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Nordström, T., Sütfeld, L. & Besker, T. (2024). Exploring different Actor Roles in Orchestrations of System of Systems. In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024: . Paper presented at 19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024 (pp. 190-196). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring different Actor Roles in Orchestrations of System of Systems
2024 (English)In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2024, p. 190-196Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The rising complexity and interconnectedness of contemporary systems engineering solutions have spurred the development of Systems-of-Systems (SoS). Within a SoS, we find interconnected constituent systems (CSs), each possessing individual capabilities and managerial autonomy. For effective management of a SoS, a dedicated orchestration mechanism is crucial. However, currently, there is a lack of a well-defined internal structure or an understanding of roles and interactions between sub-parts of the Orchestrator. This paper proposes a framework for SoS orchestration, identifying distinct actors and their functional roles for an effective SoS operation. Our framework consists of two main groups: SoS Governors (handling legal and financial aspects) and the Orchestrator (responsible for the overall SoS operation). Key actors within the Orchestrator are identified and described, including the Goal Transformer, Registrar, Composer, Executor, Cartographer, Data Curator, and Translator. The paper concludes by discussing the dynamic collaboration between orchestration actors and the significance of clearly defining these roles for complex SoS management. This study offers a foundation for future research and practice in SoS orchestration, potentially enhancing these complex systems’ resilience, effectiveness, and overall management. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024
Keywords
Artificial intelligence; Decentralized systems; Information management; Large scale systems; Research and development management; Systems analysis; Effective management; Effective systems; Engineering solutions; Functionals; Internal structure; Main group; Mediator; Orchestration; System-of-systems; Systems operation; System of systems
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75017 (URN)10.1109/SOSE62659.2024.10620949 (DOI)2-s2.0-85202167559 (Scopus ID)
Conference
19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024
Note

This work was carried out within the SIMCON project funded by Vinnova, Sweden s Innovation Agency (grant no. 2023-00238) 

Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-09 Last updated: 2024-09-09Bibliographically approved
Anttila, M., Besker, T. & Svenson, P. (2024). Gender Aspects of Shared Mobility Services from a System of Systems Perspective. In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024: . Paper presented at 19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024 (pp. 30-35). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Gender Aspects of Shared Mobility Services from a System of Systems Perspective
2024 (English)In: 2024 19th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSE 2024, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2024, p. 30-35Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

System of systems (SoS) are intended to solve problems, provide more effective services, and enable greater collaborative behaviour. For SoS operating within the mobility domain, where the usefulness of the SoS solution largely depends on how many people will use the SoS, it is necessary to consider if there are potential gender aspects of the user that may negatively impact the SoS usefulness. In this study, we present the results from a literature survey on gender aspects of the usage of new mobility solutions and use this to present a conceptual model for how gender affects SoS mobility usage and how SoS stakeholders can act to impact this influence.The literature survey identified several gender aspects of using new mobility solutions. These aspects can significantly impact the usefulness and utilisation of SoS within the mobility domain. The conceptual model developed from the survey findings highlights the importance of considering gender in SoS mobility usage. By understanding how gender influences the usage of such SoS, stakeholders can take action to address any potential negative impacts. This model provides a framework for designing more inclusive and user-friendly SoS solutions that cater to the needs and preferences of all users, regardless of gender. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2024
Keywords
Collaborative behavior; Conceptual model; Gender analyze; Literature survey; Mobility service; Mobility solutions; Shared mobility service; System solution; System-of-systems; User friendly
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75005 (URN)10.1109/SOSE62659.2024.10620938 (DOI)2-s2.0-85202145573 (Scopus ID)
Conference
19th International IEEE Conference on System of Systems Engineering, SoSE 2024. Tacoma. 23 June 2024 through 26 June 2024
Note

Vinnova, Sweden's innovation agency, funded this research under grant no. 2019-05100. 

