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Publications (10 of 41) Show all publications
Arrhenius, K., Morris, A., Hookham, M., Moore, N., Modugno, P. & Bacquart, T. (2024). An inter-laboratory comparison between 13 international laboratories for eight components relevant for hydrogen fuel quality assessment. Measurement, 230, Article ID 114553.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An inter-laboratory comparison between 13 international laboratories for eight components relevant for hydrogen fuel quality assessment
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2024 (English)In: Measurement, ISSN 0263-2241, E-ISSN 1873-412X, Vol. 230, article id 114553Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The quality of the hydrogen delivered by refuelling stations is critical for end-users and society. The purity of the hydrogen dispensed at hydrogen refuelling points should comply with the technical specifications included in the ISO 14687:2019 and EN 17124:2022 standards. Once laboratories have set up methods, they need to verify their performances, for example through participation in interlaboratory comparisons. Due to the challenge associated with the production of stable reference materials and transport of these which are produced in hydrogen at high pressure (>10 bar), interlaboratory comparisons have been organized in different steps, with increasing extent. This study describes an inter-laboratory comparison exercise for hydrogen fuel involving a large number of participants (13 laboratories), completed in less than a year and included eight key contaminants of hydrogen fuel at level close to the ISO14687 threshold. These compounds were selected based on their high probability of occurrence or because they have been found in hydrogen fuel samples. For the results of the intercomparison, it appeared that fully complying with ISO 21087:2019 is still challenging for many participants and highlighted the importance of organising these types of exercises. Many laboratories performed corrective actions based on their results, which in turn significantly improved their performances. © 2024 The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier B.V., 2024
Keywords
High pressure engineering; Laboratories; Calibrants; Eight component; FCEV; Gas calibrant; Hydrogen fuel qualities; Hydrogen quality; Interlaboratory comparison; Performance; Quality assessment; Traceable validation; Hydrogen fuels
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-72783 (URN)10.1016/j.measurement.2024.114553 (DOI)2-s2.0-85188742118 (Scopus ID)
Note

The Joint Research Project «Metrology for hydrogen vehicles 2» is supported the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The EMPIR initiative is co-funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States.

Available from: 2024-05-15 Created: 2024-05-15 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Arrhenius, K., Bacquart, T., Aarhaug, T., Persijn, S., Büker, O., van Workum, D., . . . Maury, R. (2024). Hydrogen sampling systems adapted to heavy-duty refuelling stations’ current and future specifications – A review. Energy Reports, 12, 3451-3459
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hydrogen sampling systems adapted to heavy-duty refuelling stations’ current and future specifications – A review
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2024 (English)In: Energy Reports, E-ISSN 2352-4847, Vol. 12, p. 3451-3459Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To meet the new regulation for the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure which sets targets for electric recharging and hydrogen refuelling infrastructure by 2025 or 2030, a large infrastructure comprising truck-suitable hydrogen refuelling stations will soon be required. However, further standardisation is required to support the uptake of hydrogen for heavy-duty transport for Europe’s green energy future. Hydrogen-powered vehicles require pure hydrogen as some contaminants can reduce the performance of the fuel cell even at very low levels. Even if previous projects have paved the way for the development of the European quality infrastructure for hydrogen conformity assessment, sampling systems and methods have yet to be developed for heavy-duty hydrogen refuelling stations (HD-HRS). This study reviews different aspects of the sampling of hydrogen at heavy-duty hydrogen refuelling stations for purity assessment, with a focus on the current and future specifications and operations at HD-HRS. This study describes the state-of-the art of sampling systems currently under development for use at HD-HRS and highlights a number of aspects which must be taken into consideration to ensure safe and accurate sampling: risk assessment for the whole sampling exercise, selection of cylinders, methods to prepare cylinders before the sampling, filling pressure, and venting of the sampling systems. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
’current; Energy future; Green energy; Heavy duty; Heavy-duty application; Hydrogen powered vehicles; Hydrogen purity; Hydrogen refueling; Hydrogen refueling stations; Sampling systems; Hydrogen fuels
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76166 (URN)10.1016/j.egyr.2024.09.032 (DOI)2-s2.0-85204451452 (Scopus ID)
Note

The project has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by European Union Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and from the Participating States. Funder name: European Partnership on Metrology. Funder ID: 10.13039/100019599. Grant number: 22NRM03 MetHyTrucks

