Change search
Link to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Publications (10 of 17) Show all publications
Kjellberg, M., Persson, A., Gerhardt, F. & Werner, S. (2024). Dynamic Performance Prediction for Wind-Powered Ships. In: : . Paper presented at 8th High Performance Yacht Design Conference (HPYD 8), Auckland, March 21-22, 2024.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dynamic Performance Prediction for Wind-Powered Ships
2024 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The need to reduce green-house gas emissions has renewed the interest in wind propulsion for commercial cargo vessels. When designing such modern “sailing” ships, naval architects often lean on methods and tools originally developed for the design of sailing yachts. The most common tool today is the steady-state Performance Prediction Program (PPP), typically used to predict quantities like speed, leeway, heel of the vessel when sailing in a range of wind directions and wind speeds. Steady state PPPs are very efficient and can be used to rapidly assess a large number of design alternatives. PPPs are, however, not able to consider dynamic effects such as unsteady sail forces due to ship motions in waves or the turbulent structure of the natural wind. In this paper we present time-domain simulations with a Dynamic Performance Prediction Program (DPPP) that can take the “unsteadiness” of the natural environment into account. The program is based on coupling an unsteady 3D fully nonlinear potential flow hydrodynamic solver to an efficient lifting-line aerodynamic model. Particular attention is paid to a recently implemented unsteady aerodynamic model that employs an indicial response method based on Wagner’s function. The usefulness of such advanced simulations for performance prediction in moderate environmental conditions is investigated for a wind-powered cargo vessel with wing sails. Control system strategies such as sheeting of the wing sails close to stall are studied.

Keywords
wind propulsion; wing sails; DPPP; Indicial Response Method
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74933 (URN)
Conference
8th High Performance Yacht Design Conference (HPYD 8), Auckland, March 21-22, 2024
Available from: 2024-08-20 Created: 2024-08-20 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
Irannezhad, M., Kjellberg, M., Bensow, R. E. & Eslamdoost, A. (2024). Experimental and numerical investigations of propeller open water characteristics in calm water and regular head waves. Ocean Engineering, 302, Article ID 117703.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental and numerical investigations of propeller open water characteristics in calm water and regular head waves
2024 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 302, article id 117703Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Propeller Open Water (POW) performance of a non-ventilating and fully-submerged propeller in model-scale is investigated in calm water and regular head waves using experimental tests (EFD) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Laminar flow dominance is observed in calm water, particularly at higher advance ratios. Nevertheless, the findings in waves suggest increased turbulence, stemming from both the wave orbital velocities and the presumably increased turbulence level produced by the wave maker in the towing tank. Analysis of the CFD results obtained from the incident flow field and single-blade force and moment leads to the speculation that the observed discrepancies are associated with the inevitable asymmetric conditions and mechanical interference in the experiments which were absent in CFD. These can potentially alter the flow over the blades resulting in a different flow transition, separation, and coherent turbulent structure formation and hence forces and moments. The altered propeller performance in waves in comparison to calm water underlines the significance of waves on the propulsive factors and propeller design. © 2024 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Laminar flow; Propellers; Turbulence; EFD; Experimental investigations; Head waves; Numerical investigations; Open water; Performance; Regular head wave; Thrust; Verification-and-validation; Water characteristics; Computational fluid dynamics
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-72757 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117703 (DOI)2-s2.0-85189667674 (Scopus ID)
Note

This research is funded by The Swedish Transport Administration through Lighthouse (Swedish Maritime Competence Center) . The experimental measurements are carried out at SSPA Towing Tank. The simulations were performed on the resources provided by the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS) and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE) and National Supercomputer Center at Link\u00F6ping University (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreements no. 2022-06725 and no. 2018-05973 . Gabriele Mazza is acknowledged for conducting the open water experiments.

