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Leballeur, C., Larché, N., Vittonato, J. & Marchebois, H. (2024). Efficiency of cathodic protection of stainless steel in confined area – Further understanding of the protection mechanism through experimental testing and modeling. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Efficiency of cathodic protection of stainless steel in confined area – Further understanding of the protection mechanism through experimental testing and modeling
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion. This work has enabled a deeper understanding of how cathodic protection prevents crevice corrosion on low-passive-grade stainless steels in natural seawater. It also provides additional information on the polarization behavior of stainless steels in confined areas on the crevice geometry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Activation energy; Cathodic protection; Corrosion prevention; Deaeration; Dealloying; Degassing; Electrochemical corrosion; Embrittlement; Hardening; Localized corrosion; Membrane fouling; Membrane technology; Neutron activation analysis; Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Steel testing; Synthetic diamonds; Synthetic metals; Thermal expansion; Weathering; Yield stress; ’current; Confined areas; Confined environment; Confined surfaces; Crevice corrosion; Crevice geometry; Marine corrosion; Modeling; Ohmic drop; Simulation; Crevice corrosion
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76502 (URN)2-s2.0-85210875291 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024through 7 March 2024
Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
Leballeur, C., Larché, N., Vittonato, J. & Marchebois, H. (2024). Efficiency of cathodic protection of stainless steel in confined area – Further understanding of the protection mechanism through experimental testing and modeling. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Efficiency of cathodic protection of stainless steel in confined area – Further understanding of the protection mechanism through experimental testing and modeling
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cathodic protection (CP) of carbon steel has been extensively studied for structures exposed to the open sea. However, the knowledge and data available for carbon steel cannot be directly applied to stainless steels, especially in the case of confined surfaces that are prone to crevice corrosion. In the context of stainless steels, confined surfaces (such as the contact surfaces of fasteners or valves) are critical zones as crevice corrosion represents the primary failure mode for passive alloys in seawater. With CP, the local potential achieved in confinement areas is highly dependent on various factors, including the actual geometries (crevice gap, length, local pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO), ohmic drops, etc.). These factors can raise questions about the actual efficiency of CP if the current cannot reach the confined area. Conversely, if sufficient current can reach the confined area, the risk of hydrogen embrittlement (especially for strain-hardened or precipitation hardened alloys) should be taken into consideration. A specific experimental setup has been constructed to characterize the electrochemical behavior of stainless steel in a confined environment and the physicochemical properties of the confined seawater. The results have shown a complete deaeration of the confined seawater under all test conditions, along with an increase of the pH when CP is applied. The tests have also highlighted the significant impact of slight crevice gap variation on the current distribution. Based on the experimental findings, polarization curves representing confined environments have been generated. These curves have been integrated into a finite element model, allowing for the extrapolation of the experimental results to different crevice geometries. After a few centimeters, little to no current should be able to reach the confined surfaces if the crevice gap is inferior to 10µm. However, the risk of corrosion of stainless steels remains limited due to the local CP-induced chemistry at the interface. The CP also mitigates the ohmic drop in the confined area which also tend to reduce the risk of crevice corrosion. This work has enabled a deeper understanding of how cathodic protection prevents crevice corrosion on low-passive-grade stainless steels in natural seawater. It also provides additional information on the polarization behavior of stainless steels in confined areas on the crevice geometry. .

