RISE har på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket tagit fram klimatindikatorer för svensk konsumtion av livsmedel baserat på statistik för 2016 och 2018. Jordbruksverket publicerar årligen statistik på direktkonsumtion av livsmedel i Sverige och informationen om konsumerad mängd livsmedel i olika produktgrupper har använts tillsammans med klimatavtryck för livsmedel, vilka tagits från RISE Klimatdatabas för livsmedel v. 1.7, för att ta fram klimatpåverkan för svensk direktkonsumtion av livsmedel. Utifrån Jordbruksverkets indelning av livsmedel i produktgrupper i konsumtionsstatistiken har klimatindikatorer tagits fram för de åtta olika produktgrupperna i statistikunderlaget, plus tre för undergrupper inom köttproduktgruppen, samt en klimatindikator för total direktkonsumtion av alla livsmedel 2016 och 2018. Följande produktgrupper har klimatberäknats: 1. Bröd och spannmålsprodukter 2. Kött och köttråvaror, som även delats upp i a. Kött, färskt och fryst b. Charkuterivaror och konserver (inklusive innanmat) c. Frysta köttprodukter och fryst färdiglagad mat innehållande kött 3. Fisk, kräftdjur och blötdjur 4. Mjölk, grädde, ost, ägg och matfett 5. Köksväxter 6. Frukt och bär 7. Potatis, potatisprodukter, socker, sirap, kaffe, te, kakao 8. Andra livsmedel, malt- och läskedrycker, mineralvatten samt alkoholhaltiga drycker De olika produktgrupperna består i sin tur av varugrupper, där varje varugrupp angivits en konsumtionsvolym. RISE har med information från Jordbruksverket och statistik från SCB och Jordbruksverket brutit ner de aggregerade konsumtionsvolymerna för varje varugrupp till specifik konsumtion av de olika livsmedel som ingår i respektive varugrupp. På detta sätt har matchningen till representativa klimatavtryck i RISE Klimatdatabas för livsmedel möjliggjorts och således också beräkningen av klimatindikatorer för de olika produktgrupperna då klimatindikatorerna representerar summan av klimatpåverkan från varorna som konsumeras i respektive varugrupp. Enbart klimatpåverkan från primärproduktion och förädling fram till industrigrind (det vill säga då livsmedlet är färdigt för distribution till handeln) ingår i klimatavtrycken i RISE Klimatdatabas för livsmedel. Klimatpåverkan från förpackning ingår dock inte, inte heller klimatpåverkan från distribution, handel och konsument.

·   Om Sverige ska uppnå takdirektivets utsläppsmål för ammoniak till 2030, minska jordbrukets utsläpp av växthusgaser och samtidigt, enligt den nationella livsmedelsstrategin, öka vår självförsörjningsgrad genom ökad livsmedelsproduktion krävs snabb handling och en seriös åtgärdsplan för de kommande åren.

·   Surgörning är bevisat som en effektiv åtgärd för att minska utsläpp av ammoniak och metan från stallgödsel. Tekniken har främst använts i Danmark och mycket erfarenhet kan hämtas därifrån.

·   Surgörning skulle kunna implementeras i Sverige för att minska utsläpp av ammoniak och metan från stallgödselhanteringen och därmed minska miljöpåverkan från animalieproduktionen. 

·   I denna rapport redogörs för följande tekniker: surgörning i stall, surgörning innan lagring (tekniken ännu inte utvecklad) och surgörning innan spridning. Den sistnämnda kan ske antingen i lagringstanken strax innan spridning eller i fält vid själva spridningen men bägge varianter har liknande effekt på utsläppen.

·   För befintlig surgörningsteknik (surgörning i stall eller innan spridning) finns inga tekniska hinder för implementering, bara ekonomiska hinder. Surgörning blir en kostnad för lantbrukare eftersom värdet av det besparade kväve täcker inte kostnader. Det har funnits ett försök att etablera försäljning av surgörningsteknik hos en maskinstation i Skåne där erfarenhet om eventuella hinder till implementering av surgörningsteknik i Sverige kan hämtas.

·   Av befintlig surgörningsteknik skulle den som implementeras i stallet ge störst utsläppsminskning av både ammoniak och metan, men denna teknik kan kräva ombyggnad av befintliga stallar varvid tekniken förmodligen lämpar sig bättre vid nybyggnation. 

·   Surgörning innan lagring skulle vara lättare att implementera vid befintliga stallar i Sverige, men tekniken behöver utvecklas och valideras eftersom den inte finns kommersiellt tillgänglig i dagsläget.

·   Surgörning av flytgödsel innan/vid spridning skulle kunna implementeras på bred front i Sverige men det minskar bara utsläpp av ammoniak och inte metan. Om maskinstationer investerade i tekniken kunde även mindre gårdar utnyttja surgörning.

·   Surgörning av stallgödsel sparar kväve som annars i konventionell produktion ersätts med mineralkväve från inköpt handelsgödsel. Minskad användning av mineralkväve minskar utsläppen av växthusgaser ytterligare men denna utsläppsminskning ingår inte i beräkningarna som presenteras i denna rapport. 