Available from: 2024-09-09 Created: 2024-09-09 Last updated: 2024-09-09Bibliographically approved
Besker, T., Svenson, P., Ranjbar, Z., Vos, C. & Einarsson, J. (2024). T.AI.TRÄ Trollhättan stads - AI-baserade Trädinventering. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>T.AI.TRÄ Trollhättan stads - AI-baserade Trädinventering
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2024 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

T.AI.TRÄ-projektet syftade till att förbättra hantering och inventering av träd inom kommunal verksamhet genom AI och ML-teknik. Genom att använda AI-drivna system kan man automatisera och effektivisera arbetsprocesser som tidigare har varit resurskrävande och tidsödande. Projektet hade särskilt fokus på att utveckla ett digital AI-baserat verktyg som samlar in, analyserar och visualiserar träddata från olika kommunala (redan befintliga) datakällor. Genom att implementera denna lösning i Trollhättans Stads kommunala verksamhet, kan man på ett mer effektivt sätt hantera stadens trädbestånd. Den nya tekniken ger också möjlighet att bättre förstå trädens ekologiska värde samt deras påverkan på stadsmiljön och klimatet. Projektet har inneburit ett nära samarbete mellan olika experter, inklusive AI-utvecklare, GIS-ingenjörer, forskare och domänexperter inom ekologi och stadsplanering. Dessutom har vi arbetat med att säkerställa att data som används och delas inom projektet är tillförlitlig och följer gällande lagstiftning, vilket är särskilt viktigt när man hanterar potensiellt känslig information. En annan viktig aspekt av T.AI.TRÄ-projektet var att främja organisatoriskt lärande inom Trollhättans Stad. Genom att introducera AI och nya digitala verktyg har personalen fått möjlighet att utveckla sin tekniska kompetens och förståelse för hur AI kan användas för att stödja och förbättra beslut inom stadsplanering och miljöförvaltning. Detta lärande har inte bara stärkt kommunens kapacitet att hantera träd på ett effektivt sätt, utan också lagt grunden för framtida AI-baserade projekt inom andra områden. Genom kontinuerlig utbildning och erfarenhetsutbyte har kommunen byggt upp en värdefull kunskapsbas som kan användas för att optimera verksamheten och anpassa sig till framtidens utmaningar. Genom att kombinera teknisk innovation med djupgående kunskap om trädens roll i vår miljö, hoppas vi slutligen att detta projekt kommer att bidra till en mer hållbar och effektiv trädhantering i framtiden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, 2024. p. 43
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2024:61
National Category
Forest Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-75990 (URN)978-91-89971-22-6 (ISBN)
Note

Vinnova d.nr. 2023–00279

Available from: 2024-10-21 Created: 2024-10-21 Last updated: 2024-10-21Bibliographically approved
Levén, W., Broman, H., Besker, T. & Torkar, R. (2024). The broken windows theory applies to technical debt. Empirical Software Engineering, 29(4), Article ID 73.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The broken windows theory applies to technical debt
2024 (English)In: Empirical Software Engineering, ISSN 1382-3256, E-ISSN 1573-7616, Vol. 29, no 4, article id 73Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Context: The term technical debt (TD) describes the aggregation of sub-optimal solutions that serve to impede the evolution and maintenance of a system. Some claim that the broken windows theory (BWT), a concept borrowed from criminology, also applies to software development projects. The theory states that the presence of indications of previous crime (such as a broken window) will increase the likelihood of further criminal activity; TD could be considered the broken windows of software systems. Objective: To empirically investigate the causal relationship between the TD density of a system and the propensity of developers to introduce new TD during the extension of that system. Method: The study used a mixed-methods research strategy consisting of a controlled experiment with an accompanying survey and follow-up interviews. The experiment had a total of 29 developers of varying experience levels completing system extension tasks in already existing systems with high or low TD density. Results: The analysis revealed significant effects of TD level on the subjects’ tendency to re-implement (rather than reuse) functionality, choose non-descriptive variable names, and introduce other code smells identified by the software tool SonarQube, all with at least 95% credible intervals. Coclusions: Three separate significant results along with a validating qualitative result combine to form substantial evidence of the BWT’s existence in software engineering contexts. This study finds that existing TD can have a major impact on developers propensity to introduce new TD of various types during development. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2024
Keywords
Boiling water reactors; Software design; Bayesian data analysis; Broken windows theory; Causal relationships; Controlled experiment; Criminal activities; Software development projects; Software-systems; Suboptimal solution; Technical debts; Thematic analysis; Computer software reusability
National Category
Computer and Information Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-73613 (URN)10.1007/s10664-024-10456-6 (DOI)2-s2.0-85195125250 (Scopus ID)
Note

The computationswere enabled by resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC), partiallyfunded by the Swedish Research Council through grant agreement no. 2018–05973. Part of this research wasfunded by Marianne & Marcus Wallenberg(2017.0071).

