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Pérez-Rey, I., Muñiz-Menéndez, M., Frühwirt, T., Konietzky, H., Jacobsson, L., Perras, M. A., . . . Alejano, L. R. (2024). Assessment of Direct Tensile Strength Tests in Rock Through a Multi-laboratory Benchmark Experiment. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 57, 3617
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Direct Tensile Strength Tests in Rock Through a Multi-laboratory Benchmark Experiment
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2024 (English)In: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, ISSN 0723-2632, E-ISSN 1434-453X, Vol. 57, p. 3617-Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study aims to experimentally assess repeatability and reproducibility of direct tensile strength (DTS) tests with deformability measurements on two types of rocks: Blanco Mera granite (Spain) and Cotta sandstone (Germany). The tests were conducted in four rock mechanics laboratories located in different countries (Canada, Germany, Spain and Sweden). A total of 51 tests were performed on cylindrical specimens of the two rocks, using different test equipment and measuring devices. Mean and standard deviation DTS values were determined in the four laboratories for the granite (5.70 ± 0.32, 6.06 ± 0.11, 3.84 ± 0.50 and 6.76 ± 0.10 MPa) and for the sandstone (1.88 ± 0.07, 1.96 ± 0.06, 1.15 ± 0.32 and 1.74 ± 0.19 MPa), together with Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios in tension, being statistically analysed to evaluate the variability and compare the main results obtained from the participating laboratories. The findings indicate that the DTS test with deformability measurements on cylindrical rock specimens is operationally feasible. However, certain shortcomings have been identified during the course of the experiments with the existing methodologies, such as the one suggested by the ISRM for DTS tests. The results have also shown to be sensitive to appropriate test and strain measurement configurations. The objective of this study was to shed light on these issues and provide new insights for potential future improvements of the existing testing methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
Keywords
Direct tensile strength, Deformability, Reproducibility, Repeatability, Benchmark, Methodology
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-72001 (URN)10.1007/s00603-023-03751-z (DOI)
Available from: 2024-02-20 Created: 2024-02-20 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
Godio, M. & Jacobsson, L. (2024). Experimental study on the hydromechanical behaviour of a natural unperturbed fracture under normal loading: Derivation of the equivalent hydraulic aperture and its digital reconstruction.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental study on the hydromechanical behaviour of a natural unperturbed fracture under normal loading: Derivation of the equivalent hydraulic aperture and its digital reconstruction
2024 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This report describes the laboratory work undertaken to characterize the hydromechanical behaviour of a natural rock fracture under varying normal loading. The hydraulic transmissivity of a granite specimen with a sealed (unopened) quasi-planar natural fracture of length 200 mm and width 200 mm was measured. The transmissivity measurements were conducted in the two perpendicular directions of the fracture, repeating them at five different normal compression stress levels, namely, ~0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 MPa, and flow gradients. The fracture was mechanically opened, and the measurements were repeated to investigate the effect of opening the fracture on its hydraulic transmissivity and hydromechanical behaviour. For one direction, the change in transmissivity was explored for high normal compression stress levels, up to ~40 MPa. Laminar flow conditions were ensured at every stage of the experimental campaign by working at very low Reynolds numbers (<1). The equivalent hydraulic aperture of the fracture was derived by resorting to the parallel-plate model theory. The hydraulic aperture was compared to the mechanical aperture, which was obtained by measuring the deformation of the specimen. In addition to the transmissivity tests, the geometry of the lateral walls and surfaces of the fracture was documented and measured by a series of tools, namely, digital scans, high-resolution pictures, optical readings by a stand microscope, and contact pressure-sheet measurements. The results achieved in this campaign shed light on the hydraulic transmissivity of sealed (unopened) and consequently opened natural fractures, and its dependency to the applied normal compression stress at low to very-low flow rates.

Publisher
p. 85
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:8
Keywords
Natural rock fracture, Hydro-mechanical behaviour, Transmissivity, Normal load, Coupled stress-flow test, Laminar flow
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-71540 (URN)978-91-89896-49-9 (ISBN)
Note

The experimental work was funded by Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB (SKB) and is a part of the international project, TASK 10, of the SKB Task Force on Modelling of Groundwater Flow and Transport of Solutes (GWFTS) which involves several international nuclear waste management organisations.