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Activation energy; Cathodic protection; Corrosion prevention; Deaeration; Dealloying; Degassing; Electrochemical corrosion; Embrittlement; Hardening; Localized corrosion; Membrane fouling; Membrane technology; Neutron activation analysis; Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Steel testing; Synthetic diamonds; Synthetic metals; Thermal expansion; Weathering; Yield stress; ’current; Confined areas; Confined environment; Confined surfaces; Crevice corrosion; Crevice geometry; Marine corrosion; Modeling; Ohmic drop; Simulation; Crevice corrosion
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76429 (URN)2-s2.0-85210875291 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024
Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
Leballeur, C., Tran, Q.-T., Pélissier, K. & Larché, N. (2024). Evaluation of seawater treatments to mitigate the corrosion rate of carbon steels and CRAs rigid pipeline during pre-commissioning operations and long-term wet storage. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of seawater treatments to mitigate the corrosion rate of carbon steels and CRAs rigid pipeline during pre-commissioning operations and long-term wet storage
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Once installed at the seabed, subsea rigid pipes in Carbon steel (CS), Low Alloys Steels (LAS) or in Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) can be wet stored for various durations. During this idle period, the lines can be filled with natural seawater generally treated with different types of chemicals, to mitigate localized corrosion initiation of stainless steel or the general corrosion of carbon steel. The chemicals are usually oxygen scavengers combined with or without biocides and corrosion inhibitor. Field experiences show that satisfying efficiency is obtained with some chemical’s combination. However, only few data are available in the literature to quantify separately the actual benefit of these chemicals and their combination. The needs to investigate sustainable alternative chemicals for these wet storage operations are also anticipated. In order to quantify the individual and synergistic effects of the selected chemicals, API 5L X65 carbon steel and UNS S31603 stainless steel were exposed for one year in seawater treated by different available combinations of oxygen scavenger, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. Environmental-friendly chemicals have also been assessed as possible alternatives to conventional biocides. The corrosion rate of carbon steel coupons immersed in specific exposure cells, that simulate the confined exposure conditions during the wet storage, have then been determined by weight loss measurements after 3 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months. The impact of the treatments on the corrosion rate and the bacterial activity have also been studied by Dissolved Oxygen Content (DOC) and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) monitoring, Electric Resistance (ER) measurements, and bacterial analysis. The current investigation shows that low DOC levels have been achieved which inhibited the so-called “biofilm ennoblement” of stainless steel. Thus, no corrosion occurred for UNS S31603. Such results are also applicable to most CRAs under similar exposure environment. The synergic effects of oxygen scavenger, biocides and corrosion inhibitor on the corrosion rate of carbon steel are also discussed.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Chemicals removal (water treatment); Concentration (process); Corrosion inhibitors; Corrosion prevention; Corrosion rate; Degassing; Dialysis; Doping (additives); Extraction; Flocculation; Indicators (chemical); Localized corrosion; Low carbon steel; Phase separation; Pipeline corrosion; Steel corrosion; Chemical inhibitors; Chemical treatments; Corrosion management; Corrosion-resistant alloys; Dissolved oxygen contents; Idle periods; Low-alloy steel; Oxygen scavengers; Rigid pipes; Wet storage; Seawater corrosion
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76481 (URN)2-s2.0-85210877919 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024
Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
Leballeur, C., Tran, Q.-T., Pélissier, K. & Larché, N. (2024). Evaluation of seawater treatments to mitigate the corrosion rate of carbon steels and CRAs rigid pipeline during pre-commissioning operations and long-term wet storage. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of seawater treatments to mitigate the corrosion rate of carbon steels and CRAs rigid pipeline during pre-commissioning operations and long-term wet storage
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Once installed at the seabed, subsea rigid pipes in Carbon steel (CS), Low Alloys Steels (LAS) or in Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) can be wet stored for various durations. During this idle period, the lines can be filled with natural seawater generally treated with different types of chemicals, to mitigate localized corrosion initiation of stainless steel or the general corrosion of carbon steel. The chemicals are usually oxygen scavengers combined with or without biocides and corrosion inhibitor. Field experiences show that satisfying efficiency is obtained with some chemical’s combination. However, only few data are available in the literature to quantify separately the actual benefit of these chemicals and their combination. The needs to investigate sustainable alternative chemicals for these wet storage operations are also anticipated. In order to quantify the individual and synergistic effects of the selected chemicals, API 5L X65 carbon steel and UNS S31603 stainless steel were exposed for one year in seawater treated by different available combinations of oxygen scavenger, biocides, and corrosion inhibitors. Environmental-friendly chemicals have also been assessed as possible alternatives to conventional biocides. The corrosion rate of carbon steel coupons immersed in specific exposure cells, that simulate the confined exposure conditions during the wet storage, have then been determined by weight loss measurements after 3 weeks, 2, 6, and 12 months. The impact of the treatments on the corrosion rate and the bacterial activity have also been studied by Dissolved Oxygen Content (DOC) and Open Circuit Potential (OCP) monitoring, Electric Resistance (ER) measurements, and bacterial analysis. The current investigation shows that low DOC levels have been achieved which inhibited the so-called “biofilm ennoblement” of stainless steel. Thus, no corrosion occurred for UNS S31603. Such results are also applicable to most CRAs under similar exposure environment. The synergic effects of oxygen scavenger, biocides and corrosion inhibitor on the corrosion rate of carbon steel are also discussed. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Chemicals removal (water treatment); Concentration (process); Corrosion inhibitors; Corrosion prevention; Corrosion rate; Degassing; Dialysis; Doping (additives); Extraction; Flocculation; Indicators (chemical); Localized corrosion; Low carbon steel; Phase separation; Pipeline corrosion; Steel corrosion; Chemical inhibitors; Chemical treatments; Corrosion management; Corrosion-resistant alloys; Dissolved oxygen contents; Idle periods; Low-alloy steel; Oxygen scavengers; Rigid pipes; Wet storage; Seawater corrosion