Available from: 2024-06-14 Created: 2024-06-14 Last updated: 2024-06-14Bibliographically approved
Jolak, R., Besker, T. & Svensson, P. (2023). Building a Sustainable Business Ecosystem for EV Batteries: A Literature Study. In: 2023 International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy Engineering (PREE): . Paper presented at 2023 International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy Engineering (PREE) (pp. 116-125).
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Building a Sustainable Business Ecosystem for EV Batteries: A Literature Study
2023 (English)In: 2023 International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy Engineering (PREE), 2023, p. 116-125Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The transport system is currently undergoing a transition to become fossil-free and sustainable. Electrification of vehicles is an important part of this transition. These vehicles must include batteries, whose health status will decrease during their lifetime. Batteries whose status no longer fulfill the requirements for use in vehicles can, however, still have a long remaining life-time if used in less-critical domains. It thus becomes necessary to facilitate the reuse and Second Life use of batteries. This presents both technological and business challenges. How can we ensure that adequate battery health data is collected and used to give a correct evaluation of the value of a battery that is being removed from a vehicle? What business models are needed? In this study, we present sustainable circularity models in the context of second-life batteries by analyzing the market scenarios, studying the processes and relationships between the stakeholders, and reviewing the enablers and ecosystems. We also discuss the opportunities, challenges and regulations in order to support a comprehensive understanding of the sustainable circularity process of retired electric vehicle batteries.

National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-70093 (URN)10.1109/PREE57903.2023.10370719 (DOI)
Conference
2023 International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy Engineering (PREE)
Note

This research was supported by the Swedish Energy Agency project number P2022-01262

Available from: 2024-01-17 Created: 2024-01-17 Last updated: 2024-03-21Bibliographically approved
Besker, T., Franke, U. & Axelsson, J. (2023). Navigating the Cyber-Security Risks and Economics of System-of-Systems. In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023: . Paper presented at 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Navigating the Cyber-Security Risks and Economics of System-of-Systems
2023 (English)In: 2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Cybersecurity is an important concern in systems-of-systems (SoS), where the effects of cyber incidents, whether deliberate attacks or unintentional mistakes, can propagate from an individual constituent system (CS) throughout the entire SoS. Unfortunately, the security of an SoS cannot be guaranteed by separately addressing the security of each CS. Security must also be addressed at the SoS level. This paper reviews some of the most prominent cybersecurity risks within the SoS research field and combines this with the cyber and information security economics perspective. This sets the scene for a structured assessment of how various cyber risks can be addressed in different SoS architectures. More precisely, the paper discusses the effectiveness and appropriateness of five cybersecurity policy options in each of the four assessed SoS archetypes and concludes that cybersecurity risks should be addressed using both traditional design-focused and more novel policy-oriented tools. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 2023
Keywords
Cyber Security Investment, Cybersecurity, Economics, Incentives, System-of-Systems, Risk assessment, System of systems, Cybe security investment, Cyber security, Entire system, Incentive, Securities investments, Security Economics, Security risks, System levels
National Category
Computer Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-65973 (URN)10.1109/SoSE59841.2023.10178677 (DOI)2-s2.0-85166741236 (Scopus ID)9798350327236 (ISBN)
Conference
2023 18th Annual System of Systems Engineering Conference, SoSe 2023. Lille, France. 14 June 2023 through 16 June 2023
Available from: 2023-08-24 Created: 2023-08-24 Last updated: 2023-08-24Bibliographically approved
Besker, T., Jolak, R. & Svensson, P. (2023). Syntes: Affärsekosystem för cirkularitet av elbilsbatterier: Slutrapport.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Syntes: Affärsekosystem för cirkularitet av elbilsbatterier: Slutrapport
2023 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

