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Fernberg, P., Gong, G., Mannberg, P. & Tsampas, S. (2018). Development of novel high Tg polyimide-based composites. Part I: RTM processing properties. Journal of composite materials, 52(2), 253-260
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of novel high Tg polyimide-based composites. Part I: RTM processing properties
2018 (English)In: Journal of composite materials, ISSN 0021-9983, E-ISSN 1530-793X, Vol. 52, no 2, p. 253-260Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, an assessment of the composite processing-related properties of a newly developed 6-FDA-based phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide (available under the tradename NEXIMID®MHT-R) is presented. Processing schemes, used for preparing high quality carbon fibre-reinforced composites by the use of conventional resin transfer moulding are developed and presented. The influences of manufacturing parameters on glass transition temperature of the composites are presented. The results confirm that composites with exceptionally high Tg, in the range between 350 and 460℃ can be achieved. A manufacturing scheme that yields in composites with Tg of 370℃ is presented and proposed as a good candidate to serve as baseline for further studies.

Keywords
high Tg, Polymer-matrix composites, resin transfer moulding, rheological properties, Carbon, Carbon fibers, Fiber reinforced plastics, Glass transition, Manufacture, Molding, Polyimides, Polymer matrix composites, Resins, Carbon fibre reinforced composites, Composite processing, High quality, Manufacturing parameters, Phenylethynyl-terminated polyimide, Processing properties, Rheological property, Resin transfer molding
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-33253 (URN)10.1177/0021998317705705 (DOI)2-s2.0-85040026740 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-02-12 Created: 2018-02-12 Last updated: 2023-05-17Bibliographically approved
Tsampas, S., Fernberg, P. & Joffe, R. (2018). Development of novel high T-g polyimide-based composites. Part II: Mechanical characterisation. Journal of composite materials, 52(2), 261-274
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of novel high T-g polyimide-based composites. Part II: Mechanical characterisation
2018 (English)In: Journal of composite materials, ISSN 0021-9983, E-ISSN 1530-793X, Vol. 52, no 2, p. 261-274Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, the mechanical performance assessment of a newly developed carbon fibre-reinforced polyimide composite system T650/NEXIMID (R) MHT-R is presented. This system was subjected to a series of mechanical tests at ambient and elevated temperature (320?) to determine basic material properties. Moreover, an additional test was conducted, using a T650/NEXIMID (R) MHT-R laminate in which the fibre sizing was thermally removed prior to laminate manufacturing, to investigate the effect of fibre treatment on mechanical performance. The experimental results indicated that the T650/NEXIMID (R) MHT-R composites along with exceptionally high T-g (360-420?) exhibited competitive mechanical properties to other commercially available polyimide and epoxy-based systems. At elevated temperature, the fibre-dominated properties were not affected whilst the properties defined by matrix and fibre/matrix interface were degraded by approximately 20-30%. Finally, the fibre sizing removal did not affect the tensile and compressive strength, however, the shear strength obtained from short-beam shear test was deteriorated by approximately 15%.

Keywords
Polymer-matrix composites, high-temperature properties, mechanical testing, resin transfer moulding
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-33732 (URN)10.1177/0021998317705706 (DOI)2-s2.0-85040032640 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2018-04-14 Created: 2018-04-14 Last updated: 2019-06-18Bibliographically approved
Khosroshahi, S. F., Tsampas, S. & Galvanetto, U. (2018). Feasibility study on the use of a hierarchical lattice architecture for helmet liners. Materials Today Communications, 14, 312-323
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Feasibility study on the use of a hierarchical lattice architecture for helmet liners
2018 (English)In: Materials Today Communications, ISSN 2352-4928, Vol. 14, p. 312-323Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Helmets are the most important piece of protective equipment for motorcyclists. The liner of the helmet is the main part of the helmet which dissipates the impact energy and mitigates the load transmitted to the head. Therefore, optimizing the material that absorbs most of the impact energy would improve the helmet's protection capacity. It is known that the energy absorption of the helmet liner can be optimized by means of using liners with varying properties through the thickness, however currently the majority of used liners exhibit constant properties through the thickness. Advances in the field of topology optimization and additive manufacturing provide the ability of building complex geometries and tailoring mechanical properties. Along those lines, in the present work the feasibility of using a hierarchical lattice liner for helmets was studied. Finite element method was employed to study whether a hierarchical lattice liner could reduce the risk of head injuries in comparison to currently used liner materials. The results show that using a hierarchical lattice liner has the potential of significantly reducing the risk of head injury compared to a helmet with traditional EPS liner and could potentially be considered as the new generation of energy absorbing liners for helmets.

