zero degrees, a less sensitive but portable device was put in a freezer room at -5°C where contact angles were measured using ethylene glycol.

The ski waxes showed similar hydrophobicity, in the measured static, advancing and receding contact angles, both in room temperature and at -5°C. However, the roll-off angle when the water droplet started to roll, was slightly lower for the commercial ski waxes than the bio-based prototypes. Greater differences in hydrophobicity and roll-off angles were observed for the ingredients compared to the ski wax.

In the glide tests on snow, it was difficult to separate the bio-based and commercial ski wax. This was both when considering the total glide time from four skiers testing each ski wax (ski pair) twice, and in the pairwise comparisons as is normally done when selecting skis before competition. These results show that the bio-based prototypes are comparable to commercial ski wax that is used both for competition and recreational skiing. While having similar glide function, the advantage of the bio-based ski wax is that it contains only naturally derived ingredients and that it seems to degrade slightly more rapidly in the environment. The biodegradation was compared between one bio-based and one petroleum-based ski wax using a respiration test where formed CO₂ was quantified over time. The estimated number of days required for complete degradation of the bio-based ski wax and commercial ski wax would be 223 days and 335 days, respectively, if the degradation continues at the same rate and if all carbon is converted to CO₂. In comparison to cellulose, both ski waxes degrade relatively slowly, most likely due to their hydrophobic properties.

During the project it was decided to also quantify and compare the hardness of the waxes since that is being discussed more and more as one additional characterisation technique in the project. The hardness measurements were done at -5°C. The maximum force encountered (firmness) when a probe was lowered into the sample during the compression test was taken as the hardness. Differences were obtained between the samples where the average firmness (hardness) was higher for the commercial green, blue and purple commercial ski waxes compared to the corresponding bio-based wax. However, the bio-based yellow was harder than the corresponding yellow commercial ski wax. Large differences in hardness at -5°C for the ingredients were noted.

The prototypes have been made with a mixture of different ingredients. The results from the hydrophobicity and hardness measurements of ingredients, can be used to select and modify the relative amount of each ingredient in the ski wax. If the hypothesis is that more hydrophobic and harder ingredients are better for the glide, it could be interesting to see if a wax containing a higher amount of those harder and more hydrophobic ingredients could increase the performance.

The focus in this project has been to develop a bio-based ski wax matrix. As a next step it would be interesting to develop and incorporate bio-based additives to try to increase the performance further. Another future outlook is to make the bio-based wax as a liquid product that are becoming more popular due the ease of application and less waste during the waxing procedure.

Publisher
p. 29
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:53
Keywords
ski wax, ski glide, bio-based, hydrophobicity, contact angles, biodegradation, respiration tests, hardness, sustainability
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74969 (URN)978-91-89971-12-7 (ISBN)
Note

  

The project (reference number 2023-02657) was granted within the call "BioInnovation Hypotesprövning steg 1 - Nyskapande projekt med hög risk" and was run between 15th of November 2023 to 31st of May 2024.

Available from: 2024-08-29 Created: 2024-08-29 Last updated: 2024-09-23Bibliographically approved
Skedung, L., Savvidou, E., Schellenberger, S., Reimann, A., Cousins, I. T. & Benskin, J. P. (2024). Identification and quantification of fluorinated polymers in consumer products by combustion ion chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 26, Article ID 82.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Identification and quantification of fluorinated polymers in consumer products by combustion ion chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 26, article id 82Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Total fluorine was determined in 45 consumer product samples from the Swedish market which were either suspected or known to contain fluorinated polymers. Product categories included cookware (70–550 000 ppm F), textiles (10–1600 ppm F), electronics (20–2100 ppm F), and personal care products (10–630 000 ppm F). To confirm that the fluorine was organic in nature, and deduce structure, a qualitative pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyr-GC/MS) method was validated using a suite of reference materials. When applied to samples with unknown PFAS content, the method was successful at identifying polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) in cookware, dental products, and electronics at concentrations as low as 0.1–0.2 wt%. It was also possible to distinguish between 3 different side-chain fluorinated polymers in textiles. Several products appeared to contain high levels of inorganic fluorine. This is one of the few studies to quantify fluorine in a wide range of consumer plastics and provides important data on the concentration of fluorine in materials which may be intended for recycling, along with insights into the application of pyr-GC/MS for structural elucidation of fluorinated polymers in consumer products.

