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Zhang, X., Guo, F., Yu, Z., Cao, M., Wang, H., Yang, R., . . . Salmén, L. (2022). Why Do Bamboo Parenchyma Cells Show Higher Nanofibrillation Efficiency than Fibers: An Investigation on Their Hierarchical Cell Wall Structure. Biomacromolecules, 23(10), 4053-4062
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Why Do Bamboo Parenchyma Cells Show Higher Nanofibrillation Efficiency than Fibers: An Investigation on Their Hierarchical Cell Wall Structure
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2022 (English)In: Biomacromolecules, ISSN 1525-7797, E-ISSN 1526-4602, Vol. 23, no 10, p. 4053-4062Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The cell walls of parenchyma cells and fibers in bamboo are both highly lignified with secondary thickening. However, the former were found to have much higher nanofibrillation efficiency than fibers via both protocols of ultrasonication and high pressure homogenization. To elucidate the inherent mechanism, detailed comparisons of chemical composition, cell morphology, cell wall density, pore structures, and structural organization of cell wall polymers were performed on native and pretreated cell walls of both parenchyma cells and fibers. Chemical compositional analysis showed that fibers have much higher cellulose (49.8% to 35.5%) but lower xylan content (21.1% to 36.2%) than parenchyma, while their lignin contents were similar (24.9% vs 22.9%). Polarized FTIR further revealed clear differences in the structural organization of polymers between the two types of cells, with all the polymers of fibers being more orderly assembled than those of parenchyma cells. The compact arrangement of polymers in the fibers was also supported by the much higher cell wall density (1.52 vs 1.28 g/cm3) and lower porosity (0.007 vs 0.013 cc/g after chemical pretreatments), as compared to the parenchyma cells. The study provides evidence that the anatomical characteristics of huge cavity-wall ratio, higher cell wall porosity, and less ordered arrangement of cell wall matrix polymers (mainly lignin) in parenchyma cells contribute to their higher nanofibrillation efficiency compared to fibers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society, 2022
Keywords
Bamboo, Cells, Chemical analysis, Cytology, Efficiency, Lignin, Pore structure, Porosity, Cell morphology, Cell wall structure, Cell walls, Chemical compositions, High pressure homogenization, Nano fibrillations, Parenchyma cells, Structural organization, Ultra-sonication, Wall density, Fibers
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60411 (URN)10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00224 (DOI)2-s2.0-85138917910 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: xjq20020; Funding details: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 31770600, 32001381; Funding details: National Key Research and Development Program of China, NKRDPC, 2021YFD2200504; Funding text 1: This research was funded by the 14th Five-Year the National key Research and Development projects (2021YFD2200504), the National Science Foundation of China (31770600, 32001381), and the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Outstanding Young Scientific Research Talent Program Project (xjq20020). We would also like to thank Dr. Jasna S. Stevanic for the assistance in polarized FITR measurement as well as the Chinese Scholarship Council for the visiting scholar program.

Available from: 2022-10-20 Created: 2022-10-20 Last updated: 2023-01-03Bibliographically approved
Zhu, J., Wang, H., Guo, F., Salmén, L. & Yu, Y. (2021). Cell wall polymer distribution in bamboo visualized with in situ imaging FTIR. Carbohydrate Polymers, 274, Article ID 118653.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cell wall polymer distribution in bamboo visualized with in situ imaging FTIR
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2021 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 274, article id 118653Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To better understand the high recalcitrance of bamboo during bioconversion, the fine spatial distribution of polymers in bamboo was studied with Imaging FTIR microscopy under both transmission and ATR modes, combined with PCA data processing. The results demonstrated that lignin, xylan and hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA) were more concentrated in the fibers near the xylem conduit, while cellulose was evenly distributed across the whole fiber sheath. PCA processing produced a clear separation between bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells, indicating that the parenchyma cells contains more pectin and HCA than fibers. It also demonstrated that cellulose, xylan and S-lignin were concentrated most heavily in bamboo fiber secondary cell walls, while G-lignin, pectin and HCA were found more in the compound middle lamella. The revealed information regarding polymer distribution is of great significance for better understanding of the inherent design mechanism of plant cell wall and its efficient utilization. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2021
Keywords
Cell wall polymers, Micro-FTIR imaging, Phyllostachys pubescens, Spatial distribution, Visualization, Bamboo, Cells, Cellulose, Cytology, Data handling, Fibers, Lignin, Bamboo fibres, FTIR, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Micro-FTIR, Parenchyma cells, Polymer distribution, Situ imaging, Data Processing
National Category
Wood Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-56674 (URN)10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118653 (DOI)2-s2.0-85115095287 (Scopus ID)
Note