Available from: 2024-05-15 Created: 2024-05-15 Last updated: 2024-05-15Bibliographically approved
Irannezhad, M., Kjellberg, M., Bensow, R. E. & Eslamdoost, A. (2024). Impacts of regular head waves on thrust deduction at model self-propulsion point. Ocean Engineering, 309, Article ID 118375.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impacts of regular head waves on thrust deduction at model self-propulsion point
2024 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 309, article id 118375Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The results obtained from the self-propulsion simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the current study, for a ship free to heave, pitch and surge with the means of a weak spring system, are combined with the formerly executed CFD results of the bare hull and propeller open water simulations to investigate the impacts of regular head waves on the propeller-hull interactions in comparison to calm water, at the self-propulsion point of the model. Despite a rather significant dependency of the nominal wake on the wave conditions, the Taylor wake fraction remains almost unchanged in different studied waves which is around 12% lower than the calm water value. The thrust deduction factor in waves is reduced (12.8%–26.1%) in comparison to the calm water value. The change of thrust deduction factor is found to be associated with the boundary layer contraction/expansion and vortical structure dynamics, originating from the wave orbital velocities as well as the significant shaft vertical motions and accelerations that resulted in a modified propeller action, and consequently diminished suction effect on the aft ship. The altered thrust deduction factor and wake fraction in waves in comparison to calm water underlines the significance of waves on the propulsive factors and propeller design. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Boundary layers; Hulls (ship); Propellers; Ship propulsion; Wakes; ’current; Head waves; Propulsion simulation; Regular head wave; Self-propulsion; Self-propulsion point of model; Ship motion; Thrust deduction; Wake fraction; Water value; Computational fluid dynamics
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73774 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118375 (DOI)2-s2.0-85196290501 (Scopus ID)
Note

This research is funded by The Swedish Transport Administrationthrough Lighthouse (Swedish Maritime Competence Center). The simulations were performed on the resources provided by the NationalAcademic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS) and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE) and National Supercomputer Center at Linköping University (NSC) partiallyfunded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreements no.2022-06725 and no. 2018-05973

Available from: 2024-06-25 Created: 2024-06-25 Last updated: 2024-06-25Bibliographically approved
Alexandersson, M., Mao, W., Ringsberg, J. W. & Kjellberg, M. (2024). System identification of a physics-informed ship model for better predictions in wind conditions. Ocean Engineering, 310, Article ID 118613.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>System identification of a physics-informed ship model for better predictions in wind conditions
2024 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 310, article id 118613Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

System identification offers ways to obtain proper models describing a ship’s dynamics in real operational conditions but poses significant challenges, such as the multicollinearity and generality of the identified model. This paper proposes a new physics-informed ship manoeuvring model, where a deterministic semi-empirical rudder model has been added, to guide the identification towards a physically correct hydrodynamic model. This is an essential building block to distinguish the hydrodynamic modelling uncertainties from wind, waves, and currents – in real sea conditions – which is particularly important for ships with wind-assisted propulsion. In the physics-informed manoeuvring modelling framework, a systematical procedure is developed to establish various force/motion components within the manoeuvring system by inverse dynamics regression. The novel test case wind-powered pure car carrier (wPCC) assesses the physical correctness. First, a reference model, assumed to resemble the physically correct kinetics, is established via parameter identification on virtual captive tests. Then, the model tests are used to build both the physics-informed model and a physics-uninformed mathematical model for comparison. All models predicted the zigzag tests with satisfactory agreement. Thus, they can indeed be considered as being mathematically correct. However, introducing a semi-empirical rudder model seems to have guided the identification towards a more physically correct calm water hydrodynamic model, having lower multicollinearity and better generalization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Hydrodynamics, Religious buildings, Rudders, Ship propulsion, Uncertainty analysis, Hydrodynamic modeling, Inverse dynamics, KVLCC2, Multicollinearity, Physic-informed maneuvering model, Proper models, Semi-empirical, System-identification, Wind conditions, Wind-assisted propulsion, computer simulation, hydrodynamics, inverse analysis, numerical model, prediction, ship motion, Regression analysis
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74708 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118613 (DOI)2-s2.0-85198040928 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, FP4 2020
Note

The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Trafikverket/Lighthouse (grant id: FP4 2020) to prepare this paper. They would also thank all personnel at SSPA who have been involved in creating the model test results, building the ship models, and conducting the experiments.