I takt med att fler saker elektrifieras, ökar även behovet av batterier. Då metallerna i batterier är sällsynta, svårutvunna och begränsade, kan vi troligen inte enbart förlita oss på nytillverkning av batterier, tillverkade av nybrutna metaller, utan vi måste även kunna cirkulera och återanvända utrangerade batterier. Transportsystemet genomgår för närvarande en omställning till att bli fossilfritt och därigenom mer hållbart. Elektrifiering av fordon är en viktig del av denna omställning. Dessa eldrivna fordon (eng. electric vehicle, EV) innehåller batterier, vars kapacitet försämras över tid. Batterier vars prestanda inte längre uppfyller kraven för användning i fordon kan dock fortfarande få en lång återstående livslängd genom att exemplevis återbrukas inom andra domäner som har lägre kapacitetskrav. I närtid står vi inför ett läge där vi kommer att få fler och fler uttjänta batterier från elbilsflottan. Detta forskningsprojekt fokuserar på just dessa uttjänta EV-batterier och på vilket sätt de kan cirkuleras på en andrahandsmarknad, i form av s.k. Second Life-batterier (SLB). Denna cirkulation innebär dock både tekniska och affärsmässiga utmaningar. Hur kan vi säkerställa att tillräckliga batterihälsodata samlas in och används för att ge en rättvisande bild av värdet på ett EV-batteri som som tas bort från ett fordon? Vilka affärsmodeller behövs? I den här studien presenterar vi hållbara cirkulära modeller för återanvända batterier genom att analysera marknadsscenarier, studera processerna och relationerna mellan intressenter samt granska möjliggörare och ekosystem. Vi diskuterar även möjligheter, utmaningar och regleringar för att ge en omfattande förståelse av cirkulära modeller för återanvända elfordonsbatterier.

Abstract [en]

As more things become electrified, the need for batteries increases. As the metals in batteries are rare, difficult to extract and limited, we cannot rely solely on producing new batteries made from virgin metals but must also be able to circulate and reuse end-of-life batteries. The transport system is currently transitioning to become fossil-free and thus more sustainable. The electrification of vehicles is an important part of this transition. These electric vehicles (EVs) contain batteries, whose capacity degrades over time. However, batteries whose status no longer meets the requirements for use in vehicles can still have a long lifespan by, for example, being reused in other domains with lower capacity requirements. In the near future, we are facing a situation where we will get more and more end-of-life batteries from the EV fleet. This research project focuses on these end-of-life EV batteries and how they can be circulated on a secondary market as Second Life Batteries (SLB). However, this circulation poses both technical and business-related challenges. How can we ensure that adequate battery health data is collected and used to accurately assess the value of an EV battery removed from a vehicle? What business models are needed? In this study, we present sustainable models for circularity in the context of reused batteries by analyzing the market scene. We also discuss possibilities, challenges, and regulations in order to give a comprehensive understanding of circular models for second life EV batteries.

Publisher
p. 41
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2023:79
National Category
Mechanical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-68681 (URN)978-91-89821-49-1 (ISBN)
Note

Detta är en rapport från projektet ”P2022-01262 - Syntes: Affärsekosystem för Cirkularitet kring Batterier” inom Statens energimyndighet (Energimyndigheten) utlysning ”Forskning och innovation inom elektromobilitet” våren 2023.

Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2024-03-21Bibliographically approved
Martini, A., Besker, T., Posch, T. & Bosch, J. (2023). TD Pulse: Assessing the Systematic Management of Technical Debt. IEEE Software, 40(3), 54-62
Open this publication in new window or tab >>TD Pulse: Assessing the Systematic Management of Technical Debt
2023 (English)In: IEEE Software, ISSN 0740-7459, E-ISSN 1937-4194, Vol. 40, no 3, p. 54-62Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Technical Debt requires the management of several technical and non-technical aspects: process, organization, tools, etc. Software companies must identify where TD is not well managed and where to improve. Based on ten years of research and practice, we have created an effective approach, TD Pulse, to assess Technical Debt Management in large software companies and find critical improvement areas. The approach was used by 232 and evaluated by more than 200 practitioners in three large companies, including Siemens and Zenseact. The results show that our approach is valuable and lightweight. We also share lessons learned from the whole assessment experience. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Computer Society, 2023
Keywords
Companies, Costs, Education, Instruments, Monitoring, Seminars, Software, Effective approaches, Large companies, Organization tools, Process organization, Siemens, Software company, Systematic management, Technical aspects, Technical debts
National Category
Software Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-62609 (URN)10.1109/MS.2022.3226035 (DOI)2-s2.0-85144791511 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-01-20 Created: 2023-01-20 Last updated: 2023-07-06Bibliographically approved
Rogerson, S., Costa, N., Ekholm, J., Besker, T., Janhäll, S., Linders, T. & Anderberg, P. (2022). SeaCharging - Investigating the Need for Standardised Charging Infrastructure for Maritime Electrified Vessels.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SeaCharging - Investigating the Need for Standardised Charging Infrastructure for Maritime Electrified Vessels
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2022 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transport sector, including maritime transport, is facing accelerating electrification, where it is important that charging infrastructure is developed in parallel with electrified vessels. In today's few examples, charging technology is adapted to specific vessels and conditions. The possibility of using standards and standardisation to increase the efficiency of introducing electrified vessels has been the focus of the SeaCharging project. The middle segment of ships, such as waterborne public transport, is facing a rapid increase in electrification.