Keywords
Additive manufacturing, FEM, Helmet, Hierarchical lattice, PPE
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-34533 (URN)10.1016/j.mtcomm.2018.02.002 (DOI)2-s2.0-85044850684 (Scopus ID)
Note

 People Programme (Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/under REA grant agreement n° [ FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN-608092 ]. .

Available from: 2018-08-09 Created: 2018-08-09 Last updated: 2019-06-18Bibliographically approved
McElroy, M., Jackson, W., Olsson, R., Hellström, P., Tsampas, S. & Pankow, M. (2017). Interaction of delaminations and matrix cracks in a CFRP plate, Part I: A test method for model validation. Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing, 103, 314-326
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interaction of delaminations and matrix cracks in a CFRP plate, Part I: A test method for model validation
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2017 (English)In: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing, ISSN 1359-835X, E-ISSN 1878-5840, Vol. 103, p. 314-326Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Isolating and observing the damage mechanisms associated with low-velocity impact in composites using traditional experiments can be challenging, due to damage process complexity and high strain rates. In this work, a new test method is presented that provides a means to study, in detail, the interaction of common impact damage mechanisms, namely delamination, matrix cracking, and delamination-migration, in a context less challenging than a real impact event. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer specimens containing a thin insert in one region were loaded in a biaxial-bending state of deformation. As a result, three-dimensional damage processes, involving delaminations at no more than three different interfaces that interact with one another via transverse matrix cracks, were observed and documented using ultrasonic testing and X-ray computed tomography. The data generated by the test is intended for use in numerical model validation. Simulations of this test are included in Part II of this paper.

Keywords
A. Laminates, B. Delamination, B. Transverse cracking, D. Mechanical testing, Carbon, Carbon fiber reinforced plastics, Computerized tomography, Cracks, Failure (mechanical), Fiber reinforced plastics, Laminates, Mechanical testing, Strain rate, Ultrasonic testing, Carbon fiber reinforced polymer, Damage mechanism, High strain rates, Low velocity impact, Model validation, Transverse cracking, Transverse matrix cracks, X-ray computed tomography, Delamination
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-33052 (URN)10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.09.011 (DOI)2-s2.0-85030465676 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Langley Research Center

Available from: 2018-01-11 Created: 2018-01-11 Last updated: 2023-06-07Bibliographically approved
Tsampas, S., Greenhalgh, E. S., Ankersen, J. & Curtis, P. T. (2015). Compressive failure of hybrid multidirectional fibre-reinforced composites. Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing, 71, 40-58
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Compressive failure of hybrid multidirectional fibre-reinforced composites
2015 (English)In: Composites. Part A, Applied science and manufacturing, ISSN 1359-835X, E-ISSN 1878-5840, Vol. 71, p. 40-58Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, the hybridisation of multidirectional carbon fibre-reinforced composites as a means of improving the compressive performance is studied. The aim is to thoroughly investigate how hybridisation influences the laminate behaviour under different compression conditions and thus provide an explanation of the "hybrid effect". The chosen approach was to compare the compressive performance of two monolithic carbon fibre/epoxy systems, CYTEC HTS/MTM44-1 and IMS/MTM44-1, with that of their respective hybrids. This was done by keeping the same layup throughout ((0/90/45/-45)2S) while replacing the angle plies in one case or the orthogonal plies in the other case with the second material, thus producing two hybrid systems. To investigate the compressive performance of these configurations, compact and plain compression test methods were employed which also allowed studying the sensitivity of compressive failure to specimen geometry and loading conditions. The experimental results and the subsequent fractographic analysis revealed that the hybridisation of selective ply interfaces influenced the location and severity of the failure mechanisms. Finally, in light of this knowledge, an update of the generic sequence of events, previously suggested by the authors, which lead to global fracture in multidirectional fibre-reinforced composites under compression is presented. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2015
Keywords
Carbon fibres, Fracture, Electron microscopy, Fractography, Carbon, Carbon fibers, Compression testing, Fiber reinforced plastics, Fibers, Fracture, Fracture mechanics, Hybrid systems, Laminates, Reinforcement, Carbon fibre reinforced composites, Compression test method, Compressive failure, Compressive performance, Fibre reinforced composites, Fractographic analysis, Sequence of events, Specimen geometry, Failure (mechanical)
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-41048 (URN)10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.01.002 (DOI)2-s2.0-84921454107 (Scopus ID)
Note