Available from: 2025-01-03 Created: 2025-01-03 Last updated: 2025-01-03Bibliographically approved
Arrhenius, K., Culleton, L., Nwaboh, J. & Li, J. (2024). Need for a protocol for performance evaluation of the gas analyzers used in biomethane conformity assessment. Accreditation and Quality Assurance, 29(1), 69-76
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Need for a protocol for performance evaluation of the gas analyzers used in biomethane conformity assessment
2024 (English)In: Accreditation and Quality Assurance, ISSN 0949-1775, E-ISSN 1432-0517, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 69-76Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Biomethane may contain trace components that can have adverse effects on gas vehicles performances and on the pipelines when injected in the gas grid. Biomethane quality assurance against specifications is therefore crucial for the integrity of the end-users’ appliances. Analytical methods used to assess biomethane conformity assessment must be validated properly and possibly, new methods specifically for biomethane should be developed. This paper provides an overview of the biomethane quality assurance infrastructure and the challenges faced with focus on sampling, analysis methods, reference gas mixtures, and performance evaluation. Currently, requirements for analytical method validation and fit-for-purpose assessments do not exist for biomethane. The industry is in urgent need of a protocol to evaluate the fit-for-purpose of methods in a harmonized manner. Reference gas mixtures to check the accuracy of the instrument and to determine the traceability of the measurement are also urgently required. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH, 2024
National Category
Bioprocess Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68792 (URN)10.1007/s00769-023-01562-x (DOI)2-s2.0-85179354174 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon Europe, 21NRM04 BiometCAP
Note

The project has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed by European Union Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program and from the Participating States.

Funder name: European Partnership on Metrology, Funder ID: 10.13039/100019599, Grant number: 21NRM04 BiometCAP.

Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-10 Last updated: 2024-06-11Bibliographically approved
Arrhenius, K., Büker, O., Hultmark, S., Bacquart, T., Aarhaug, T., Persijn, S., . . . Maury, R. (2024). Parameters affecting the reliability of sampling during the assessment of the purity of hydrogen used as a vehicle fuel. Measurement: Sensors, Article ID 101771.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Parameters affecting the reliability of sampling during the assessment of the purity of hydrogen used as a vehicle fuel
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2024 (English)In: Measurement: Sensors, ISSN 2665-9174, article id 101771Article in journal (Refereed) Accepted
Abstract [en]

It is foreseen that hydrogen heavy-duty (HD) vehicles will be used to a large extent to support the transition to zero emission transport in Europe by 2050. Ensuring the quality of hydrogen is crucial to guarantee a smooth transition. To demonstrate the quality of hydrogen, sampling systems adapted to HD conditions are being developed and tested as part of the EU-funded project MetHyTrucks (Metrology to support standardisation of hydrogen fuel sampling for heavy duty hydrogen transport). Poor sampling can lead to damage to fleets of HD vehicles, making standardization crucial for the shared HD Hydrogen Refuelling Station (HRS) network. Reliable, specific sampling systems for HD-HRS, designed for both gaseous and particulate phases, are currently being developed in the European Partnership on Metrology project MetHyTrucks. The dynamic nature of a HD-HRS, with changes in pressure, flow and temperature during refuelling, can affect the reliability of sampling. Moreover, the hydrogen fuel sampling at the HD-HRS is an operation performed in a potentially explosive atmosphere area involving safety risks. This paper discusses the parameters that can affect sampling when assessing hydrogen purity at a HD-HRS. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Magnetic levitation vehicles; Condition; Heavy duty; Heavy duty vehicles; Heavy-duty-hydrogen refueling station; Hydrogen refueling stations; Sampling systems; Smooth transitions; Vehicle fuels; Zero emission; Hydrogen fuels
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76372 (URN)10.1016/j.measen.2024.101771 (DOI)2-s2.0-85213290184 (Scopus ID)
Note

The project (22NRM03 MetHyTrucks) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed from the European Union's Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States.Funder name: European Partnership on Metrology.

Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
Hultmark, S., Arrhenius, K. & Büker, O. (2024). Robust performance assessment protocol to benchmark and characterise analytical systems used in the biomethane conformity assessment and trial applications. Measurement: Sensors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Robust performance assessment protocol to benchmark and characterise analytical systems used in the biomethane conformity assessment and trial applications
2024 (English)In: Measurement: Sensors, ISSN 2665-9174Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

The European Partnership on Metrology project BiometCAP (Protocol for SI-traceable validation of methods for biomethane conformity assessment) has developed a comprehensive performance assessment protocol tailored to benchmark and characterise analytical systems such as gas analysers. The outcomes, including practical tests, will contribute to the development of standards. This article highlights some of the findings obtained so far in the BiometCAP project, showing the applicability of this protocol to assess the performance of analysis techniques used for quantifying terpenes, siloxanes and halogenated volatile organic compounds in biomethane. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Analytical systems; Assessment protocols; Biomethane; Comprehensive performance assessments; Conformity assessment; Gas analysers; Gas analyzers; Performance assessment; Robust performance; Traceability; Kyoto Protocol
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-77990 (URN)10.1016/j.measen.2024.101770 (DOI)2-s2.0-85214010563 (Scopus ID)
Note

The project (21NRM04 BiometCAP) has received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology, co-financed from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States.Funder name: European Partnership on Metrology.Funder ID: 10.13039/100019599.