Available from: 2024-01-31 Created: 2024-01-31 Last updated: 2025-01-24Bibliographically approved
Jacobsson, L., Larsson, J., Flansbjer, M., Mas-Ivars, D., Kasani, H. A. & Johansson, F. (2024). MEKANISKA EGENSKAPER HOS STORABERGSPRICKOR. In: : . Paper presented at Stiftelsen för bergteknisk forsknings BeFo:s, Bergdagarna 2024..
Open this publication in new window or tab >>MEKANISKA EGENSKAPER HOS STORABERGSPRICKOR
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2024 (Swedish)Conference paper, Published paper (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Experimentella undersökningar av skjuvegenskaperna hos bergsprickor i hårt berg har generellt fokuserat på mindre sprickprover för normalspänningar på upp till 20 MPa, representativa för ett kärnbränsleförvar på ca 400 meters djup. Vid stora sprickprover har skjuvegenskaperna generellt bestämts för låga spänningar, på någon eller några MPa. För att få en förståelse för inverkan av sprickornas storlek för skjuvegenskaperna vid höga normalspänningar är det avgörande att genomföra skjuvförsök på stora bergsprickor (> 200 mm) i hårt berg under höga normalspänningar. I projektet Parameterization of Fractures, POST (2014–2016), studerades skaleffekterna genom in situ-försök, småskaliga skjuvförsök och beräkningssimuleringar. Det konstaterades att laboratorieexperiment under kontrollerade förhållanden och på stora bergprover är nödvändiga för att få tillförlitliga resultat. Det konstaterades också att in-situ-försök är komplexa med stora underliggande osäkerheter och är samtidigt kostsamma. I det pågående projektet POST 2 som startade 2017 har bergsprickor på upp till 500 mm provats i en ny unik laboratorieutrustning, jämte provning av mindre sprickor, vid höga normalspänningar för både CNL och CNS förhållanden och med ny mätteknik. Teknik för att tillverka replikaprover av bergsprickor har utvecklats och provats med syfte att göra lastparameterstudier. Kvaliteten hos geometriavbildningen hos replikaproverna och sprickornas geometrier har uppmätts med högupplöst skanning. I denna artikel presenteras en del av resultaten från projektet. Resultaten från projektet är tillämpbara för andra områden med undermarkskonstruktioner såsom projektering av tunnlar och bergrum för infrastrukturprojekt och gruvor.

Abstract [en]

Experimental investigations of the shear properties of rock fractures in hard rock have generally focused on tests on smaller fracture s for normal stresses of up to 20 MPa, representative of a nuclear waste repository at a depth of about 400 meters. T he shear properties of large fractures determined at experiments have generally been determined at low stresses , of one or more MPa. To gain an understanding of the effect of the size on the shear properties of the fractures at high normal stresses, it is crucial to perform shear experiments on large rock fractures (> 200 mm) in hard rock under high normal stresses. In the project Parameterization of Fractures, POST (2014 2016), the scale effects were studied by in situ experiments, small scale shear experiments and computational simulations. It was found that laboratory experiments under controlled conditions and on large rock samples are necessary to obtain reliable results. It was also found that in situ experiments are complex with large underlying uncertainties and are at the same time costly. In the ongoing POST 2 project, which started in 2017, rock fractures up to 500 mm have been tested in a new unique laboratory equipment, along with test s on smaller fractures , at high normal stress for both CNL and CNS conditions and with new measurement technology. Techniques for producing replica samples of rock fractures have been developed and tested with the aim of making load parameter studies. The quality of the geometry imaging of the replica samples and the geometries of the fractures has been meas ured by high resolution scanning. This article presents some of the results from the project. The results from the project are applicable to other areas with underground construction, such as the design of tunnels and rock caverns for infrastructure projects and mines.

Keywords
Provningsutrustning, bergsprickor, normalbelastningsförsök, direkta skjuvförsök, sprickstyvhet, konstant normalstyvhet CNS, digital image correlation DIC
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73355 (URN)
Conference
Stiftelsen för bergteknisk forsknings BeFo:s, Bergdagarna 2024.
Available from: 2024-06-03 Created: 2024-06-03 Last updated: 2024-06-03Bibliographically approved
Jacobsson, L. & Brander, L. (2024). Tensile Fracture Initiation and Propagation of Granite and Gneiss at Wedge Splitting Tests: Part 2—Fracturing Studies Based on Digital Image Correlation and Thin Section Analysis. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tensile Fracture Initiation and Propagation of Granite and Gneiss at Wedge Splitting Tests: Part 2—Fracturing Studies Based on Digital Image Correlation and Thin Section Analysis
2024 (English)In: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, ISSN 0723-2632, E-ISSN 1434-453XArticle in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