Available from: 2024-08-09 Created: 2024-08-09 Last updated: 2024-08-09Bibliographically approved
Irannezhad, M., Bensow, R. E., Kjellberg, M. & Eslamdoost, A. (2023). Comprehensive computational analysis of the impact of regular head waves on ship bare hull performance. Ocean Engineering, 288, Article ID 116049.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comprehensive computational analysis of the impact of regular head waves on ship bare hull performance
2023 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 288, article id 116049Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper focuses on investigating the impact of waves on ship hydrodynamic performance, enhancing our understanding of seakeeping characteristics and contributing to advanced ship and propeller design. It examines the resistance, motions, and nominal wake of the KVLCC2 bare hull, which is free to surge, heave, and pitch, in both calm water and regular head waves using a RANS approach. The research reveals a substantial dependency of the wake on grid resolution, particularly in calm water and shorter waves, while motions and resistance display a weaker dependency. The computed nominal wake is compared against towing tank SPIV measurements. Utilizing Fourier analyses and reconstructed time series, the study examines correlations among various factors influencing the bare hull’s performance in waves. The axial velocity component of the wake in waves demonstrates significant time variations, mainly driven by higher harmonic amplitudes. This dynamic wake is influenced by instantaneous propeller disk velocities due to hull motions, orbital wave velocities, boundary layer contraction/expansion, bilge vortex and shaft vortex dynamics. The wake distribution at the propeller plane not only differs significantly from the calm water wake in longer waves but also exhibits notably larger time-averaged values (up to 21%). 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2023
Keywords
Boundary layers; Fourier analysis; Hulls (ship); Propellers; Ship propulsion; Vehicle performance; Vortex flow; Wakes; Computational analysis; Grid convergence; Grid convergence study; Head waves; Nominal wakes; Performance; Regular head wave; Resistance; Ship hydrodynamics; Ship motion; computational fluid dynamics; hull; hydrodynamics; ship motion; vessel; wake; wave velocity; Fourier series
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67910 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116049 (DOI)2-s2.0-85175472270 (Scopus ID)
Note

This research is funded by The Swedish Transport Administration through Lighthouse (Swedish Maritime Competence Center). The simulations were performed on the resources provided by the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS) and the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE) and National Supercomputer Center at Linköping University (NSC) partially funded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreements no. 2022-06725 and no. 2018-05973.

Available from: 2023-11-27 Created: 2023-11-27 Last updated: 2023-12-04Bibliographically approved
Kjellberg, M., Gerhardt, F. & Werner, S. (2023). Sailing Performance of Wind-Powered Cargo Vessel in Unsteady Conditions. Journal of Sailing Technology, 8(01), 218-254
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sailing Performance of Wind-Powered Cargo Vessel in Unsteady Conditions
2023 (English)In: Journal of Sailing Technology, ISSN 2475-370X, Vol. 8, no 01, p. 218-254Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The need to reduce green-house gas emissions from shipping has reborn the interest in wind propulsion for commercial cargo vessels. This places new requirements on the tools used in ship design, as well as the methods usually applied in sailing yacht design. A range of design tools are used by designers at various stages in the design of wind-assisted ships and for different purposes. One important tool is the steady-state velocity prediction program (VPP) which is typically used to predict the speed of the vessel when sailing in a range of wind directions and wind speeds. Steady-state VPPs can be very efficient and fast and may be used to rapidly assess a large number of design alternatives. However, steady-state VPPs are not able to consider dynamic effects such as unsteady wave forces on the hull which may require the rudder to be active to control the heading and course of the vessel. This, in turn, leads to different mean forces than those predicted by a static VPP and therefore the sailing performance may be reduced compared to the predictions of a static VPP. Another effect of the ship’s motions in a seaway is that the angles of attack of the sails fluctuate, which can lead to different optimum sheeting angles and possibly a loss of performance. This study uses an unsteady 3D fully nonlinear potential flow hydrodynamic model coupled with an efficient lifting-line aerodynamic model to investigate the differences in sailing performance of a vessel sailing in steady conditions to the performance when sailing in a seaway and gusty wind based on a spatio-temporal wind model. The analysis shows clearly that the unsteady wind model affects the predicted performance. This is especially the case when sailing close-hauled and on a beam reach, where large changes in the local sail angles of attack can be observed.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-74932 (URN)10.5957/jst/2023.8.12.218 (DOI)
Note

This work received funds from the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency(CINEA), Project 101056769 – OPTIWISE.