Available from: 2025-02-28 Created: 2025-02-28 Last updated: 2025-04-16Bibliographically approved
Chinello, G., Arellano, Y., Span, R., van Putten, D., Abdulrahman, A., Joonaki, E., . . . Murugan, A. (2024). Toward standardized measurement of CO2 transfer in the CCS chain. Nexus, 1(2), Article ID 100013.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Toward standardized measurement of CO2 transfer in the CCS chain
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2024 (English)In: Nexus, ISSN 2950-1601, Vol. 1, no 2, article id 100013Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The global impact of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on climate change is undeniable, with carbon dioxide (CO2) identified as the primary contributor to global warming. Urgent action is required to mitigate global warming by reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to achieve net-zero levels. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) stands as a proven technology to curtail CO2 emissions from various sources by capturing and sequestering CO2 in geological formations. To address the challenge of deploying CCS on a global scale, it is crucial to accurately quantify the captured, transported, and stored CO2 since quantification underpins regulations and commercial contracts. However, the lack of standardization in CCS projects and measurement methodologies poses a significant challenge, necessitating a common measurement framework to ensure the transparency and reliability of these efforts. This article provides a comprehensive review, with 211 references, of the latest results and operating conditions for current measurement technologies covering the entire measuring system and not just a single instrument. As such, it is a first-of-its-kind effort at establishing a comprehensive framework for CCS measurement. This article serves as a source of references and as a step toward developing an international documentary standard for the transferred CO2 measurement. By addressing measurement challenges and providing comprehensive recommendations for future research, it contributes to the ongoing efforts to mitigate global warming through the widespread deployment of CCS technology.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
National Category
Climate Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75060 (URN)10.1016/j.ynexs.2024.100013 (DOI)
Note

This work was carried out as part of the project “Metrology for decarbonisingthe gas grid” 20IND10 www.decarbgrid.eu. The “Metrology for decarbonisingthe gas grid” 20IND10 project has received funding fromthe European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research(EMPIR) programme co-financed by the Participating States and fromthe European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme.

Available from: 2024-09-11 Created: 2024-09-11 Last updated: 2025-02-07Bibliographically approved
Arrhenius, K., Francini, L., Fischer, A., Büker, O. & Arques, L. (2023). Comparison of optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography for the measurement of the main components and impurities in biogas, landfill gas, biomethane and carbon dioxide streams. Measurement science and technology, 34(9), Article ID 095011.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy and gas chromatography for the measurement of the main components and impurities in biogas, landfill gas, biomethane and carbon dioxide streams
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2023 (English)In: Measurement science and technology, ISSN 0957-0233, E-ISSN 1361-6501, Vol. 34, no 9, article id 095011Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, we evaluated the performances of a custom-built optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (OFCEAS) instrument for the determination of the composition of energy gases, focusing on methane and carbon dioxide as main components, and carbon monoxide as impurities, in comparison with the well-established, validated, and traceable gas chromatographic method. A total of 115 real sample gases collected in biogas plants or landfills were analyzed using with both techniques over a period of 12 months. The comparison of the techniques showed that the virtual model which allows the measurement, needs to be optimized using real samples of varied compositions. The OFCEAS measurement technique was found to be capable of measuring both the main components and a trace component in different matrices; to within a 2% measurement uncertainty (higher than the gas chromatograph/thermal conductivity detector (GC/TCD) method). The OFCEAS method exhibits a very fast response, does not require daily calibration, and can be implemented online. The agreements between the OFCEAS technique and the GC/TCD method show that the drift of the OFCEAS instruments remains acceptable in the long term as long as no change is made to the virtual model. Matrix effects were observed, and those need to be taken into consideration when analyzing different types of samples. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics, 2023
Keywords
biogas, biomethane, OFCEAS, performance assessment, Absorption spectroscopy, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Chromatographic analysis, Gas chromatography, Gas plants, Gases, Light absorption, Optical feedback, Uncertainty analysis, Cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Feedback cavity, Gas chromatographs, Impurities in, Optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Real samples, Thermal conductivity detectors, Virtual models
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65565 (URN)10.1088/1361-6501/acd94a (DOI)2-s2.0-85162116942 (Scopus ID)
Note