 Funding details: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 31770600; Funding details: China Scholarship Council, CSC; Funding text 1: We would like to thank the National Science Foundation of China (Project No: 31770600 ) for their financial support for this research. And we would also like to thank the Chinese Scholarship Council for the visiting scholar program.

Available from: 2021-11-24 Created: 2021-11-24 Last updated: 2021-11-24Bibliographically approved
Guo, F., Zhang, X., Yang, R., Salmen, L. & Yu, Y. (2021). Hygroscopicity, degradation and thermal stability of isolated bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells upon moderate heat treatment. Cellulose, 28(13), 8867-8876
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hygroscopicity, degradation and thermal stability of isolated bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells upon moderate heat treatment
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2021 (English)In: Cellulose, ISSN 0969-0239, E-ISSN 1572-882X, Vol. 28, no 13, p. 8867-8876Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Parenchyma cells and fibers are the two dominant types of cells in the bamboo culm. Their mechanical and biological functions in bamboo differ substantially, derived from their cell wall structures and chemical compositions. The objective of this work was to comparatively study the hygroscopicity and the thermal degradation of bamboo fibers and parenchyma cells in order to better understand how to optimize heat treatment of bamboo. FTIR spectroscopy showed that parenchyma cells had a higher hemicellulose content and higher S/G lignin ratio than bamboo fibers based on the spectral changes at 1602 cm−1 with respect to 1505 cm−1. Upon heat treatment, spectral changes related to esterification reactions and loss of hydroxyl groups were observed. The heat treatment reduced hygroscopicity of parenchyma cells more than for bamboo fibers due to their lower thermal stability attributed to the higher hemicellulose content and less compact cell wall structure. Although heat treatment at 180 °C could improve the thermal stability of bamboo, mild heat treatments at 140 °C and 160 °C were found to be adequate to facilitate the degradation of bamboo. © 2021, The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021
Keywords
Cell wall, Hemicellulose content, Hydroxyl groups, Phyllostachys Pubescens, Thermal treatment, Cells, Cellulose, Cytology, Esterification, Fibers, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Heat treatment, Thermodynamic stability, Biological functions, Cell wall structure, Chemical compositions, Esterification reactions, FTIR spectroscopy, Parenchyma cells, Spectral change, Bamboo
National Category
Wood Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-55485 (URN)10.1007/s10570-021-04050-y (DOI)2-s2.0-85110284698 (Scopus ID)
Note

 Funding details: National Natural Science Foundation of China, NSFC, 31770600; Funding details: Department of Education, Fujian Province, JAT190129; Funding text 1: YY would also like to thank Dr. Jasna S. Stevanic for the assistance in FITR measurement, as well as the Chinese Scholarship Council for the visiting scholar program.

