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Axelsson, J., Bilic, D., Brahneborg, D., Fröberg, J., Gustavsson, H., Jongeling, R. & Sundmark, D. (2024). ALCEA: The Architecture Life-Cycle Effect Analysis Method. IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering, 2
Open this publication in new window or tab >>ALCEA: The Architecture Life-Cycle Effect Analysis Method
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2024 (English)In: IEEE Open Journal of Systems Engineering, ISSN 2771-9987, Vol. 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article describes the architecture life cycle effect analysis (ALCEA) method, a structured method for evaluating proposed new architectures for software-intensive systems. The method evaluates a proposed architecture by quantifying its effect on the performance of system life-cycle phases. The method is instantiated by identifying the relevant life-cycle phases of the system under investigation and a set of evaluation functions that capture, in terms of basic factors, the effect of different architectural decisions on key life-cycle PAs, such as revenue, operating resources, and investments. The method results in a transparent cost and revenue structure, documented in a tabular form, based on quantifiable factors from the developing organization. The results of the method can be used directly as part of a business case, and their robustness can be estimated by sensitivity analysis. The ALCEA method is designed for system-level architectural analysis, covering both software and hardware aspects. In this article, we introduce the ALCEA method and provide a detailed example of how to apply it in the evolution of embedded systems. Moreover, we share early experiences of using the method in large-scale industrial settings.

Keywords
Computer architecture, Costs, Investment, Embedded systems, Unified modeling language, Systems architecture, Companies, Architecture analysis, full life-cycle support, systems engineering
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76359 (URN)10.1109/OJSE.2024.3357243 (DOI)
Available from: 2025-01-13 Created: 2025-01-13 Last updated: 2025-01-13Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, J. (2024). An Agent-Based Ontology to Support Modeling of Socio-Technical Systems-of-Systems. Paper presented at INCOSE International Symposium. INCOSE International Symposium, 34(1), 1705-1718
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An Agent-Based Ontology to Support Modeling of Socio-Technical Systems-of-Systems
2024 (English)In: INCOSE International Symposium, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 1705-1718Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Systems-of-systems are characterized by the independence of their constituent elements. Such an element is usually socio-technical, comprising technology, humans, or organizations. To capture its independence, it needs to be viewed as an intelligent agent that relies on an internal model of the world for its decision-making. Hence, a system-of-systems model will include multiple agents that inside themselves contain different models of the same system-of-systems. Describing these overlapping subjective models and their usage by the agents is essential to properly understand the resulting behavior of the overall system-of-systems. Current modeling practices are not well suited for dealing with this, and the paper therefore outlines an ontology that makes the agents and their internal models more explicit. The paper also discusses the implications such models have on systems engineering practices and how they address known system-of-systems engineering pain points.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
INCOSE, 2024
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75613 (URN)10.1002/iis2.13233 (DOI)
Conference
INCOSE International Symposium
Available from: 2024-09-25 Created: 2024-09-25 Last updated: 2024-09-30Bibliographically approved
Rylander, D., Axelsson, J., Wallin, P. & Cedergren, S. (2024). Characteristics and models for energy improvements of cyclic transport operations in mining. International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, 15(5)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Characteristics and models for energy improvements of cyclic transport operations in mining
2024 (English)In: International Journal of Mining and Mineral Engineering, ISSN 1754-890X, E-ISSN 1754-8918, Vol. 15, no 5Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

There is a large potential for automation and optimisation of transports within quarrying and mining, but operational models and characteristics for this purpose are lacking. This paper aims to provide insight into cyclic transports and the parameters that affect energy consumption and productivity. Detailed operational data from machines has been collected and analysed through automatic logging of the machine’s internal communication network. The paper presents and discusses the characteristics of the operation identified, develops models for energy consumption and productivity, and discusses their relation for optimisation and automation purposes. A conclusion is that stochastic fluctuations in activity times need continuous real-time control for an optimisation system to be effective. The method used in the paper resulted in regression models for cycle energy cost and hauler fuel rate, which provide both correlation and significance, which is promising for future validation and use in energy optimisation control systems. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Inderscience Publishers, 2024
Keywords
Continuous time systems; Fleet operations; Surface mine transportation; AMG; Automated machine guidance; Automated machines; Cyclic transport operation; Energy; Energy improvement; Energy model; Energy optimization; Fleet optimization; Fuel model; Lean construction; Mining characteristic; Optimisations; Transport operations; Transport optimization; Stochastic control systems
National Category
Civil Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76466 (URN)10.1504/IJMME.2024.143780 (DOI)2-s2.0-85214555655 (Scopus ID)
Note

The research presented in this article is funded by the Innovation and Research Program Advanced Digitalisation and the research agency Vinnova (grant no. 2022-01713). We thank Volvo Construction Equipment AB for their support.