Correspondence Address: K. Arrhenius; Research Institutes of Sweden AB (RISE), Frans Perssons väg, Göteborg, 412 76, Sweden. The Joint Research Project «Metrology for decarbonizing the gas grid» is supported the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR). The EMPIR initiative is co-funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States

Available from: 2023-06-29 Created: 2023-06-29 Last updated: 2024-05-22Bibliographically approved
Culleton, L., Di Meane, E., Ward, M., Ferracci, V., Persijn, S., Holmqvist, A., . . . Brewer, P. (2022). Characterization of Fourier Transform Infrared, Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, and Optical Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Instruments for the Analysis of Ammonia in Biogas and Biomethane. Analytical Chemistry, 94(44), 15207-15214
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characterization of Fourier Transform Infrared, Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, and Optical Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Instruments for the Analysis of Ammonia in Biogas and Biomethane
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2022 (English)In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 94, no 44, p. 15207-15214Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Novel traceable analytical methods and reference gas standards were developed for the detection of trace-level ammonia in biogas and biomethane. This work focused on an ammonia amount fraction at an upper limit level of 10 mg m-3(corresponding to approximately 14 μmol mol-1) specified in EN 16723-1:2016. The application of spectroscopic analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, was investigated. These techniques all exhibited the necessary ammonia sensitivity at the required 14 μmol mol-1amount fraction. A 29-month stability study of reference gas mixtures of 10 μmol mol-1ammonia in methane and synthetic biogas is also reported. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society, 2022
Keywords
Absorption spectroscopy, Band structure, Biogas, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Light measurement, Optical feedback, Analytical method, Biomethane, Cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy, Cavity ring down spectroscopies, Feedback cavity, Fourier transform infrared, Gas standards, Limit levels, Trace level, Upper limits, Ammonia
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-61226 (URN)10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01951 (DOI)2-s2.0-85141498580 (Scopus ID)
Note

 Funding details: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020; Funding text 1: This project (ENG54) has received funding from the EMRP program co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program.

Available from: 2022-12-02 Created: 2022-12-02 Last updated: 2023-05-23Bibliographically approved
Arrhenius, K., Bacquart, T., Schröter, K., Carré, M., Gozlan, B., Beurey, C. & Blondeel, C. (2022). Detection of contaminants in hydrogen fuel for fuel cell electrical vehicles with sensors—available technology, testing protocols and implementation challenges. Processes, 10(1), Article ID 20.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Detection of contaminants in hydrogen fuel for fuel cell electrical vehicles with sensors—available technology, testing protocols and implementation challenges
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2022 (English)In: Processes, ISSN 2227-9717, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 20Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Europe’s low-carbon energy policy favors a greater use of fuel cells and technologies based on hydrogen used as a fuel. Hydrogen delivered at the hydrogen refueling station must be compliant with requirements stated in different standards. Currently, the quality control process is performed by offline analysis of the hydrogen fuel. It is, however, beneficial to continuously monitor at least some of the contaminants onsite using chemical sensors. For hydrogen quality control with regard to contaminants, high sensitivity, integration parameters, and low cost are the most important requirements. In this study, we have reviewed the existing sensor technologies to detect contaminants in hydrogen, then discussed the implementation of sensors at a hydrogen refueling stations, described the state-of-art in protocols to perform assessment of these sensor technologies, and, finally, identified the gaps and needs in these areas. It was clear that sensors are not yet commercially available for all gaseous contaminants mentioned in ISO14687:2019. The development of standardized testing protocols is required to go hand in hand with the development of chemical sensors for this application following a similar approach to the one undertaken for air sensors. © 2021 by the authors. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
FCEV, Hydrogen quality, Sensors, Testing protocols
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-57899 (URN)10.3390/pr10010020 (DOI)2-s2.0-85121795739 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020; Funding details: European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research, EMPIR; Funding text 1: Funding: This research was co-funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR) Participating States, grant number «19ENG04—Metrology for hydrogen vehicles 2».