Available from: 2021-08-05 Created: 2021-08-05 Last updated: 2022-07-13Bibliographically approved
Salmen, L., Stevanic Srndovic, J., Holmqvist, C. & Yu, S. (2021). Moisture induced straining of the cellulosic microfibril. Cellulose, 28, 3347-3357
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Moisture induced straining of the cellulosic microfibril
2021 (English)In: Cellulose, ISSN 0969-0239, E-ISSN 1572-882X, Vol. 28, p. 3347-3357Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Abstract: Moisture absorption in the cell wall structure of wood is well known to induce considerable swelling of the wood exerting high expansion forces. This swelling is mainly induced by the sorptive action of the hydroxyl groups of the carbohydrate wood polymers; cellulose and hemicelluloses. On the ultrastructural level, there are, however, still questions with regard to the detailed deformations induced by this moisture absorption. Here, FTIR spectroscopy and synchrotron-radiation-based X-ray diffraction were used on paper samples to study the deformation of the cellulose crystals as a consequence of moisture absorption and desorption. Both techniques revealed that the moisture absorption resulted in a transverse contraction of the cellulose crystals accompanied by a somewhat smaller elongation in the cellulose chain direction. The deformations were found to be a direct response to the increased moisture content and were also found to be reversible during moisture desorption. It is hypothesised that these deformations are a consequence of the swelling forces created by the combined longitudinal and lateral expansions of the non-crystalline cellulose molecules and the glucomannan hemicellulose aligned along the cellulose crystals. These forces will impose a lateral contraction of the cellulose crystals, as well as a longitudinal extension of it. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]. © 2021, The Author(s).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2021
Keywords
Cellulose, FTIR, Moisture changes, Paper, Relative humidity, X-ray diffraction, Crystals, Deformation, Desorption, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Moisture, Swelling, Synchrotron radiation, Cell wall structure, Cellulose and hemicellulose, Cellulose crystals, Crystalline cellulose, Lateral contraction, Longitudinal extension, Moisture absorption, Moisture desorption, Wood
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-52611 (URN)10.1007/s10570-021-03712-1 (DOI)2-s2.0-85102074211 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-03-19 Created: 2021-03-19 Last updated: 2024-05-22Bibliographically approved
Mikeš, P., Baker, D. A., Uhlin, A., Lukáš, D., Kuželová-Košťáková, E., Vidrich, A., . . . Tomani, P. (2021). The Mass Production of Lignin Fibres by Means of Needleless Electrospinning. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 29(7), 2164-2173
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Mass Production of Lignin Fibres by Means of Needleless Electrospinning
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Polymers and the Environment, ISSN 1566-2543, E-ISSN 1572-8919, Vol. 29, no 7, p. 2164-2173Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Abstract: Lignin, a cheap renewable natural polymer, can be used as a precursor for the production of carbon fibres, its conversion into which is significantly faster than that of polyacrylonitrile. Lignin can be fractionated in various solvents via dissolution to decrease its polydispersity. Fractions with a higher molecular weight distribution can then be used in solvent-based spinning technologies such as electrospinning. We selected several solvent systems according to the Hansen solubility theory and subsequently tested them for solubility and electro-spinability. The selected solvent systems were then successfully tested for use in the needleless electrospinning process due to their potential for mass production. The solutions used in the electrospinning process needed high concentrations of lignin, which led to a high degree of viscosity. Therefore, we measured the relaxation times and viskosity for selected solutions, a factor that plays a pivotal role in terms of the production of smooth fibres. Finally, these solutions were tested for electrospinning using alternating current. This technology brings a new possibility in mass production of lignin fibres due to its high productivity and ease of use. Such materials can be used in a number of applications such as batteries, supercapacitors or for the production of composite materials. They provide a cheap and renewable natural polymer source which can easily be transformed into a carbon nanofibrous layer. Graphic Abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.].