·   Sparat kväve kan ha ännu större betydelse i ekologisk odling eftersom det är svårt att ersätta förlorat kväve med gödselmedel tillåtna i ekologisk produktion. Vid surgörning används dock svavelsyra som inte är tillåtet i ekologisk odling. 

·   Forskning krävs för att utvärdera tillämpning av surgörningsteknik under svenska förhållanden och för att utveckla tekniken för surgörning innan lagring som lättare kan anpassas till befintliga stallar. Det är viktig att forskningsresultaten kan användas som grund för att inkludera surgörningspåverkan i vår nationella klimat- och luftinventering. 

·   Främjandet av teknik som minskar utsläpp av ammoniak och metan från stallgödsel, som till exempel surgörning, bör vara en given del av en åtgärdsplan för Sverige att kunna uppnå takdirektivets utsläppsmål till år 2030 och vårt långsiktiga klimatmål om nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser till år 2045 samtidigt som vi ökar vår självförsörjningsgrad av livsmedel. 

·   Politiska styrmedel är nödvändiga för att genomföra implementering av tillräckligt många åtgärder inom svenska jordbruket så att både miljömål och andra samhällsmål kan nås. Implementering av miljöteknik på bred front skulle utföra en samhällstjänst men då det ofta innebär en kostnadsökning för lantbrukarna så bör de få ersättning för merkostnader. Därför bör de politiska styrmedlen vara en blandning av ekonomiska incitament och strängare regelverk.

Grass-clover ley holds an importance role for a sustainable crop production and is mainly used as feed for ruminants. But ley also contains proteins, if extracted, suitable for monogastric animals such as pigs and poultry. If these proteins are extracted, the degree of self-sufficiency of proteins in Sweden can increase and better resource utilization is achieved. In this study we evaluated the utilization of fresh and ensiled grass-clover ley in a straw-based agricultural biorefinery for producing protein concentrate, ethanol, bio-oil and biogas.

Practical lab scale tests of extraction of high value components for food and feed applications from the liquid fraction after ley pressing were carried out. Pretreatments of the solid fraction prior to ethanol fermentation, bio-oil production using HTL (hydrothermal liquefaction) and biogas production were tested. The system for production and supply of the ley was described and the potential for increased ley production in Sweden was quantified. The environmental and economic efficiency of the proposed biorefinery system was evaluated using environmental systems analysis and technoeconomic assessment.

In terms of system profitability, a high protein yield in the extracted protein concentrate it is important. To achieve that, a thorough pre-treatment using mechanical biomass disintegration before fractioning is crucial. This may need to be done in several steps. Screw pressing is a common technique for fractionating ley into a liquid and solid fraction. Double pressing combined with enzymatic treatments or only water addition during the second pressing stage were found to increase the protein yield compared to single pressing. Second pressing had no effect on the amino acid profile of the protein concentrate.

After pressing fresh ley, heat coagulation or isoelectric precipitation can be used to precipitate protein concentrates in one- or two-step processes to produce protein fractions with different functional properties. Tests showed that it is possible to recover chlorophyll and carotenoids from the ley using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. which is a suitable method for food applications as toxic organic solvents can be avoided. The ensiling process degrades the protein into smaller peptides or free amino acids which makes ensiled grass less suitable for protein recovery by heat coagulation or isoelectric precipitation. Fresh and ensiled timothy and meadow fescue showed a similar amino acid profile as soybeans.

The initial hypothesis that mechanical pressing may disintegrate the lignocellulosic structure of ley sufficiently to produce a sugar stream with a high concentration of sugar for further fermentation by enzymatic hydrolysis was not confirmed. The content of sugars released after the enzymatic hydrolysis was relatively low. The fibre fraction after the mechanical pressing can be suitable for ethanol production if an additional pretreatment method will be incorporated. Fermentation of pressed and steam-exploded ensiled mixed ley showed promising results. The bio-oils produced with the HTL-process were described of high quality, i.e., high carbon content and low ash content. Although, the obtained materials are not directly integrable in today's refineries, the ensiling did not seem to affect the material's potential for biofuel production. The methane potential tests that were carried out in the project of the liquid residual fraction after protein extraction and after the HTL process showed that both can be suitable for methane production, but they showed great behavior differences.

The results from the environmental system analysis showed that extraction of high-quality products from ley, straw and sawdust according to the studied system reduces climate impact (CO2 eq) when the use of ethanol, bio-oil and biogas replaces fossil fuels, protein concentrate replaces soy as feed and carbon dioxide replaces fossil carbon dioxide. At present, the climate impact from extracted protein concentrate is higher than for soybean meal. Grass source for protein extraction followed by ethanol and bio-oil production as an alternative to straw-based ethanol and bio-oil production did not seem to improve the profitability of the studied biorefinery system. Profitability may be improved if protein extraction is performed the whole all year and not seasonal. Higher prices of the extracted protein concentrate may also improve profitability.