Available from: 2022-01-10 Created: 2022-01-10 Last updated: 2023-05-23Bibliographically approved
Bacquart, T., de Huu, M., Arrhenius, K., Aarhaug, T. A., Viitakangas, J. & Murugan, A. (2022). METROLOGY FOR HYDROGEN VEHICLE 2: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROGRESSES. In: Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2. Paper presented at 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2, WHEC 2022, 26 June 2022 through 30 June 2022 (pp. 1223-1225). International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE
Open this publication in new window or tab >>METROLOGY FOR HYDROGEN VEHICLE 2: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROGRESSES
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2022 (English)In: Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2, International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE , 2022, p. 1223-1225Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Hydrogen fuel cells are an alternative power supply for electric drive trains and could represent 32 % of fuel demand by 2050. To deploy fuel cell electrical vehicles, there is current regulatory barriers (ISO 14687, OIML recommendations) that requires accurate measurements. The European funded project MetroHyVe has provided solutions and improvements in the four measurements challenges (flow metering, quality control, quality assurance and sampling). New challenges arised due to increase of hydrogen economy, therefore a new European project MetroHyVe 2 started in 2020 and its objectives will provide perspectives for the hydrogen economy to solve all regulatory barriers (ISO 14687, ISO 19880-8, ISO 19880-1, ISO 21087, OIML R139-1) and new measurement challenges (flow metering, quality control, sampling and fuel cell stack testing). The presentation will provide a comprehensive overview of the project achievements. The achievements around primary standard for flow metering (light and heavy duty), worldwide inter-laboratory comparison for hydrogen fuel quality, hydrogen sampling intercomparison and fuel cell stack testing recommendations will be highlighted.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022
Keywords
flow metering, Hydrogen fuel quality, ISO 14687, metrology, regulations, Electric power systems, Flow measurement, Flowmeters, Quality assurance, Quality control, Fuel cell stack, Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen fuel cells, Hydrogen fuel qualities, Hydrogen vehicles, Regulation, Regulatory barriers, Stack testing, Fuel cells
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-64005 (URN)2-s2.0-85147197231 (Scopus ID)9786250008430 (ISBN)
Conference
23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2, WHEC 2022, 26 June 2022 through 30 June 2022
Note

 Funding details: European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research, EMPIR; Funding details: Horizon 2020; Funding text 1: The Joint Research Project «Metrology for hydrogen vehicles 2» is supported the European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research. The EMPIR initiative is co-funded by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme and the EMPIR Participating States.; Funding text 2: Climate change, air quality and reliance on imported fuels from non-renewable sources require immediate deployment of alternatives such as hydrogen to meet the 2050 Europe carbon neutral targets (net-zero emission from transport) [1]. Hydrogen fuel cells are an alternative power supply for electric drive trains and could represent 32 % of fuel demand by 2050 [2]. According to 78% of automotive executives polled, FCEVs are “the real breakthrough for e-mobility” [3]. To achieve mass implementation of hydrogen in transport, there is current regulatory barriers. European Directive 2014/94/EU [4] and OIML recommendations [5] must be met by all European hydrogen refuelling stations (HRS) and therefore requires accurate measurement and metrology support. European project MetroHyVe was the first metrological project funded by European metrology program for innovation and research (EMPIR) with focus on solving measurement challenges for fuel cell electrical vehicles. These measurement challenges are linked to the regulatory barriers and international standards (hydrogen quality: ISO 14687, hydrogen quality control: ISO 19880-8, flow metering: OIML R139-1, analytical methods: ISO 21087) ([5; 6; 7; 8; 9]. At the end of the project in 2020, it was evident that new measurement challenges arise in relation with the rapid growth of the hydrogen economy. Therefore, a new European project MetroHyVe 2 was funded by EMPIR around four measurement challenges: -Flow metering: to develop and harmonise a metrological framework for testing hydrogen meters used to measure the mass of hydrogen dispensed from HRS using secondary standards for light-duty vehicles and primary or secondary standards for heavy duty FCEV). -Hydrogen quality control (development quality control tool for analytical laboratory (reference materials and inter-laboratory comparison for all contaminants regulated in ISO 14687 and development of metrological guidelines for sensor and analyser at HRS over long period). -Sampling (harmonization of hydrogen sampling methods at HRSs in Europe and worldwide with ASTM and Japan). -Impact of contaminant on Fuel cell stack (reproducibility study with FC stack and inter-comparison evaluation, which will eventually result in a standardisation of automotive FC stack testing). The presentation will highlight the achievement in the four measurement challenges: flow metering, quality control, sampling and Impact of contaminant on Fuel cell stack.

Available from: 2023-02-22 Created: 2023-02-22 Last updated: 2023-05-23Bibliographically approved
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ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3106

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