National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68677 (URN)10.1039/d3em00438d (DOI)
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-04200Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-01978
Note

Funding Vinnova 2021-04200 and Formas 2020-01978

Available from: 2023-12-27 Created: 2023-12-27 Last updated: 2024-08-14
Sjövall, P., Gregoire, S., Wargniez, W., Skedung, L., Detroyer, A. & Luengo, G. S. (2024). Spatial distribution of active compounds in stratum corneum—partitioning between corneocytes and lipid matrix. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article ID 18681.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spatial distribution of active compounds in stratum corneum—partitioning between corneocytes and lipid matrix
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 14, no 1, article id 18681Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The interaction of active substances with molecular structures in stratum corneum (SC) is crucial for the efficacy and safety of cosmetic formulations and topical drugs. However, the molecular architecture of SC is highly complex and methods to unambiguously localize exogenous molecules within SC are lacking. Consequently, little is known about the distribution of actives within SC, and proposed penetration mechanisms through SC are typically limited to simple diffusion via a tortuous (lipid only) or transverse (across corneocytes and lipid matrix) pathway. In this work, 3D mass spectrometry imaging is used to determine the spatial distributions of four active substances at subcellular resolution in SC, including partitioning between the corneocytes and the intercellular lipid matrix. The results indicate that caffeine, 2-methyl resorcinol and oxybenzone are homogeneously distributed in the corneocytes but largely absent in the lipid matrix, despite considerable differences in lipophilicity. In contrast, the distribution- of jasmonic acid derivative is more inhomogeneous and indicates considerable localization to both the lipid phase and the corneocytes.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Research, 2024
Keywords
Animals; Benzophenones; Caffeine; Epidermis; Humans; Lipids; Mass Spectrometry; Resorcinols; benzophenone derivative; caffeine; lipid; resorcinol derivative; animal; chemistry; epidermis; human; mass spectrometry; metabolism
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74950 (URN)10.1038/s41598-024-66418-x (DOI)2-s2.0-85201250828 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-08-28 Created: 2024-08-28 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
Åström, T., Ruiz-Caldas, M.-X., Skedung, L., Chelcea, I., Nilsson, C., Mathew, A. P., . . . Nilsson, U. (2024). The fate of hazardous textile pollutants in an upcycling process for post-consumer garments. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 22, Article ID 100794.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The fate of hazardous textile pollutants in an upcycling process for post-consumer garments
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Cleaner Engineering and Technology, ISSN 2666-7908, Vol. 22, article id 100794Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The environmental impact is a strong incentive for the development of upcycling processes for textile waste. However, toxic chemicals may occur in both brand-new textiles and post-consumer garments, and the chemical transfer in such routes is important to investigate. The present study applied non-target screening and quantification with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to follow the fate of hazardous chemicals from post-consumer polycotton garments to a new material, cellulose nanocrystals, in a chemical upcycling utilizing strongly acidic conditions. The majority of hazardous chemicals detected within the process were found to be transferred to a residual of polyester material and not to the enriched cellulose. However, phthalates were found to be mainly attached to the cellulose nanocrystals. The detected total concentration, in this case, was below 5 μg/g, at least 200 times lower than the limit set by the European Union. This indicates the importance of monitoring and controlling the phthalate content in the starting material of the process, i.e., the post-consumer garments. The chemical release into the process waste effluent could be estimated based on water solubility data for chemicals under the applied conditions. Three compounds, the water-repellent substance perfluorooctanesulfonic acid and the dyes Crystal Violet and Victoria Pure Blue, were almost entirely transferred into the process waste effluent. Although the levels detected were very low in the present pilot process, their presence eventually indicates the need for wastewater purification at further upscaling, depending on the exposure and dose in relation to toxicological relevant thresholds. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75003 (URN)10.1016/j.clet.2024.100794 (DOI)2-s2.0-85201782572 (Scopus ID)
Note

he authors thank the following funding agencies for financial support: Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research (Mistra: project Mistra SafeChem, project number 2018/11) and the Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development, Formas (Grant No: 2021-01540).

Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-09 Last updated: 2024-09-09Bibliographically approved
Sjövall, P., Gregoire, S., Wargniez, W., Skedung, L. & Luengo, G. (2022). 3D Molecular Imaging of Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry Suggests Distinct Distribution of Cholesteryl Esters Compared to Other Skin Lipids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(22), Article ID 13799.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>3D Molecular Imaging of Stratum Corneum by Mass Spectrometry Suggests Distinct Distribution of Cholesteryl Esters Compared to Other Skin Lipids
Show others...
2022 (English)In: International Journal of Molecular Sciences, ISSN 1661-6596, E-ISSN 1422-0067, Vol. 23, no 22, article id 13799Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The crucial barrier properties of the stratum corneum (SC) depend critically on the design and integrity of its layered molecular structure. However, analysis methods capable of spatially resolved molecular characterization of the SC are scarce and fraught with severe limitations, e.g., regarding molecular specificity or spatial resolution. Here, we used 3D time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to characterize the spatial distribution of skin lipids in corneocyte multilayer squams obtained by tape stripping. Depth profiles of specific skin lipids display an oscillatory behavior that is consistent with successive monitoring of individual lipid and corneocyte layers of the SC structure. Whereas the most common skin lipids, i.e., ceramides, C24:0 and C26:0 fatty acids and cholesteryl sulfate, are similarly organized, a distinct 3D distribution was observed for cholesteryl oleate, suggesting a different localization of cholesteryl esters compared to the lipid matrix separating the corneocyte layers. The possibility to monitor the composition and spatial distribution of endogenous lipids as well as active drug and cosmetic substances in individual lipid and corneocyte layers has the potential to provide important contributions to the basic understanding of barrier function and penetration in the SC. © 2022 by the authors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
3D ToF-SIMS, cholesteryl esters, layer structure, lipid distribution, stratum corneum
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-61377 (URN)10.3390/ijms232213799 (DOI)2-s2.0-85142634501 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Vetenskapsrådet, VR, 2019-03731; Funding text 1: Financial support for this work was provided by the Swedish Research Council, grant No. 2019-03731 (P.S.).

Available from: 2022-12-08 Created: 2022-12-08 Last updated: 2023-06-05Bibliographically approved
Svedlund, J. & Skedung, L. (2022). PFAS Substitution Guide : FOR TEXTILE SUPPLY CHAINS.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>PFAS Substitution Guide : FOR TEXTILE SUPPLY CHAINS
2022 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This guide is a support for textile industry players, to improve commmunication about chemicals and raise the possibility for well-informed substitution work. It focuses on subsitution of highly fluorinated substances, also known as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), offering textile buyers a deeper understanding about water repellence and the associated chemistry. The guide can be used as a starting point for your chemicals management and substitution work, with many links to other information sources. We recommend using the Table of Contents below as a navigational tool, to start filling any knowledge gaps and expand your reading from there.