The crack development in quasi-brittle granite and brittle gneiss under mode I loading condition was monitored using digital image correlation (DIC) technique during wedge splitting tests. The cracking behavior was studied on granite specimens that were split in one material direction, perpendicular to the rift plane, and gneiss specimens that were split in three different material directions, parallel and perpendicular to the foliation (along and across a lineation). The granite specimens had a saw cut 5 mm-wide notch and a blunt round notch in form of a 32 mm borehole. The gneiss specimens had a saw cut notch. The results from the DIC measurements revealed a meandering and branching crack path for the granite, whereas a smoother crack path for the gneiss with almost no branching. This behavior was confirmed by microscopy images from thin sections taken from specimens after testing. The thin sections showed that the fractures were prone to propagate across grains in the more coarse-grained granite than in the fine-grained gneiss, where the fractures propagated almost entirely along grain boundaries. The crack initiation occurred mainly in the corner of the saw cut notches and centrally in the round notch. However, the initiation locations in the granite were affected by the medium- to coarse-grained microstructure with grains preventing initiation and propagation which yielded displaced positions out from the ideal ones with respect to the highest stress in some cases. The crack opening displacement was determined along the crack path from the DIC measurements at 12 stages on each specimen of the advancing crack during the splitting progress. The critical crack opening displacement and length of the fracture process zone were assessed and the crack front position yielding the crack length along the tests was determined. The results showed a critical crack length when the deformations in the ligament (also called plastic hinge) affected the cracking process. The average crack velocity in gneiss during the test was more than twice as high as in the granite. This is attributed to a combined effect of the higher brittleness in the gneiss and the effect of a too large elastic energy in the specimen and test setup in relation to the dissipated fracture energy which made the initial crack propagation in the gneiss specimens nearly unstable. The strain energy release rate was calculated along the crack propagation and showed a lower value when the crack lengths were less than 40–60 mm. The calculation of the strain energy release rate was made on crack length measurements from DIC results. The results from the investigation were discussed in relation to the few other similar results found in the literature. The findings give an insight and understanding of the cracking process via both qualitative and quantitative results. Several used methods were novel or not used together in a single study as in this one.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024
Keywords
Brittle fracture; Brittleness; Computerized tomography; Crack initiation; Crack propagation; Fracture energy; Fracture testing; Image correlation; Liquid crystals; Nanocrystallization; Proppants; Sawing; Saws; Strain rate; Correlation measurement; Crack paths; Digital image correlations; Fractures mechanics; Fracturing process; Initiation and propagation; Microstructures analysis; Tensile crack; Thin-sections; Wedge splitting test; Granite
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76284 (URN)10.1007/s00603-024-04257-y (DOI)2-s2.0-85210178074 (Scopus ID)
Note

Open access funding provided by RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. The sampling, sample preparation, experiments and the basic evaluations were carried out within the European project HYDRASPLIT, Grant Agreement No. FP7-SME-2012-1-315530. 

Available from: 2025-01-03 Created: 2025-01-03 Last updated: 2025-01-03Bibliographically approved
Jacobsson, L., Flansbjer, M. & Larsson, J. (2023). Direct shear tests on large natural and artificially induced rock fractures in a new laboratory equipment. In: Schubert, W. & Kluckner, A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the ISRM 15th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium: Challenges in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering. Paper presented at ISRM 15th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium, Salzburg, Austria, October 9-14, 2023 (pp. 2709-2714). Salzburg: Austrian Society for Geomechanics, Article ID 1827.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Direct shear tests on large natural and artificially induced rock fractures in a new laboratory equipment
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of the ISRM 15th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium: Challenges in Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering / [ed] Schubert, W. & Kluckner, A., Salzburg: Austrian Society for Geomechanics , 2023, p. 2709-2714, article id 1827Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A direct shear equipment for testing rock fractures up to 400×600 mm size, and up to 5 MN force in both normal and shear loading directions, was developed. Normal loading and direct shear tests under constant normal stiffness (CNS) and constant normal load (CNL) conditions were conducted on 300×500 mm specimens, one planar steel joint and two natural and two tensile induced rock fractures. Design targets, e.g. system to maintain undisturbed fractures up to testing and high system stiffnesses to achieve well-controlled shear tests, were verified by the experiments. A new optical system for local deformation measurements was used to accurately determine fracture displacements besides conventional non-local deformation measurements. The determined normal stiffnesses were similar previous results from the literature on smaller fractures, whereas the shear stiffness data are novel. The results provide a new insight into processes at the onset of fracture slip.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Salzburg: Austrian Society for Geomechanics, 2023
Keywords
Rock fractures, large scale direct shear equipment, local optical deformation measurements, CNL, CNS, fracture stiffness
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67541 (URN)
Conference
ISRM 15th International Congress on Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering & 72nd Geomechanics Colloquium, Salzburg, Austria, October 9-14, 2023
Funder
Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company, SKB
Note