Funding details: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, EP/G005648/1; Funding text 1: The authors wish to acknowledge the support of EPSRC and DSTL, on the Crack Arrest and Self-Healing in COMPosite Structures (CRASHCOMPS) Project (EP/G005648/1).

Available from: 2019-12-10 Created: 2019-12-10 Last updated: 2019-12-10Bibliographically approved
Tsampas, S. & Greenhalgh, E. S. (2015). Failure investigation of polymeric composite components. JEC Composites Magazine, 52(98), 46-49
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Failure investigation of polymeric composite components
2015 (English)In: JEC Composites Magazine, ISSN 1639-965X, Vol. 52, no 98, p. 46-49Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Fractographic analysis, i.e. the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, provides an insight into the causes and location of failure. Previously considered as a "black art", specialists now relate fracture morphologies to failure mechanisms with confidence and provide information about the failure sequence and source of failure initiation. This technique gives great feedback and can allow better design for next-generation parts.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
JEC Composites Magazine, 2015
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-40993 (URN)2-s2.0-84944769225 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-12-10 Created: 2019-12-10 Last updated: 2019-12-10Bibliographically approved
Monti, M., Tsampas, S., Fernberg, P., Blomqvist, P., Cuttica, F., Fina, A. & Camino, G. (2015). Fire reaction of nanoclay-doped PA6 composites reinforced with continuous glass fibers and produced by commingling technique (ed.). Polymer degradation and stability, 121, 1-10
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fire reaction of nanoclay-doped PA6 composites reinforced with continuous glass fibers and produced by commingling technique
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2015 (English)In: Polymer degradation and stability, ISSN 0141-3910, E-ISSN 1873-2321, Vol. 121, p. 1-10Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we report the development of a glass fiber commingled composite (GFCC) based on a nanoclay-doped polyamide 6 (PA6) and the evaluation of its fire reaction. The preparation of the composite comprised several steps. Firstly, the nanoclay was dispersed in the PA6 matrix. Then, the produced compound was spun in filaments and commingled with continuous glass fibers. Finally, the laminate preform was consolidated. Reference samples based on the neat PA6 were produced as well. As a results, although it is well known that, in the presence of a relevant amount of continuous fibers, the behavior of the material is mainly driven by the fibers themselves (e.g. mechanical, thermal, conductive, and so on), the effect of the clay was interesting, especially in flammability test (UL94 vertical burning test), where the total burning time passes from 227 s to 146 s.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2015
Keywords
Commingling, Cone calorimeter, Fire behavior, Nanocomposites, Thermoplastic composites, UL94
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-13142 (URN)10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.08.006 (DOI)2-s2.0-84939797869 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2016-09-22 Created: 2016-09-22 Last updated: 2023-06-05Bibliographically approved
Fernberg, P., Joffe, R., Tsampas, S. & Mannberg, P. (2015). Influence of post-cure on carbon fibre polyimide composites with glass transition temperatures above 400c. In: ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials: . Paper presented at 20th International Conference on Composite Materials, ICCM 2015, 19 July 2015 through 24 July 2015. International Committee on Composite Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of post-cure on carbon fibre polyimide composites with glass transition temperatures above 400c
2015 (English)In: ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials, International Committee on Composite Materials , 2015Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The current communication present results from work on polymeric composites with extreme temperature performance. This study focuses on carbon fibre composites based on a new phenyl ethynyl terminated polyimide formulation NEXIMID® MHT-R (Nexam Chemicals AB, Sweden) based on hexafluoroisopropylidene bisphthalic dianhydride (6-FDA), 4-(Phenylethynyl)Phthalic Anhydride (4-PEPA) and ethynyl bis-phthalic anhydride (EBPA). In particular influence of post-cure conditions such as time, temperature and atmosphere on Tg of the composites is investigated. In addition to this monitoring and analyses of the consequences of post-cure on mass loss and occurrence of micro-cracks is carried out. Three different post-curing temperatures are considered in this study: 400°C, 420°C and 440°C. Two different atmospheres, air and inert by nitrogen, were also investigated. In summary the results reveal that remarkably high Tg, up to around 460°C, is achieved with only very limited mass loss. It was also observed that some, but limited amounts of, micro-cracks are developed within the laminates due to the inevitable high thermal stresses generated upon cooling from cure temperature.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Committee on Composite Materials, 2015