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76440 (URN)2-s2.0-85210877919 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024
Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
Larché, N., Leballeur, C., Kleive, M. & Malmanger, E. (2024). Localized corrosion limit of use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) connector in converted injection treated seawater well. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Localized corrosion limit of use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) connector in converted injection treated seawater well
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Many systems can be converted and used for different applications not initially planned. This is the case for production wells, sometimes converted into water injection wells and for which the production tubing material selection is clearly not adapted for prolonged contact with natural seawater. Oxygen removal treatment must be applied but precise control is not obvious and excursions above zero or close-to-zero oxygen can occur. The production tubing material S13%Cr are known to be sensitive to dissolved oxygen excursions in seawater, but data from the literature cannot precisely help in defining the allowed limits of use. Exploring the possibility to convert a production well into a treated seawater injection well then requires a careful assessment of the corrosion resistance limits of the involved alloys. A series of corrosion tests in treated seawater were designed to assess the limits of use of fast connector made of alloy UNS S41427. The corrosion tests were performed both at laboratory scale and on full-scale fast connectors in a treated seawater flow loops simulating service conditions. For all the performed tests, maintaining the dissolved oxygen content (DOC) at 15 ppb and below never led to localized corrosion and has been considered as a safe condition in terms of corrosion risk for alloy S41427 at ambient temperature. It was found that prolonged dissolved oxygen content (DOC) above 30±10 ppb may lead to initial crevice corrosion after only 4 h of exposure. Globally, a very good correlation between the laboratory and the full-scale test results was found. The critical crevice potential for alloy S41427 was significantly affected by the cleaning process of the tested coupons, while the stop of the corrosion was always measured for potentials reached at DOC < 10 ppb. The proposed methodology, involving both laboratory and full-scale tests, allowed to precisely quantify the limits of use of UNS S41427 in treated injection well. It could be used for any other material and applications to help at designing adapted and reliable engineering diagrams for material selections.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Chromium steel; Corrosion protection; Corrosion rate; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Crevice corrosion; Injection (oil wells); Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Tubing; Corrosion tests; Dissolved oxygen contents; Injection wells; Localized corrosion; Materials selection; Production tubing; Production wells; Re-passivation; S13%cr stainless steel; Tubing materials; Localized corrosion
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76510 (URN)2-s2.0-85210825934 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans, USA. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024
Note

Funding sponsor: French Corrosion Institute (RISE Research Institutes of Sweden)

Available from: 2025-01-27 Created: 2025-01-27 Last updated: 2025-01-27Bibliographically approved
Larché, N., Leballeur, C., Kleive, M. & Malmanger, E. (2024). Localized corrosion limit of use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) connector in converted injection treated seawater well. In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024: . Paper presented at Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024. Association for Materials Protection and Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Localized corrosion limit of use of S13%Cr (UNS S41427) connector in converted injection treated seawater well
2024 (English)In: AMPP Annual Conference and Expo 2024, Association for Materials Protection and Performance , 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Many systems can be converted and used for different applications not initially planned. This is the case for production wells, sometimes converted into water injection wells and for which the production tubing material selection is clearly not adapted for prolonged contact with natural seawater. Oxygen removal treatment must be applied but precise control is not obvious and excursions above zero or close-to-zero oxygen can occur. The production tubing material S13%Cr are known to be sensitive to dissolved oxygen excursions in seawater, but data from the literature cannot precisely help in defining the allowed limits of use. Exploring the possibility to convert a production well into a treated seawater injection well then requires a careful assessment of the corrosion resistance limits of the involved alloys. A series of corrosion tests in treated seawater were designed to assess the limits of use of fast connector made of alloy UNS S41427. The corrosion tests were performed both at laboratory scale and on full-scale fast connectors in a treated seawater flow loops simulating service conditions. For all the performed tests, maintaining the dissolved oxygen content (DOC) at 15 ppb and below never led to localized corrosion and has been considered as a safe condition in terms of corrosion risk for alloy S41427 at ambient temperature. It was found that prolonged dissolved oxygen content (DOC) above 30±10 ppb may lead to initial crevice corrosion after only 4 h of exposure. Globally, a very good correlation between the laboratory and the full-scale test results was found. The critical crevice potential for alloy S41427 was significantly affected by the cleaning process of the tested coupons, while the stop of the corrosion was always measured for potentials reached at DOC < 10 ppb. The proposed methodology, involving both laboratory and full-scale tests, allowed to precisely quantify the limits of use of UNS S41427 in treated injection well. It could be used for any other material and applications to help at designing adapted and reliable engineering diagrams for material selections. .