Publisher
p. 27
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2022:98
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60078 (URN)978-91-89711-41-9 (ISBN)
Available from: 2022-09-02 Created: 2022-09-02 Last updated: 2023-05-25Bibliographically approved
Ali, A., Skedung, L., Burleigh, S., Lavant, E., Ringstad, L., Anderson, C., . . . Engblom, J. (2022). Relationship between sensorial and physical characteristics of topical creams: A comparative study on effects of excipients. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 613, Article ID 121370.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Relationship between sensorial and physical characteristics of topical creams: A comparative study on effects of excipients
Show others...
2022 (English)In: International Journal of Pharmaceutics, ISSN 0378-5173, E-ISSN 1873-3476, Vol. 613, article id 121370Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Rising consumer demands for safer, more natural, and sustainable topical products have led to increased interest in finding alternative excipients, while retaining functionality and cosmetic appeal. Particle-stabilized Pickering creams have emerged as possible alternatives to replace traditional surfactant-stabilized creams and are thus one of the focuses in this study. The aim of this paper was to study relationships between sensorial characteristics and physical properties to understand how different excipients affect these aspects, comparing one starch particle–stabilized and three surfactant-stabilized formulations. A human panel was used to evaluate sensorial perception, while physical properties were deduced by rheology and tactile friction, together with in vivo and ex vivo skin hydration measurements. The results show that sensorial attributes related to the application phase can be predicted with rheology, while afterfeel attributes can be predicted with tactile friction studies. Differences in rheological and sensory properties among surfactant-based creams could mainly be attributed to the type of emollients used, presence of thickeners and surfactant composition. Differences between surfactant-based creams and a Pickering cream were more evident in relation to the afterfeel perception. Presence of starch particles in the residual film on skin results in high tactile friction and low perception of residual coating, stickiness, greasiness, and slipperiness in sensorial afterfeel. © 2021 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2022
Keywords
Modified starch, Pickering emulsions, Rheology, Sensory study, Surfactant-free formulations, Tactile friction, Topical creams, cosmetic, emollient agent, excipient, friction, human, skin, Cosmetics, Emollients, Excipients, Humans
National Category
Food Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-59047 (URN)10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121370 (DOI)2-s2.0-85122426677 (Scopus ID)
Note

 Funding details: Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling, KKS; Funding details: Gustav Th. Ohlssons Fond; Funding text 1: We are grateful to the Knowledge foundation (Sweden) for funding the project, and Johan Engblom also thank the Gustaf Th Ohlsson foundation (Sweden) for financial support. Speximo AB is acknowledged for providing starch particles.

Available from: 2022-04-21 Created: 2022-04-21 Last updated: 2023-05-25Bibliographically approved
Ali, A., Ringstad, L., Skedung, L., Falkman, P., Wahlgren, M. & Engblom, J. (2022). Tactile friction of topical creams and emulsions: Friction measurements on excised skin and VitroSkin® using ForceBoard™. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 615, Article ID 121502.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tactile friction of topical creams and emulsions: Friction measurements on excised skin and VitroSkin® using ForceBoard™
Show others...
2022 (English)In: International Journal of Pharmaceutics, ISSN 0378-5173, E-ISSN 1873-3476, Vol. 615, article id 121502Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Tactile perception can be investigated through ex vivo friction measurements using a so–called ForceBoard™, providing objective assessments and savings in time and money, compared to a subjective human panel. In this work we aim to compare excised skin versus VitroSkin® as model substrates for tactile friction measurements. A further aim is to detect possible differences between traditional surfactant-based creams, and a particle-stabilized (Pickering) cream and investigate how the different substrates affect the results obtained. It was found that the difference in tactile friction between excised skin and VitroSkin® was small on untreated substrates. When topical creams were applied, the same trends were observed for both substrates, although the frictional variation over time relates to the difference in surface structure between the two substrates. The results also confirmed that there is a difference between starch-based Pickering formulations and surfactant-based creams after application, indicating that the latter is greasier than Pickering cream. It was also shown that the tactile friction of Pickering emulsions was consistently high even with high amounts of oil, indicating a non-greasy, and non-sticky formulation. The characteristics of starch-stabilized Pickering formulations make them promising candidates in the development of surfactant-free topical formulations with unique tactile properties. © 2022 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2022
Keywords
Excised skin, Force-Board™, Pickering emulsions, Surfactant-free formulations, Tactile friction, Topical creams, VitroSkin®
National Category
Food Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-58500 (URN)10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121502 (DOI)2-s2.0-85123703718 (Scopus ID)
Note

 Funding details: Stiftelsen för Kunskaps- och Kompetensutveckling, KKS; Funding details: Gustav Th. Ohlssons Fond; Funding text 1: We are grateful to the Knowledge foundation (Sweden) for funding the project, and Johan Engblom also thank the Gustaf Th Olsson foundation (Sweden) for financial support. Speximo AB is acknowledged for providing starch particles.

Available from: 2022-02-18 Created: 2022-02-18 Last updated: 2023-05-25Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-6657-1592

Search in DiVA

Show all publications