Keywords
Cure induced cracking, Curing, Glass transition temperature, Mass loss, Polyimide
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-42199 (URN)2-s2.0-85040079124 (Scopus ID)
Conference
20th International Conference on Composite Materials, ICCM 2015, 19 July 2015 through 24 July 2015
Available from: 2019-12-17 Created: 2019-12-17 Last updated: 2020-12-01Bibliographically approved
Tsampas, S., Fernberg, P. & Joffe, R. (2015). Mechanical performance of novel high TG polyimide matrix carbon fibre-reinforced laminates. In: ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials: . Paper presented at 20th International Conference on Composite Materials, ICCM 2015, 19 July 2015 through 24 July 2015. International Committee on Composite Materials
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanical performance of novel high TG polyimide matrix carbon fibre-reinforced laminates
2015 (English)In: ICCM International Conferences on Composite Materials, International Committee on Composite Materials , 2015Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this study, an assessment of the mechanical performance of a newly developed carbon fibre-reinforced polyimide composite system T650/NEXIMID® MHT-R is presented. This system was subjected to a series of mechanical tests at ambient temperature in order to determine the tensile, compressive, flexural and interlaminar shear properties. Moreover, an additional testing campaign was conducted, using a T650/NEXIMID® MHT-R laminate in which the sizing had been thermally removed prior to manufacturing, in order to investigate the effect of fiber treatment on the mechanical performance. The experimental results indicated that the T650/NEXIMID® MHT-R composites along with exceptionally high Tg (~370-420ºC) exhibited very good elastic properties in comparison with other polyimide and epoxy-based systems and, although slightly lower than the best results from literature, promising strength values. Finally, the thermal removal of the sizing did not affect the tensile, compression and flexural properties, however the interlaminar shear strength was significantly deteriorated.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Committee on Composite Materials, 2015
Keywords
Carbon fibres, High temperature composites, Mechanical properties, Polyimide
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-42206 (URN)2-s2.0-85040058746 (Scopus ID)
Conference
20th International Conference on Composite Materials, ICCM 2015, 19 July 2015 through 24 July 2015
Available from: 2019-12-17 Created: 2019-12-17 Last updated: 2020-12-01Bibliographically approved
Monti, M., Tsampas, S., Fernberg, P., Blomqvist, P. & Camino, G. (2014). Montmorillonite-doped commingled composites for improved fire performance (ed.). In: : . Paper presented at 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014. European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Montmorillonite-doped commingled composites for improved fire performance
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2014 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we report the development of a glass fiber commingled composite (GFCC) based on a nanoclay-doped polyamide 6 (PA6) and the evaluation of its combustion behavior. The preparation of the composite has involved several steps. Firstly the nanoclay was dispersed in the PA6 matrix. Then, the produced compound was spun in filaments and commingled with glass fibers. Finally, the laminate preform was consolidated. In order to evaluate the effect of the nanoclay on the combustion behavior of the GFCC, samples based on the neat PA6 were produced as well. The results show that the effect of the nanocomposite matrix was a significant improvement regarding heat release when a continuous external heat flux is applied (cone calorimeter), whereas in the presence of the glass fibers the positive effect is more pronounced in tests where a small flame is induced to ignite the vertically oriented sample (UL94 vertical burning test). This is connected to the different mechanisms by which the nanoclay affects the combustion behavior, whether in the presence of glass fibers or not.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM, 2014
Keywords
Commingling, Cone calorimeter, Fire-resistance, Nanocomposite, Thermoplastic
National Category
Materials Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:ri:diva-13075 (URN)2-s2.0-84915820788 (Scopus ID)9780000000002 (ISBN)
Conference
16th European Conference on Composite Materials, ECCM 2014
Available from: 2016-09-22 Created: 2016-09-22 Last updated: 2020-12-01Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-1594-2688

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