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2021
Keywords
AC electrospinning, Carbon fibres, Lignin, Needleless electrospinning, Fibers, Graphite fibers, Molecular weight distribution, Solubility, Solvents, Alternating current, Electrospinning process, Hansen solubility, High productivity, Lignin fibres, Mass production, Solvent system, Spinning technologies, Electrospinning
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-52028 (URN)10.1007/s10924-020-02029-7 (DOI)2-s2.0-85099281491 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-01-26 Created: 2021-01-26 Last updated: 2024-07-28Bibliographically approved
Peng, H., Salmen, L., Jiang, J. & Lu, J. (2020). Creep properties of compression wood fibers. Wood Science and Technology, 54, 1497-1510
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Creep properties of compression wood fibers
2020 (English)In: Wood Science and Technology, ISSN 0043-7719, E-ISSN 1432-5225, Vol. 54, p. 1497-1510Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the creep behavior of CW is necessary. In particular, the involvement of lignin for the creep behavior of CW needs to be better understood. In the present paper, wood fibers and slices from CW and normal wood were studied at both high constant humidity and cyclic 30–80% RH conditions. The micromechanical deformation explored by FTIR confirmed that in CW, lignin participated in the stress transfer during creep measurements. For all types of materials, the creep strain rate at constant and cyclic humidity conditions was linearly related to the applied load level. For single CW fibers, the creep rates were higher at a given load for native CW fibers compared to holocellulose CW fibers, due to the lower relative cellulose content. The CW fibers, with a microfibril angle of around 45°, were found to exhibit a greater creep rate during moisture cycling as compared to the higher but constant humidity level, i.e., a mechano-sorptive behavior. However, the mechano-sorptive effect, i.e., the ratio between the creep rates at constant and cyclic humidity, was only slightly higher for the CW holocellulose fibers as compared to the native CW fibers, indicating that the lignin most probably does not contribute to the mechano-sorptive effect. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2020
Keywords
Fibers, Lignin, Strain rate, Wood products, Cellulose content, Compression woods, Creep measurement, Creep strain rate, Humidity conditions, Micro-mechanical deformations, Microfibril angles, Moisture cycling, Creep
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-48902 (URN)10.1007/s00226-020-01221-1 (DOI)2-s2.0-85090867337 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: National Key Research and Development Program of China, 2017YFD0600202; Funding details: China Scholarship Council, CSC; Funding text 1: National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0600202).; Funding text 2: Hui Peng has a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The authors wish to thank Liang Zhou (Anhui Agricultural University, China) for providing the wood samples. Dr. Jasna S. Stevanic RISE/Innventia AB, Sweden, is acknowledged for technical support with the FTIR measurements.

Available from: 2020-09-22 Created: 2020-09-22 Last updated: 2021-01-12Bibliographically approved
Stevanic Srndovic, J. & Salmen, L. (2020). Molecular origin of mechano-sorptive creep in cellulosic fibres. Carbohydrate Polymers, 230, Article ID 115615.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Molecular origin of mechano-sorptive creep in cellulosic fibres
2020 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 230, article id 115615Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mechano-sorptive creep, i.e. the increased rate of creep that occurs during changing relative humidity, when loading paper or wood, is a phenomenon still not fully understood. This phenomenon was here investigated by examining the changes occurring at the molecular level utilising FTIR spectroscopy. By subjecting the paper to deuterated water, the changes involving both the crystalline hydroxyls as well as those in accessible regions could be examined. During loading, the cellulose molecular chains are stretched taking the load. In addition, during mechano-sorptive creep a further exchange from OH to OD groups occurred. This was interpreted as caused by slippage between cellulose fibrils allowing previously non-accessible hydroxyls to become available for deuterium exchange. Thus, the loosening of the structure, during the changing moisture conditions, is interpreted as what has led to the increased creep and the possibility for new areas of cellulose fibril/fibril aggregates to be exposed to the deuterium exchange.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2020
Keywords
Cellulose, Creep, Deuterium, Moisture changes, Paper, Relative humidity, Tensile load, Atmospheric humidity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Moisture, Cellulose fibrils, Deuterium exchange, FTIR spectroscopy, Mechanosorptive creep, Moisture conditions, Molecular levels, Molecular origins, Tensile loads, Exchange, Fibrils, Loading
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-43394 (URN)10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115615 (DOI)2-s2.0-85076845304 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Swedish Insitute, SI; Funding text 1: This work has been performed within the pre-competitive part of the RISE Bioeconomy Research Programme 2018–2020. The funding of the participating parties, ABInBev , BillerudKorsnäs , Georgia-Pacific , Metsä Board , MillerGraphics , MondiPowerflute and StoraEnso , are gratefully acknowledged as well as the co-financing from funds for strategic competence development to RISE from the Swedish state .