The project begins with an exploratory analysis of the current situation with charging stations in Sweden. This analysis covers the obstacles, needs and opportunities in different shipping segments and geographical areas. This results in an informative review providing input to standardisation committees, but also ports and shipping companies. Dissemination of the project’s results was achieved via a workshop, a number of seminars and this final report directed at the maritime, energy, technology, and standardisation communities. Together with Lighthouse, we will in early 2023, do a broad workshop for the whole sector, presenting the final project results and putting them into a wider context.

Publisher
p. 47
Series
RISE Rapport ; 2022:149
National Category
Vehicle Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-64059 (URN)978-91-89757-39-4 (ISBN)
Note

This project is funded by Vinnova and the project group consists of the University of Gothenburg, SSPA, RISE and E-Sea. Much input has come from an expert group consisting ofimportant stakeholder groups, such as ports, authorities, technology suppliers and boat owners.The University of Gothenburg is the project coordinator. The Vinnova call funding this projectis coupled to the Council for Innovative and Climate-focused Standardization, which is initiatedby the Government and led by the National Board of Trade. The project group has presented its preliminary results to the Council in December 2022.

Available from: 2023-02-23 Created: 2023-02-23 Last updated: 2024-09-03Bibliographically approved
Besker, T., Martini, A. & Bosch, J. (2022). The use of incentives to promote technical debt management. Information and Software Technology, 142, Article ID 106740.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The use of incentives to promote technical debt management
2022 (English)In: Information and Software Technology, ISSN 0950-5849, E-ISSN 1873-6025, Vol. 142, article id 106740Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Context When developing software, it is vitally important to keep the level of technical debt down since, based on several studies, it has been well established that technical debt can lower the development productivity, decrease the developers' morale and compromise the overall quality of the software, among others. However, even if researchers and practitioners working in today's software development industry are quite familiar with the concept of technical debt and its related negative consequences, there has been no empirical research focusing specifically on how software managers actively communicate and manage the need to keep the level of technical debt as low as possible. Objective This study aims to understand how software companies give incentives to manage technical debt. This is carried out by exploring how companies encourage and reward practitioners for actively keeping the level of technical debt down add whether the companies use any forcing or penalising initiatives when managing technical debt. Method As a first step, this paper reports the results of both an online survey providing quantitative data from 258 participants and interviews with 32 software practitioners. As a second step, this study sets out to specifically provide a detailed assessment of additional and in-depth analysis of technical debt management strategies based on an encouraging mindset and attitude from both managers and technical roles to understand how, when and by whom such strategies are adopted in practice. Results Our findings show that having a technical debt management strategy (specially based on encouragement) can significantly impact the amount of technical debt related to the software. Conclusion The result indicates that there is considerable unfulfilled potential to influence how software practitioners can further limit and reduce technical debt by adopting a strategy based explicitly on an encouraging mindset from managers where they also specifically dedicate time and resources for technical debt remediation activities.

Keywords
Technical debt, Software development, Software incentive programs, Empirical study
National Category
Software Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-56768 (URN)10.1016/j.infsof.2021.106740 (DOI)2-s2.0-85116842626 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-10-19 Created: 2021-10-19 Last updated: 2023-04-05Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-9811-000X

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