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2024
Keywords
Chromium steel; Corrosion protection; Corrosion rate; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Crevice corrosion; Injection (oil wells); Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Tubing; Corrosion tests; Dissolved oxygen contents; Injection wells; Localized corrosion; Materials selection; Production tubing; Production wells; Re-passivation; S13%cr stainless steel; Tubing materials; Localized corrosion
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-76441 (URN)2-s2.0-85210825934 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Association for Materials Protection and Performance Annual Conference and Expo 2024. New Orleans. 3 March 2024 through 7 March 2024
Available from: 2025-01-29 Created: 2025-01-29 Last updated: 2025-01-29Bibliographically approved
Larché, N., Leballeur, C., Diler, E. & Thierry, D. (2023). Crevice Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels in Seawater: A Comparison Between Temperate and Tropical Locations. Corrosion, 79(9), 1106-1117
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Crevice Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels in Seawater: A Comparison Between Temperate and Tropical Locations
2023 (English)In: Corrosion, ISSN 0010-9312, E-ISSN 1938-159X, Vol. 79, no 9, p. 1106-1117Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The corrosion risk for stainless steel components is not the same in all seawaters, with more failures generally reported in tropical seas. In this study, the influence of biofilm on electrochemical behavior and corrosion resistance of passive films of high-grade alloys was studied in different seawaters, including temperate seawater (France-Brest, North Atlantic Ocean), tropical seawater (Malaysia-Kelatan, Meridional China Sea), and intermediate conditions in terms of temperature (Brazil-Arraial do Cabo, South Atlantic Ocean). The stabilized open-circuit potentials and the polarization behavior of high-grade stainless steels were measured as a function of temperature in all of the tested field marine stations, providing quantified data and direct comparison of the biofilm-enhanced corrosion risks. Significant differences were measured in tropical and in temperate seawaters in heated conditions. Above 37°C, the biofilm activity was much more pronounced in tropical seawater compared to Atlantic Ocean sites, leading to much higher localized corrosion risk. Crevice corrosion of eight high-grades passive alloys was also studied with the use of crevice formers specifically developed for tube geometries. Duplex UNS S32205, superduplex UNS S32750, hyperduplex UNS S33207 and S32707, and 6Mo stainless steels UNS S31266 have been evaluated together with Ni-based alloys UNS N06845 and N06625. In the more severe conditions, the high-grade alloys UNS S32707 and the 6%Mo UNS S31266, both with pitting resistant equivalent number (PREN) around 50, showed better performance than commonly used superduplex UNS S32750 and UNS S39274 (PREN 40). The corrosion results are discussed regarding the monitored biofilm-induced depolarization measured in the different test conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2023
Keywords
Biofilms; Corrosion resistance; Corrosion resistant alloys; Crevice corrosion; Electrochemical corrosion; Localized corrosion; Nickel alloys; Oceanography; Risk assessment; Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Tropics; Atlantic Ocean; Corrosion risk; Corrosion-resistant alloys; Crevice corrosion; Ennoblement; High grades; Pitting resistant equivalent numbers; Steel components; Superduplex; Tropical location; Stainless steel
National Category
Surface- and Corrosion Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67717 (URN)10.5006/4370 (DOI)2-s2.0-85173616989 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-11-06 Created: 2023-11-06 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