Available from: 2020-01-31 Created: 2020-01-31 Last updated: 2023-05-22Bibliographically approved
Peng, H., Salmen, L., Jiang, J. & Lu, J. (2019). Contribution of lignin to the stress transfer in compression wood viewed by tensile FTIR loading. Holzforschung, 74(5), 459-467
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contribution of lignin to the stress transfer in compression wood viewed by tensile FTIR loading
2019 (English)In: Holzforschung, ISSN 0018-3830, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 74, no 5, p. 459-467Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To achieve efficient utilization of compression wood (CW), a deeper insight into the molecular interactions is necessary. In particular, the role of lignin in the wood needs to be better understood, especially concerning how lignin contributes to its mechanical properties. For this reason, the properties of CW and normal wood (NW) from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) have been studied on a molecular scale by means of polarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, under both static and dynamic loading conditions. Under static tensile loading, only molecular deformations of cellulose were observed in both CW and NW. No participation of lignin could be detected. In relation to the macroscopic strain, the molecular deformation of the cellulose C-O-C bond was greater in NW than in CW as a reflection of the higher microfibril angle and the lower load taken up by CW. Under dynamic deformation, a larger contribution of the lignin to stress transfer was detected in CW; the molecular deformation of the lignin being highly related to the amplitude of the applied stress. Correlation analysis indicated that there was a direct coupling between lignin and cellulose in CW, but there was no evidence of such a direct coupling in NW. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
De Gruyter, 2019
Keywords
cellulose, compression wood, FTIR, lignin, mechanical properties, polymer interaction, softwood, Deformation, Dynamic loads, Dynamics, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Softwoods, Stress analysis, Compression woods, Correlation analysis, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Molecular deformations, Polymer interactions, Static and dynamic loading, Static tensile loading, Wood
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-40922 (URN)10.1515/hf-2019-0206 (DOI)2-s2.0-85075256611 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Anhui Agricultural University, AAU; Funding text 1: The authors wish to thank Liang Zhou (Anhui Agricultural University, China) for providing the wood samples. Dr. Jasna S. Stevanic RISE/Innventia AB, Sweden is acknowledged for technical support with the FTIR measurements.

Available from: 2019-12-10 Created: 2019-12-10 Last updated: 2020-06-04Bibliographically approved
Odeberg Glasenapp, A., Alfthan, J., Salmen, L., Stevanic Srndovic, J., Björk, E., Holmqvist, C., . . . Berthold, J. (2019). Next level of corrugated board research. In: 29th IAPRI Symposium on packaging, 2019: Serving society innovative perspectives on packaging. Paper presented at 29th IAPRI Symposium on packaging, 11-14 June, 2019, Enschede, The Netherlands.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Next level of corrugated board research
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2019 (English)In: 29th IAPRI Symposium on packaging, 2019: Serving society innovative perspectives on packaging, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 For the first time in the Bioeconomy research program at RISE, corrugatedboard has an own research area. Research is building around the main driving forcesin the corrugated board value chain like e-commerce, improved box performance anddigital printing. The main weakness of corrugated board, its moisture sensitivity, isalso addressed.These main driving forces and weaknesses of corrugated board are mirrored in thethemes of this large research program area:Fibre sorption and deformation mechanismsFundamental knowledge on the mechanisms behind moisture sorption and deformation on fibre level is developed to increase moisture and creep resistance throughmodification of paper materials. State of the art methods for characterization ofthe fibre ultra- and nano-structure such as Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy(FTIR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS)give new insights on mechanisms and clarify effects of moisture as well as chemicalmodifications.Papermaking for improved base sheetsConcepts that are explored are fibre-based strength additives produced with novelrefining techniques, and modified ZD-profiles in the sheet for better mechanical properties.Box mechanicsMechanical performance of structures such as corrugated board boxes can be predicted through physically based mathematical modelling by taking the behaviour ofthe constituent materials as well as the geometry into account. Appropriate materialmodels for the corrugated board are identified and finite element models for simulation of corrugated board packaging performance are developed.Tool for inkjet printability on corrugatedThere is a genuine need for improved inkjet printability on corrugated materials thanksto rapid development in e-commerce as well as digitalization along the corrugatedvalue chain. Effective measurement methods and knowledge around ink-substrateinteractions are developed to enable board producers and converters to have effective product development and predictable printability on not only liners but also oncorrugated materials.