Available from: 2025-01-28 Created: 2025-01-28 Last updated: 2025-01-28Bibliographically approved
Pettersson, M. N., Axelsson, J., Johansson, A. & Svenson, P. (2024). Systems of Systems Management and Governance from a Risk-Handling Perspective. In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024: . Paper presented at 19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024 (pp. 18-23). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systems of Systems Management and Governance from a Risk-Handling Perspective
2024 (English)In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2024, p. 18-23Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Managing a system can be critical for its successful functioning. This is especially crucial for the socio-technical systems of systems (SoS) that characterize many of modern society’s critical operations. However, the management of SoS becomes complex as systems are increasingly interconnected and the dependence among connected systems intensifies. This paper explores the current state of the art on SoS management and governance from a risk management perspective. Our findings show a higher focus on SoS management; however, many studies do not holistically deal with the SoS. Moreover, our findings indicate fewer studies in SoS governance. Hence there is still a research gap. The study contributes to the body of knowledge by adding insight into how risk management fits in these domains and provides direction on the possible areas of mitigating risks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024
Keywords
’current; Connected systems; Critical operations; Governance; Risk handling; Risks management; Sociotechnical systems; State of the art; System-of-systems; Systems management; Risk management
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75032 (URN)10.1109/SOSE62659.2024.10620940 (DOI)2-s2.0-85202189415 (Scopus ID)979-8-3503-6591-7 (ISBN)
Conference
19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024
Note

The Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) providedfunding for this study under grant number 2021-13694.

Available from: 2024-09-05 Created: 2024-09-05 Last updated: 2024-09-05Bibliographically approved
Axelsson, J. & Eriksson, P. (2023). Higher-Level Capabilities of System-of-Systems Constituents: A Case of Industrial Ecosystems. In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023: . Paper presented at 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June through 16 June 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Higher-Level Capabilities of System-of-Systems Constituents: A Case of Industrial Ecosystems
2023 (English)In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In a system-of-systems, independent constituent systems collaborate to achieve broader capabilities they cannot provide on their own. This paper investigates the nature of the constituent system capabilities beyond basic operational actions, to achieve a deeper understanding of what is required to participate in a system-of-systems. Through a case study of industrial ecosystems, the need is shown for planning how to use basic operational capabilities, for dynamic capabilities to achieve long-term evolution, and for resilience capabilities to deal with perturbations. This also affects the governance of the system. The findings are used to extend an existing conceptual model of constituent systems and to characterize collaboration in a system-of-systems that implements a value network. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023
Keywords
capability models, constituent systems, industrial ecosystem, production planning, systems-of-systems, value network, Ecosystems, Long Term Evolution (LTE), Production control, Capability model, Case-studies, Constituent system, Dynamics capability, Industrial ecosystems, Operational capabilities, System capabilities, System-of-systems, System of systems
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-66026 (URN)10.1109/SoSE59841.2023.10178670 (DOI)2-s2.0-85166737113 (Scopus ID)9798350327236 (ISBN)
Conference
18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June through 16 June 2023
Note

Funding Agency: Vinnova 2021-02499, Knowledge Foundation 20200230.

Available from: 2023-08-15 Created: 2023-08-15 Last updated: 2023-08-15Bibliographically approved
Besker, T., Franke, U. & Axelsson, J. (2023). Navigating the Cyber-Security Risks and Economics of System-of-Systems. In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023: . Paper presented at 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Navigating the Cyber-Security Risks and Economics of System-of-Systems
2023 (English)In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cybersecurity is an important concern in systems-of-systems (SoS), where the effects of cyber incidents, whether deliberate attacks or unintentional mistakes, can propagate from an individual constituent system (CS) throughout the entire SoS. Unfortunately, the security of an SoS cannot be guaranteed by separately addressing the security of each CS. Security must also be addressed at the SoS level. This paper reviews some of the most prominent cybersecurity risks within the SoS research field and combines this with the cyber and information security economics perspective. This sets the scene for a structured assessment of how various cyber risks can be addressed in different SoS architectures. More precisely, the paper discusses the effectiveness and appropriateness of five cybersecurity policy options in each of the four assessed SoS archetypes and concludes that cybersecurity risks should be addressed using both traditional design-focused and more novel policy-oriented tools. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023
Keywords
Cyber Security Investment, Cybersecurity, Economics, Incentives, System-of-Systems, Risk assessment, System of systems, Cybe security investment, Cyber security, Entire system, Incentive, Securities investments, Security Economics, Security risks, System levels
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65973 (URN)10.1109/SoSE59841.2023.10178677 (DOI)2-s2.0-85166741236 (Scopus ID)9798350327236 (ISBN)
Conference
2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023
Available from: 2023-08-24 Created: 2023-08-24 Last updated: 2023-08-24Bibliographically approved
Olsson, T. & Axelsson, J. (2023). Systems-of-Systems and Digital Twins: A Survey and Analysis of the Current Knowledge. In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023: . Paper presented at 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systems-of-Systems and Digital Twins: A Survey and Analysis of the Current Knowledge
2023 (English)In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Understanding the needs and constraints of systems in general and a system-of-systems in particular can be challenging, yet crucial. Relying only on upfront activities will not be sufficient. Important information can be gathered around the performance and behavior of the system as well as stakeholder needs in operation. A digital twin is a way to model and understand the operation of a system. To understand the challenges and enablers related to digital twins in a system-of-systems context, we performed a literature study. In total, only 10 papers were identified that explicitly address this topic, all from the last five years, indicating that this is an active field of research. The papers revealed that definitions and terminology are unclear and that similar challenges as for systems-of-systems also exist for systems-of-digital twins. The complexity and dynamic nature of systems-of-systems motivate further study of digital twins to understand needs and constraints. However, key challenges such as concepts and principles of digital twins for systems-of-systems, cost and benefits, and evolution needs to be better understood.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023
Keywords
digital twins, literature review, System-of-systems, 'current, Active field, Cost and benefits, Dynamic nature, Literature reviews, Literature studies, Performance, Survey and analysis, System costs, System of systems
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65940 (URN)10.1109/SoSE59841.2023.10178527 (DOI)2-s2.0-85166737759 (Scopus ID)9798350327236 (ISBN)
Conference
2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023
Note