The potential for increased grassland cultivation in Sweden for biorefining was estimated at approximately 3.4 million tonnes grass per year. This included incorporating grassland in the crop rotation in grain-dominated areas, intensification of existing grassland cultivation, utilization of fallow and abandoned arable land for grassland cultivation.

Based on the results and the experience acquired from this project, we suggest an extraction plant for grass-clover ley that operates for both fresh and ensiled grassland all year. The plant needs to be supplemented with more advanced technologies such as membrane filtration for the extraction of amino acids from the ensiled ley during the winter season. The protein extraction plants should be located near farms. The extraction plant is also suggested to be located together with a biogas plant to enable co-digesting residual fractions with manure. Thereby, enabling plant nutrients and minerals in digestate to be returned to arable land. Utilizing the solid fiber fraction for biofuel production with fermentation and HTL in large-scale processes remains promising.

Currently Swedish healthcare uses large amounts of disposable products, many of which are made from plastic. For example, Region Uppsala annually uses 3,2 million disposable plastic aprons. Currently these aprons are manufactured from fossil based polyethene plastic. This causes emissions of 270 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents over their life cycle from extraction of raw material to end of life through incineration. If substituting the fossil polyethene with plastic manufactured from renewable material, there is a potential to reduce the climate impact from disposable plastic aprons. Current study has compared disposable plastic aprons made from fossil polyethene with aprons made from renewable raw materials. Two renewable plastics were evaluated, disposable apron made of polyethene manufactured from bioethanol from Brazilian sugar cane and disposable aprons made of the renewable plastic polylactide (PLA) origination from sugar cane grown in Thailand. The result is that using biopolyethene reduces climate impact with 60 % and PLA aprons with 40 % compared to fossil polyethene. PLA has a component that currently is of fossil origin. If in the future this component is substituted with a renewable component there is a potential to reduce the PLA climate impact with as much as 20 % compared to current reduction in comparison to fossil polyethene.

Large amounts of domestic raw material will be needed for future biofuel production in Sweden. Various grasses and straw are interesting alternatives for ethanol production. In the ethanol production, hydrolysis lignin residual is produced, which does not yet have a well-formulated end-use.

HTL is a liquefaction process that can be used to produce bio-oil. In this project we have studied whether hydrolysis lignin residue from ethanol production could be used as raw material in the HTL process. The produced bio-oil can be upgraded together with fossil oil in a conventional refinery and converted into biofuel components.

In this system study, biofuel production based on straw and ley grass as raw material have been studied in terms of climate impact, mass flows and economy. Four scenarios were investigated, two with straw as raw material and two with ley grass as raw materi-al. In all scenarios, the raw material was assumed to be used for ethanol production. In two scenarios, lignin residue from ethanol production was sent for incineration. In the other two scenarios, the lignin residue is further processed bio-oil via the HTL process.

In all scenarios the climate impact was reduced compared to fossil fuels. Ethanol gives a reduction of 72 – 92% and biofuels from bio-oil a reduction of 64 – 81% compared to the fossil reference. Considering soil carbon however has a large effect on the climate impact; removing straw is a loss of carbon while cultivation of ley grass add carbon to the soil.

The cost of producing ethanol was calculated to be between SEK 3 200 – 4 800 per metric ton ethanol. The fuels produced via HTL were estimated to have a production cost between SEK 11 600 – 15 100 per metric ton of fuel. Thus, biofuels from hydrolysis lignin were calculated to be much more expensive than ethanol. This is mainly due to the costs associated with the upgrade of bio-oil. However, results should be carefully interpreted as there is a lack of input data and major uncertainties in the estimations.

This study assessed the environmental impacts of recycling the plant nutrients in anaerobically digested food waste as fertilizer in agriculture. This was compared with the impacts of using chemical fertilizer, where the food waste was incinerated, producing heat. The study site was a biogas plant in central Sweden and life cycle assessment methodology was used. The impacts studied were primary energy use, global warming potential (GWP), potential acidification, potential eutrophication, cadmium flow to farmland and use of phosphate rock. Use of digested food waste as fertilizer proved to have larger negative results than use of chemical fertilizer in all categories assessed except use of non-renewable phosphate rock. Sensitivity analyses showed that the scenarios were comparable in terms of primary energy use and better for GWP if some improvements in the anaerobic digestion system were made. However, acidification and eutrophication caused by digestate handling and the cadmium content of digestate should still be considered.

There is a growing awareness of the climate impact of agricultural production, not least from cattle farms. Major sources of GHG emissions from milk production are enteric fermentation followed by fossil fuel use and manure/soil management systems. This study analyzes the potential to eliminate fossil fuel use from milk production farms in Sweden, by using residual farm resources of biomass to obtain self-sufficiency in fuel, heat and electricity. The change from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable system based on A) Biogas based on manure and straw and B) Biogas based on manure + RME were analyzed with consequential life cycle assessment (CLCA) methodology. Focus was energy use and GHG emissions and the functional unit was 1 kg of energy-corrected milk (ECM). The results show that organic milk producers can become self-sufficient in energy and reduce total GHG emissions from milk production by 46% in the Biogas system, or 32% in the Biogas + RME system compared to the Fossil system.