Keywords
corrugated board, moisture, box mechanics, inkjet printing, fibre sorption
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-39737 (URN)
Conference
29th IAPRI Symposium on packaging, 11-14 June, 2019, Enschede, The Netherlands
Available from: 2019-08-14 Created: 2019-08-14 Last updated: 2024-05-22Bibliographically approved
Peng, H., Salmen, L., Stevanic Srndovic, J. & Lu, J. (2019). Structural organization of the cell wall polymers in compression wood as revealed by FTIR microspectroscopy. Planta, 250(1), 163-171
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Structural organization of the cell wall polymers in compression wood as revealed by FTIR microspectroscopy
2019 (English)In: Planta, ISSN 0032-0935, E-ISSN 1432-2048, Vol. 250, no 1, p. 163-171Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Main conclusion: Glucomannan was more strongly oriented, in line with the orientation of cellulose, than the xylan in both compression wood and normal wood of Chinese fir. Lignin in compression wood was somewhat more oriented in the direction of the cellulose microfibrils than in normal wood. The structural organization in compression wood (CW) is quite different from that in normal wood (NW). To shed more light on the structural organization of the polymers in plant cell walls, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microscopy in transmission mode has been used to compare the S2-dominated mean orientation of wood polymers in CW with that in NW from Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata). Polarized FTIR measurements revealed that in both CW and NW samples, glucomannan and xylan showed a parallel orientation with respect to the cellulose microfibrils. In both wood samples, the glucomannan showed a much greater degree of orientation than the xylan, indicating that the glucomannan has established a stronger interaction with cellulose than xylan. For the lignin, the absorption peak also indicated an orientation along the direction of the cellulose microfibrils, but this orientation was more pronounced in CW than in NW, indicating that the lignin is affected by the orientation of the cellulose microfibrils more strongly in CW than it is in NW.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Verlag, 2019
Keywords
Cellulose, Compression wood, FTIR microscopy, Glucomannan, Lignin, Orientation, Softwood, Xylan, (1-6)-alpha-glucomannan, mannan, polymer, cell wall, Chinese fir, fiber, infrared spectroscopy, metabolism, ultrastructure, wood, Cunninghamia, Mannans, Microfibrils, Polymers, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared, Xylans
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-42768 (URN)10.1007/s00425-019-03158-7 (DOI)2-s2.0-85064192095 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: China Scholarship Council, CSC; Funding details: National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), 2017YFD0600202; Funding text 1: Acknowledgements This research was sponsored by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0600202). Hui Peng has a fellowship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC). The authors wish to thank Jiali Jiang (Research Institute of Wood Industry of Chinese Academy of Forestry, China) and Liang Zhou (Anhui Agricultural University, China) for providing the wood samples.

Available from: 2020-01-10 Created: 2020-01-10 Last updated: 2023-05-22Bibliographically approved
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