This research was in part funded by Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency), grant no. 2021-02499.

Available from: 2023-08-24 Created: 2023-08-24 Last updated: 2023-12-22Bibliographically approved
Martin, J., Axelsson, J., Carlson, J. & Suryadevara, J. (2023). Towards a Core Ontology for Missions and Capabilities in Systems of Systems. In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSe): . Paper presented at 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSe).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards a Core Ontology for Missions and Capabilities in Systems of Systems
2023 (English)In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSe), 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This study presents a core ontology for missions and capabilities in systems of systems. The aim of the study is to create artifacts that facilitate precise understanding of fundamental concepts of SoS. An ontological approach proposes and develops taxonomic homogeneity and structural knowledge of SoS. The ontology development process involved workshop sessions with industry experts and meta modelling of the different concepts and their relationships. The ontology includes thirteen concepts of types physical things, people, information and mixed. These concepts are defined and their relations are briefly described. The developed ontology is further illustrated using a wildfire scenario case study.

National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68616 (URN)10.1109/SoSE59841.2023.10178557 (DOI)
Conference
2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference (SoSe)
Note

This research was funded by KKS, grant no. 2020-0230.

Available from: 2023-12-18 Created: 2023-12-18 Last updated: 2023-12-18Bibliographically approved
Svenson, P., Olsson, T. & Axelsson, J. (2022). Constituent Systems Quality Requirements Engineering in Co-opetitive Systems of Systems. In: 2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022: . Paper presented at 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, 7 June 2022 through 11 June 2022 (pp. 347-352). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Constituent Systems Quality Requirements Engineering in Co-opetitive Systems of Systems
2022 (English)In: 2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2022, p. 347-352Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Systems of systems consist of independently owned, operated, and developed constituent systems that work together for mutual benefit. Co-opetitive systems of systems consist of constituent systems that in addition also compete. In this paper, we focus on quality requirement engineering for a constituent systems developer in such SoS. We discuss the needs and requirements of a structured quality requirements engineering process, with examples taken from the transportation domain, and find that there is a need for mediators and agreements between constituent systems developers to enable quality data exchange. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022
Keywords
collaborative systems of systems, Quality requirements engineering, Electronic data interchange, System of systems, Collaborative system of system, Collaborative systems, Mutual benefit, Quality requirement engineering, Quality requirements, Requirement engineering, Requirement engineering process, System developers, System quality, System-of-systems, Requirements engineering
National Category
Human Aspects of ICT
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60074 (URN)10.1109/SOSE55472.2022.9812663 (DOI)2-s2.0-85135124475 (Scopus ID)9781665496230 (ISBN)
Conference
17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, 7 June 2022 through 11 June 2022
Note

Funding details: VINNOVA, 2019-05100; Funding text 1: This research was funded by Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency), grant no. 2019-05100.

Available from: 2022-09-05 Created: 2022-09-05 Last updated: 2023-05-22Bibliographically approved
Svenson, P. & Axelsson, J. (2022). Initiation and Formation of Constellations in Systems of Systems. In: 2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022: . Paper presented at 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, 7 June 2022 through 11 June 2022 (pp. 340-345). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Initiation and Formation of Constellations in Systems of Systems
2022 (English)In: 2022 17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2022, p. 340-345Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Systems of systems engineering is aimed at developing solutions that provide the capability to fulfil a need that cannot be met by an integrated system. In many SoS, there is a need to solve several tasks at the same time. Each set of constituent systems that collaborate to solve such a task is a constellation. In this paper, we discuss the process of forming such constellations. We focus on collaborative systems of systems and describe conceptual models for the formation of constellations. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2022
Keywords
capability, constellation, mission, systems of systems, transport, Collaborative systems, Conceptual model, Developing solutions, Integrated systems, System of systems engineering, System-of-systems, System of systems
National Category
Business Administration
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60072 (URN)10.1109/SOSE55472.2022.9812675 (DOI)2-s2.0-85135128184 (Scopus ID)9781665496230 (ISBN)
Conference
17th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SOSE 2022, 7 June 2022 through 11 June 2022
Note

Funding details: VINNOVA, 2019-05100; Funding text 1: This research was funded by Vinnova (Sweden’s innovation agency), grant no. 2019-05100.

Available from: 2022-09-05 Created: 2022-09-05 Last updated: 2023-05-22Bibliographically approved
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ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-3986-1196

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