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
Orych, M., Östberg, M., Kjellberg, M., Werner, S. & Larsson, L. (2023). Speed and delivered power in waves — Predictions with CFD simulations at full scale. Ocean Engineering, 285, Article ID 115289.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Speed and delivered power in waves — Predictions with CFD simulations at full scale
Show others...
2023 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 285, article id 115289Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An efficient numerical method is proposed to estimate delivered power and speed loss for a ship in wind and waves. The added resistance in waves, obtained with an unsteady potential flow panel method, is added to the calm water resistance from a steady-state potential flow/RANS method coupled with a body force propeller model for self-propulsion. A comparison of numerical and experimental results is made for added resistance, calm water resistance and delivered power. A good agreement is obtained. As a practical application, the approach is used to calculate the weather factor, fw, of the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI). The calculated weather factor is consistent with the values derived from full-scale measurements included in a database of similar ships. © 2023 The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2023
Keywords
CFD, Delivered power, EEDI, Full-scale, Seakeeping, Self-propulsion, Speed loss, validation, Weather factor, Computational fluid dynamics, Numerical methods, Ship propulsion, Ships, Added resistances, Design index, Energy efficiency design index, Power, Weather factors, estimation method, model validation, ship handling, steady-state equilibrium, wave-structure interaction, wind-wave interaction, Energy efficiency
National Category
Environmental Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65703 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.115289 (DOI)2-s2.0-85164663571 (Scopus ID)
Note

The authors would like to thank: Energimyndigheten, Sweden (Swedish Energy Agency, project 49300-1) for the financial support and SSPA AB for providing highly valuable validation data.

Available from: 2023-08-09 Created: 2023-08-09 Last updated: 2023-12-04Bibliographically approved
Irannezhad, M., Eslamdoost, A., Kjellberg, M. & Bensow, R. (2022). Investigation of ship responses in regular head waves through a Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow approach. Ocean Engineering, 246, Article ID 110410.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Investigation of ship responses in regular head waves through a Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow approach
2022 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 246, article id 110410Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, the hydrodynamic performance of a ship in terms of motions and resistance responses in calm water and in regular head waves is investigated for two loading conditions using a Fully Nonlinear Potential Flow (FNPF) panel method. The main focus is understanding the ship responses in a broad range of operational conditions. Comprehensive analyses of the motions and their correlation with the wave making resistance including their harmonics in waves are presented and compared against experimental data. The predicted motions compare well with experimental data but the resistance prediction is not quite as good. The natural frequencies for heave and pitch are estimated from a set of free decay motion simulations in calm water to provide a better insight into the ship behavior near resonance conditions in waves. Interestingly, in addition to the well known peak in the added wave resistance coefficient around wave lengths close to one ship length, a secondary peak is detected in the vicinity of wave lengths with half the ship length. © 2022 The Authors

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2022
Keywords
Added wave resistance, Free decay motion, Fully nonlinear Potential Flow, Regular head waves, Resistance, Ship motions, Decay motion, Free decay, Head waves, Regular head wave, Ship motion, Wave resistance, Ships, hydrodynamics, ocean wave, potential flow, resonance
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-59154 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110410 (DOI)2-s2.0-85123422397 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020, 636146; Funding details: Horizon 2020; Funding details: Trafikverket; Funding text 1: This research is funded by The Swedish Transport Administration through Lighthouse (Swedish Maritime Competence Center) as well as LeanShips project through the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Contract No.: 636146). The Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) is acknowledged for providing the experimental data.; Funding text 2: This research is funded by The Swedish Transport Administration through Lighthouse (Swedish Maritime Competence Center) as well as LeanShips project through the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (Contract No.: 636146). The Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) is acknowledged for providing the experimental data.