Funding of this work: SKB Svensk Kärnbränslehantering,  

NWMO Nuclear Waste Management Co https://www.nwmo.ca/ , 

BeFo Stiftelsen Bergteknisk Forskning https://www.befoonline.org/

Available from: 2023-10-17 Created: 2023-10-17 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
Hanquist, C., Jacobsson, L. & Davidsson, S. (2023). Laboratory tests in borehole KFM01A, KFM08A, KFM11A, KFR102A and KFR104: Uniaxial compression and indirect tensile strength tests of intact rock. Solna: Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Laboratory tests in borehole KFM01A, KFM08A, KFM11A, KFR102A and KFR104: Uniaxial compression and indirect tensile strength tests of intact rock
2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The density and mechanical properties were determined on water saturated specimens from boreholesKFM01A, KFM08A, KFM11A, KFR102A and KFR104 in the Forsmark site investigation area. Therock types in the selected sections were amphibolite (102017) and metavolcanic rock (103076). Somespecimens had a more or less foliated rock structure. The cores were sampled from a depth rangingbetween 196–901 m.The specimens were water saturated using tap water and all subsequent measurements wereconducted at this moisture condition. The density was determined on 30 specimens. The testingended with 20 indirect tensile tests yielding the indirect tensile strength and 10 uniaxial compressiontests including the post-peak response yielded the Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and the uniaxialcompressive strength.Some variation of rock material along the short cores could be seen, which is reflected in themeasured data. The density at a water saturated condition was 2892–3067 kg/m3 for amphibolite, and2697–2763 kg/m3 for metavolcanic rock.The indirect tensile tests were conducted such that every specimen with visible foliation was testedwith the diametrical compression across the foliation planes, with higher values for the indirecttensile strength on the specimens. The strength variation in the amphibolite was large. The indirecttensile strength was 10.8–21.4 MPa for amphibolite and 16.9–20.7 MPa for metavolcanic rock. Twoof the amphibolite specimens had a deviating lower strength, indirect tensile strength 5.7 MParespectively 5.8 MPa, with a ductile failure. Those specimens had a high content of mica.The Young’s modulus obtained from the uniaxial compression tests was 88.6–114.5 GPa foramphibolite and 68.2–89.1 GPa for metavolcanic rock and the Poisson’s ratio was 0.339–0.386 foramphibolite and 0.236–0.313 for metavolcanic rock. The peak values of the axial compressive stresswere in the range 213.1–333.7 MPa for amphibolite and 104.1–283.1 MPa for metavolcanic rock.One of the amphibolite specimens had a deviating lower strength and a ductile failure with Young’smodulus 41.2 GPa, Poisson’s ratio 0.500 and peak axial compressive stress of 44.5 MPa. Thatspecimen had a high content of mica. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Solna: Svensk Kärnbränslehantering AB, 2023. p. 68
Series
SKB P-23-05, ISSN 1651-4416
Keywords
Forsmark, elasticity parameters, post-failure behaviour, uniaxial compression test, indirect tensile test, AP SFK-22-032
National Category
Earth and Related Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67555 (URN)
Available from: 2023-10-20 Created: 2023-10-20 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
Jacobsson, L. & Godio, M. (2023). Measuring the hydraulic transmissivity of a rock joint under varying normal load. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: 1755-1307 (ISSN), 1755-1315 (ISSN). Paper presented at Eurock 2022 Symposium: Rock and Fracture Mechanics in Rock Engineering and Mining, 11 September 2022 through 15 September 2022. Institute of Physics (1)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measuring the hydraulic transmissivity of a rock joint under varying normal load
2023 (English)In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science: 1755-1307 (ISSN), 1755-1315 (ISSN), Institute of Physics , 2023, no 1Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The water flow rate through a rectangular granite specimen with a tight unopened natural induced joint of dimensions 200×200 mm was measured in two perpendicular directions. The measurements were conducted at five different levels of stress corresponding to loading from 0 to 8 MPa and unloading back to 0 MPa. The flow was measured at different hydraulic gradients in the range of 10 to 25. The results showed a joint transmissivity between 0.002-0.03 mm2/s and a hydraulic aperture of 8-32 μm. It was shown that the measurements performed in the second orientation displayed smaller transmissivity and hydraulic aperture as compared to those in the first orientation, showing a residual compaction after the first load cycle. The Reynolds number was less than one in all the measurements yielding laminar flow conditions. Deviations from the linear regime relationship were observed for the lowest flow rates (Re &lt; 0.1). A transitory regime was observed when varying the hydraulic gradient. This regime was observed to be longer at the lowest flow rates. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics, 2023
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65344 (URN)10.1088/1755-1315/1124/1/012050 (DOI)2-s2.0-85146617420 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Eurock 2022 Symposium: Rock and Fracture Mechanics in Rock Engineering and Mining, 11 September 2022 through 15 September 2022
Note