Larché, N., Leballeur, C., Le Manchet, S. & He, W. (2023). Localized Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels: Grade Selection in Chlorinated Seawater. Corrosion, 79(9), 997-1005
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Localized Corrosion of High-Grade Stainless Steels: Grade Selection in Chlorinated Seawater
2023 (English)In: Corrosion, ISSN 0010-9312, E-ISSN 1938-159X, Vol. 79, no 9, p. 997-1005Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Chlorination is widely used in seawater systems to avoid fouling and associated microbial-induced corrosion. Free chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent that prevents biofilm formation on immersed surfaces when used above a certain content. However, the presence of residual chlorine associated with the relatively high chloride content in seawater significantly increases the risk of localized corrosion for most stainless steels. In the present study, a module initially developed to quantify the formation of electroactive biofilms on stainless steels has been used to assess the corrosiveness of chlorinated seawater. Both the electrochemical potential and the cathodic current were measured on super-duplex stainless steel as a function of residual chlorine levels and seawater temperatures. In parallel, long-term localized corrosion tests have been performed in simulated environments to assess the environmental limits for the safe use of high-grade stainless steels in chlorinated seawater. It includes crevice corrosion exposure tests using adapted ISO 18070:2015 crevice formers and internal tube pitting corrosion exposure tests in model tube heat exchangers simulating heat flux from 35°C to 170°C. The synergetic effect of residual chlorine content and temperature on the risk of localized corrosion has been quantified. Corrosion resistance properties are correlated to the electrochemical monitoring data, and the environmental limits of selected base materials stainless steels have been established for duplex stainless steel UNS S32205, super-duplex stainless steel UNS S32750, hyper-duplex stainless steels UNS S32707 and UNS S33207, and the high-grade austenitic stainless steel UNS S31266.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Association for Materials Protection and Performance, 2023
Keywords
Biofilms; Chlorination; Chlorine compounds; Corrosion resistance; Crevice corrosion; Electrochemical corrosion; Heat flux; Seawater corrosion; Steel corrosion; Crevice corrosion; Exposure tests; High grades; High-grade stainless steel; Hyper-duplex; Localized corrosion; Residual chlorines; Stainless steel grades; Super duplex; Superduplex stainless steels; Pitting
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-67719 (URN)10.5006/4348 (DOI)2-s2.0-85173614123 (Scopus ID)
Note

The following sponsors of the projects used in this study are gratefully acknowledged: Flávia Maciel at PETROBRAS, Thierry Cassagne at TOTAL ENERGIES, Stéphane Trottier at VEOLIA, Lars Mehus at AKER SOLUTIONS, Yves Denos at EDF, Xiaoxue An at TechnipFMC, Viktor Räftegård at VOLVO PENTA, Josefin Eidhagen and Ulf Kivisäkk at Alleima (supply of SAF 2205, SAF 2507, SAF 2707, and SAF 3207 seamless tubes tested in this study), Jean-Marc Lardon at ERAMET AUBERT & DUVAL (supply of UNS S31266 bars tested in this study), INDUSTEEL (supply of UNS S31266 plates tested in this study), Tadashi Kawakami at NIPPON STEEL, Sophie Delettrez, Luciana Lima, and Jérôme Peultier at VALLOUREC, and Valérie Noël at NAVAL GROUP. Pascal Moullec from Institut de la Corrosion is acknowledged for experimental setups and control of the experiments. Dominique Thierry from RISE is also particularly acknowledged for his input and review of the paper.