Available from: 2022-06-13 Created: 2022-06-13 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
Kjellberg, M., Gerhardt, F. & Werner, S. (2022). Sailing in waves: A numerical method for analysis of seakeeping performance and dynamic behavior of a wind powered ship. In: SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022: . Paper presented at SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022, 10 June 2022 through 11 June 2022. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sailing in waves: A numerical method for analysis of seakeeping performance and dynamic behavior of a wind powered ship
2022 (English)In: SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022, Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Before the background of the internationl Maritime Organization's 2050 emission reducation targets, the largest sailing ship in the world is currently being developed in Sweden. This wind powered car carrier, called Oceanbird, will have four 80-metre-high wing sails targeting CO2savings in the order of 90%. The prediction and analysis of the seakeeping performance of such a ship is of importance, not only in terms of sailing dynamics, but also when it comes to the structural design of the rig. To this end, a numerical method for predicting a ship's motions and loads on its rigid wing sails is described in this paper and a demonstration of how the method can be used to obtain such loads is presented. The numerical method is based on an unsteady 3D fully nonlinear potential flow hydrodynamic model coupled with a hybrid 2D RANS/3D lifting-line aerodynamic model. Simulations in a seaway with short-crested irregular waves and corresponding wind conditions are conducted, resulting in time histories of the aerodynamic and inertial forces acting on the rig. Possible applications of the method include fatigue analysis of the wing sails, where the accumulated fatigue damage over the lifespan of the rig structure depends on the sum of aerodynamic forces and motion induced inertial forces. Other potential applications include sail dynamics, parametric roll, sheeting strategies and appendage configuration studies. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2022
Keywords
Fatigue of materials, Seakeeping, Structural design, Vehicle performance, Yachts, Aerodynamic forces, Car carriers, Dynamic behaviors, Flow hydrodynamics, Fully nonlinear potential flow, Inertial forces, Prediction and analysis, Seakeeping performance, Ship motion, Wing sail, Numerical methods
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-60425 (URN)10.5957/CSYS-2022-013 (DOI)2-s2.0-85133681136 (Scopus ID)
Conference
SNAME 24th Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, CSYS 2022, 10 June 2022 through 11 June 2022
Note

Funding details: TRV 2018/96451; Funding text 1: This work was financially supported by Wallenius Marine and the Swedish Transport Agency under grant number TRV 2018/96451 (Vinddrivet biltransportfartyg).; Funding text 2: This work was financially supported by Wallenius Marine and the Swedish Transport Agency undergrantnumberTRV2018/96451(Vinddrivetbiltransportfartyg).

Available from: 2022-10-20 Created: 2022-10-20 Last updated: 2023-12-04Bibliographically approved
Coslovich, F., Kjellberg, M., Östberg, M. & Janson, C.-E. (2021). Added resistance, heave and pitch for the KVLCC2 tanker using a fully nonlinear unsteady potential flow boundary element method. Ocean Engineering, 229, Article ID 108935.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Added resistance, heave and pitch for the KVLCC2 tanker using a fully nonlinear unsteady potential flow boundary element method
2021 (English)In: Ocean Engineering, ISSN 0029-8018, E-ISSN 1873-5258, Vol. 229, article id 108935Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, a fully nonlinear unsteady potential flow method is used to predict added resistance, heave and pitch for the KVLCC2 hull in regular head waves at design speed. The method presents a nonlinear decomposition of the velocity potential and the wave field and an adaptive grid refinement. A formulation for the acceleration potential is used to obtain the pressure. To improve computational efficiency, a Barnes-Hut algorithm is introduced. A grid dependency study and a study on the impact of different time steps on the solution are performed. Numerical results have been compared with experimental data for the design speed. A general good agreement is found for added resistance, especially for longer waves. Heave and pitch are properly computed for all wave lengths in the range λ/Lpp=0.4 to 1.4. © 2021 The Author(s)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2021
Keywords
Acceleration potential, Adaptive grid refinement, Fully nonlinear boundary element method, KVLCC2, Computational efficiency, Potential flow, Sailing vessels, Added resistances, Boundary-element methods, Design speed, Flow boundaries, Fully nonlinear, Head waves, Boundary element method, algorithm, unsteady flow, wave field
National Category
Marine Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-57268 (URN)10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.108935 (DOI)2-s2.0-85105591328 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola; Funding text 1: This research is funded by Chalmers University of Technology. The experimental results were provided by SSPA Sweden AB.; Funding text 2: This research is funded by Chalmers University of Technology . The experimental results were provided by SSPA Sweden AB.

Available from: 2021-12-16 Created: 2021-12-16 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0009-0009-0240-9268

Search in DiVA

Show all publications