Funding details: TASK10; Funding text 1: The experimental work was funded by Swedish Nuclear Waste and Management Co, Sweden (SKB) and is a part of the international project, TASK10, on Groundwater Flow and Transport of Solutes (GWFTS) which involves several nuclear waste management companies.

Available from: 2023-06-15 Created: 2023-06-15 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
Arellanoa, S., Jacobsson, L., Kasani, B. & Steffen, H. (2022). EPOS Sweden: A national contribution to the European Plate Observing System-European Research Infrastructure Consortium. In: Abstract book: . Paper presented at Geological Society of Sweden 150 year anniversary meeting Uppsala, Sweden. August 17–19, 2022n.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>EPOS Sweden: A national contribution to the European Plate Observing System-European Research Infrastructure Consortium
2022 (English)In: Abstract book, 2022Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The pan-European “European Plate Observing System (EPOS)” is focussed on Europe and adjacent regions and includes geophysical monitoring networks, local observations (including permanent in-situ and volcano observatories), topographic/surface dynamics information, surface and subsurface geological information, experimental and laboratory data and functions, and satellite data. In 2021 the Swedish Research Council (VR) approved an application for Sweden to join EPOS-ERIC, formally establishing existing collaborations between EPOS and Swedish research infrastructures.

National Category
Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60137 (URN)
Conference
Geological Society of Sweden 150 year anniversary meeting Uppsala, Sweden. August 17–19, 2022n
Available from: 2022-09-22 Created: 2022-09-22 Last updated: 2024-02-21Bibliographically approved
Jacobsson, L., Mas Ivars, D., Kasani, H. A. & Johansson, F. (2022). Experimental program to study scale effects on mechanical properties of large rock fractures. In: Abstract Volume: . Paper presented at Geological Society of Sweden 150 year anniversary meeting Uppsala, Sweden. August 17–19, 2022 (pp. 102-103).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental program to study scale effects on mechanical properties of large rock fractures
2022 (English)In: Abstract Volume, 2022, p. 102-103Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The scale effect of natural and artifically induced rock fractures and replicas up to a 500 mm length are experimentally studied by direct shear tests in a testing program including a newly manufactured large shear testing equipment. The fractures are chatacterised pre-, syn-, and post-shear test. Combinations of different measurements provide a high-quality dataset enabling deeper understanding of, and constitutive model development for rock fractures used for safety assessment of deep geological respoitories for nuclear waste disposal.

National Category
Geology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60139 (URN)
Conference
Geological Society of Sweden 150 year anniversary meeting Uppsala, Sweden. August 17–19, 2022
Available from: 2022-09-22 Created: 2022-09-22 Last updated: 2024-02-21Bibliographically approved
Kiuru, R., Jacobsson, L., Király, D. & Suikkanen, J. (2022). Geofysiikka louhintavauriotutkimuksissa. In: XXX Geofysiikan päivät: Helsingissä 18.‐19.5.2022. Paper presented at Geofysiikan päivät - Helsinki, Finland Duration: 18-19 May 2022 (pp. 34-35). Helsingfors: Geofysiikan Seura
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Geofysiikka louhintavauriotutkimuksissa
2022 (Finnish)In: XXX Geofysiikan päivät: Helsingissä 18.‐19.5.2022, Helsingfors: Geofysiikan Seura , 2022, p. 34-35Conference paper, Poster (with or without abstract) (Other academic)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Helsingfors: Geofysiikan Seura, 2022
Series
Geofysiikan päivät, E-ISSN 1798-2200 ; 30
National Category
Geophysics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-72002 (URN)
Conference
Geofysiikan päivät - Helsinki, Finland Duration: 18-19 May 2022
Available from: 2024-02-20 Created: 2024-02-20 Last updated: 2024-02-22Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-4526-4061

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