Available from: 2023-11-03 Created: 2023-11-03 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
Tran, Q.-T. -., Benoit, G., Le Guennec, O. & Leballeur, C. (2019). Optimization of the corrosion protection for offshore windfarm monopile foundation - Engineering design lessons learnt. In: NACE - International Corrosion Conference SeriesVolume 2019-March, 2019, Article number 13378Corrosion Conference and Expo 2019; Nashville; United States; 24 March 2019 through 28 March 2019;: . Paper presented at NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2019-March, 2019, Article number 13378 Corrosion Conference and Expo 2019; Nashville; United States; 24 March 2019 through 28 March 2019;. National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimization of the corrosion protection for offshore windfarm monopile foundation - Engineering design lessons learnt
2019 (English)In: NACE - International Corrosion Conference SeriesVolume 2019-March, 2019, Article number 13378Corrosion Conference and Expo 2019; Nashville; United States; 24 March 2019 through 28 March 2019;, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International , 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Protection barriers are implemented to provide corrosion protection for offshore windfarm monopile foundations. Such protection methods have been applied since the beginning of the offshore windfarm industry with regard to the external surfaces and more recently, since 2010's for the internal surfaces. Design life extension combined with an increase of foundations dimensions lead currently to the requirement for high efficiency / high capability protection barriers. Main findings and engineering lessons learned on how to optimize the above protection barriers design are reviewed in this paper, specially: i. Appropriate interpretation of the new revision (2017-2018) of ISO(1) 129441-5 to define the right environment corrosivity category and subsequent painting systems durability. ii. Relevance of design current densities and drained current into sediments for cathodic protection system from codes &amp; standards. iii. Use of cathodic protection modelling to optimize cathodic protection system design; Findings on mitigation of galvanic anodes interferences are presented to illustrate the purpose. iv. Design of a passive water/air renewal system to prevent side effects resulting from cathodic protection system installed in a nearly closed environment like monopile foundation internal areas. v. Environmental impact of galvanic anodes: ''Myth or reality''?.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International, 2019
Keywords
Cathodic protection, Engineering, Galvanic anodes, Modelling, Monopile foundation, Offshore windfarm, Painting system, Anodes, Environmental impact, Foundations, Models, Offshore oil well production, Cathodic protection systems, Closed environment, Corrosivity category, Foundation engineering, Monopile, Wind farm
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-39994 (URN)2-s2.0-85070076498 (Scopus ID)
Conference
NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2019-March, 2019, Article number 13378 Corrosion Conference and Expo 2019; Nashville; United States; 24 March 2019 through 28 March 2019;
Available from: 2019-10-16 Created: 2019-10-16 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
Thierry, D., Leballeur, C. & Larché, N. (2018). A new crevice assembly adapted for tube geometries to test crevice corrosion in seawater. In: NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2018-April, 2018Corrosion Conference and Expo 2018; Phoenix; United State s;: . Paper presented at NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2018-April, 2018 Corrosion Conference and Expo 2018; Phoenix; United States; 15 April 2018 through 19 April 2018. National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A new crevice assembly adapted for tube geometries to test crevice corrosion in seawater
2018 (English)In: NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2018-April, 2018Corrosion Conference and Expo 2018; Phoenix; United State s;, National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International , 2018Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Crevice corrosion resistance is one of the main criteria for the selection of a given stainless steel grade for seawater applications. Crevice corrosion resistance can be evaluated using different techniques that are described in standards and in the literature. However, the proposed assemblies are often restricted to plate geometry specimens. Some crevice assemblies for tube geometry have been proposed and used during the last ten years, but they showed a large dispersion of the results due to the difficulty to control crevice geometries on curved surfaces. From this background, an optimized crevice assembly was proposed to allow a better control of the reproducibility of crevice corrosion tests on stainless steel tubes. Finite element modelling and laboratory testing have shown that the new proposed design provides a better control of gasket pressure and consequently a better reproducibility than previous existing assemblies. The proposed assembly can be adapted and used for fit-for-purpose testing (e. g. evaluation of different gasket materials, different gasket pressures, etc.). 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
National Assoc. of Corrosion Engineers International, 2018
Keywords
Crevice corrosion, Marine corrosion, Stainless steel, Tubes, Corrosion resistance, Gaskets, Geometry, Seawater corrosion, Steel corrosion, Tubing, Tubular steel structures, Crevice geometry, Finite element modelling, Gasket materials, Laboratory testing, Reproducibilities, Stainless steel grades, Stainless steel tube
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-40489 (URN)2-s2.0-85053539746 (Scopus ID)9781510864405 (ISBN)
Conference
NACE - International Corrosion Conference Series Volume 2018-April, 2018 Corrosion Conference and Expo 2018; Phoenix; United States; 15 April 2018 through 19 April 2018
Available from: 2019-10-10 Created: 2019-10-10 Last updated: 2023-11-21Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0009-0008-1885-1205

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